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83-451: Miroslav Krleža ( pronounced [mǐrɔ̝slav̞ kř̩le̞ʒa] ; 7 July 1893 – 29 December 1981) was a Croatian writer who is widely considered to be the greatest Croatian writer of the 20th century. He wrote notable works in all the literary genres, including poetry ( Ballads of Petrica Kerempuh , 1936), theater ( Messrs. Glembay , 1929), short stories ( Croatian God Mars , 1922), novels ( The Return of Philip Latinowicz , 1932; On

166-597: A Roman Catholic priest, mathematician, writer, and musical theorist published the first Croatian arithmetic textbook Arithmatika Horvatzka (1758). He also published a number of other seminal works, including Zbirka crkvenih pjesama ("Collection of Church Songs"; 1757), an anthology of traditional songs and hymns from the Samobor region and Fundamentum cantus Gregoriani, seu chroralis pro Captu Tyronis discipuli, ex probatis authoribus collectum, et brevi, ac facili dialogica methodo in lucem expositum opera, ac studio ("The basis of

249-461: A decade and was related to similar movements in the rest of Europe. In addition, there was a new openness to other influences and literature in French, German, Russian, Italian, Polish and Czech all left their mark. The struggle for creative freedom in literature and the arts was led by modern idealist Milivoj Dežman (Ivanov). On the other side, Milan Marjanović believed that Croatian literature should be

332-467: A fascination with the supernatural inherited from Romanticism, and was one of the most powerful novels in 19th-century Croatian literature. Ksaver Šandor Gjalski dealt with subjects from Zagorje's upper class ( Pod starimi krovovi , Under Old Roofs, 1886), affected poetic realism and highlighted the political situation in » U noći « (In the Night, 1887). The most prolific writer of Croatian Realism

415-453: A native girl. It was uniquely stylized and provided a description of the surrounding land against the backdrop of the then-current political situation of invading Turks . The prevailing Baroque culture emerged in Croatia later during the 17th century, where it was a period of counter-reformation. Literature was marked by flamboyance, with pious and lofty themes using rich metaphors in which

498-625: A notably artistic level of language and style. One of the most significant achievements was keeping alive the Church Slavonic written language (especially in the Glagolitic alphabet). In later periods, elements of that language came to be used in expressive ways and as a signal of "high style", incorporating current vernacular words and becoming capable of transferring knowledge on a wide range of subjects, from law and theology, chronicles and scientific texts, to works of literature. Such medieval works in

581-619: A real journey, describing the beauties of nature and homeland. Hektorović also recorded the songs sung by the fishermen, making this one of the earliest examples in Croatian literature to include transcribed folk music within the text. This makes Ribanje a work that blends artistic and folk literature. At the same time in Hvar, Hanibal Lucić was translating Ovid's work (Croatian: " iz latinske odiće svukavši u našu harvacku priobukal "). He also wrote drama - his play Robinja ( The Slave Girl ) being

664-739: Is Gospoda Glembajevi (The Glembays), a cycle dealing with the decay of a bourgeois family. Golgota is another play, political in nature. Krleža's memoirs and diaries include Davni dani (Olden days) and Djetinjstvo u Agramu (Childhood in Zagreb). Other works include Dnevnici (Diaries) and the posthumously published Zapisi iz Tržiča (Notes from Tržič ) chronicle multifarious impressions. Translations into English: Krleža, Miroslav. The Banquet in Blitva (Banket u Blitvi, 1939). Translated by Edward Dennis Goy and Jasna Levinger-Goy. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2004. _____. The Cricket Beneath

747-499: Is Svit se konča ("The world is ending"). The oldest artefacts of Croatian medieval prose are Glagolitic inscribed stone tablets: Valun tablet , Plomin tablet and the Krk inscription from the 11th century, and the Baška tablet from the 11th or 12th century. The Baška tablet is the first complete document on the people's language with elements of literal Church Slavonic. It is often regarded as

830-614: Is considered to be his works in Croatian , the most celebrated of which is the epic poem Judita , written in 1501 and published in Venice in 1521. It is based on the Biblical tale from the Deuterocanonical Book of Judith and written in the Čakavian dialect. The work is described by him as u versi haruacchi slozhena ("arranged in Croatian stanzas"). It incorporates figures and events from

913-682: Is generally contained in his linguistic idioms and other grammatical and philological works. Having spread the štokavian idiom in the second half of the 18th century, he is, along with Andrija Kačić Miošić , considered to be one of the most decisive influences that helped shape standard Croatian. Other notable contributors to religious and educational work, lexigraphic, grammar, and histories were Bosnian Franciscans, most notably Filip Lastrić , Nikola Lašvanin and from Herzegovina, Lovro Šitović . Besides Kanižlić, other authors were writing moral teachings and Enlightenment ideas in verse in Slavonia. Theatre in

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996-464: Is one of the pioneers of literary criticism. A number of authors consider the work of Ivan Filipović Mali Tobolac raznoga cvetja za dobru i promnjivu mladež naroda srbo-ilirskoga to be the first work of Children's literature in Croatia. Some authors hold a different view. Other notable literary contributions were made by the diplomat Antun Mihanović (notably Horvatska Domovina which later became

1079-655: Is praised by literary historians as a high literary achievement of the Croatian Baroque literature. In the Kajkavian circle, the most important figure was the Jesuit Juraj Habdelić , who wrote on religious themes. His best-known work is Zrcalo Mariansko (Mary's Mirror), and he produced a Kajkavian to Latin dictionary. In the Slavic circle, another Jesuit, Antun Kanižlić wrote the epic poem Sveta Rožalija (St Rosalia)

1162-798: Is written in Latin . The first works on hagiography and the history of the Church were written in the Dalmatian coastal cities ( Split , Zadar , Trogir , Osor , Dubrovnik , Kotor ), for example the "Splitski evanđelistar" (6th–7th century) and other liturgical and non-liturgical works. The beginning of Croatian medieval literature is marked by Latin hagiography , with texts about Dalmatian and Istrian martyrs: Saint Duje , Saint Anastasius , Saint Maurice and Saint Germanus. In Panonia in northern Croatia, works about Christian cults were created, such as that of Saint Quirinus , Saint Eusebius and Saint Pollio . For centuries,

1245-573: The Budapest fragments (12th century with part of a legend about Saint Simeon and Saint Thecla from the 13th century, part of apocryphal works of Paul and Thecla). The first book printed in Croatian is the Missale Romanum Glagolitice ( Croatian : Misal po zakonu rimskoga dvora ). Dating from 1483, it was notable as being the first non- Latin printed missal anywhere in Europe. It is also

1328-709: The Great Purge , after the long polemic now known as "the Conflict on the Literary Left", pursued by Krleža with virtually every important writer in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, in the period between the two World Wars. The Party commissar sent to mediate between Krleža and other leftist and party journals was Josip Broz Tito . After the establishment of the Nazi puppet Independent State of Croatia under Ante Pavelić , Krleža refused to join

1411-756: The NIN Award for the novel Zastave ("The Banners"), and in 1968 the Herder Prize . Following the deaths of Tito in May 1980 and Bela Krleža in April 1981, Krleža spent most of his last years in ill health. He was awarded the Laureate Of The International Botev Prize in 1981. He died in his Villa Gvozd in Zagreb on 29 December 1981 and was given a state funeral in Zagreb on 4 January 1982. In 1986, Villa Gvozd

1494-617: The Partisans headed by Tito. Following a brief period of social stigmatization after 1945, he was eventually rehabilitated. In 1947, he became vice-president of the Yugoslav Academy of Science and Arts in Zagreb and, from 1958 to 1961, he was president of the Yugoslav Writers' Union. During this time, Croatia's principal state publishing house, Nakladni zavod Hrvatske, published his collected works. Supported by Tito, in 1950 Krleža founded

1577-723: The Socialist Republic of Croatia in 1970s. Its longtime director was writer Miroslav Krleža , with Mate Ujević as the chief editor. It was based in Zagreb , with branches in Ljubljana and Belgrade . The office in Belgrade was opened in 1981 in the building across the street from the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts to simplify communication with majority of other common federal Yugoslav institutions. After Krleža's death in 1981,

1660-558: The "birth certificate" of Croatian , and carries the first mention of the Croats . The inscribed stone records King Zvonimir 's donation of a piece of land to a Benedictine abbey in the time of Abbot Drzhiha . It provides the only example of the transition from the Glagolitic of the rounded Macedonian type to the angular Croatian alphabet. Other early writings are the Senj tablet , Plastovo tablet , Knin tablet and Supetar tablet , all dating to

1743-428: The 11th and 12th centuries, and Croatian medieval literature lasted until the middle of the 16th century. Some elements of medieval forms can be found even in 18th-century Croatian literature, meaning their influence was stronger in Croatia than in the rest of Europe. Early Croatian literature was inscribed on stone tablets, hand-written on manuscripts, and printed in books. A special segment of Croatian medieval literature

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1826-558: The 12th and 13th centuries, the Croats had developed their own form of Glagolitic script and were adapting Croatian with Chakavian influences. In doing so, the Croats formed their own version of Church Slavonic, which lasted into the 16th century. At the same time, biblical books were written according to the model of the Latin Vulgate . From that time come the oldest surviving texts of hagiographic legends and apocryphal prose, an example being

1909-618: The 12th century and the Humac tablet from the 11th or 12th century. The fragments of the Vienna leaves from a Glagolithic codex dating from the 11th/12th century, written somewhere in Western Croatia, represents the first liturgical writing of Croatian recension in the Church Slavonic. The Povlja tablet (Croatian: Povaljska listina ) is the earliest document written in the Cyrillic script, dating from

1992-595: The 12th century and tracing its origin to Brač , it features the standard "archaic" Chakavian dialect . Other legal documents such as the Vrbnik Statute , Vinodol statute and Kastav Statute describe the regulations of those coastal cities as administrative centres. Only fragments are saved from hand-written documents, and they bear witness to a rich literary tradition on Croatian soil. These are part of biblical-liturgical works: fragments of apostles, such as Mihanović's apostle and Grašković's fragment, both created in

2075-633: The 12th century; fragments of missals, such as the first page of Kievan papers from the 11th or 12th century and the Vienna papers from the 12th century, those are the oldest Croatian documents of liturgical content; fragments of breviaries, like the London fragments, Vrbnik fragments and Ročki fragments, all dating to the 13th century. All of the Glagolitic documents form a continuity with those created simultaneously in Bulgarian, Macedonian, Czech and Russian areas. But by

2158-408: The 18th century was performed in almost all the coastal cities from Dubrovnik, Hvar and Korčula to Zadar, Senj and Rijeka, and in northern Croatia from Zagreb and Varaždin to Požega and Osijek. In Dubrovnik, 23 plays by Molière were translated and performed, still unusual at the time. The best drama written in Croatian during the 18th century was Kate Kapuralica by Vlaha Stulli. The great playwright of

2241-456: The 18th century, there was a new attitude towards literature, as the greater part of Dalmatia and Slavonia were freed from Ottoman rule , and new ideas of Enlightenment were circulating from Western Europe, especially with regard to the social reforms of Maria Theresa and Joseph II in the northern part of Croatia. The artistic range is not as great in this period as during the Renaissance or

2324-519: The Baroque, but there is a greater distribution of works and a growing integration of the literature of the separate areas of Dalmatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Slavonia, Dubrovnik and northwestern Croatia, which will lead into the national and political movements of the 19th century. The most prominent Croatian author of the Enlightenment era was Pavao Ritter Vitezović , who was a historian and the founder of

2407-494: The Croatian Hymn Our Beautiful Homeland ) The period after 1848 saw a new generation of writers who acted as a transition between Romanticism and Realism . Some literary historians refer to it as "Photorealism", a time marked by the author August Šenoa whose work combined the flamboyant language of national romanticism with realistic depictions of peasant life. Šenoa considered that Croatian literature

2490-441: The Croatian coast at the end of the 19th century. At the threshold of the modernist era, the poet, playwright and novelist Ante Tresić Pavičić brought classical and Italian poetry forms into his work. The collections Valovi misli i čuvstava (Waves of Thought and Emotion, 1903) and Sutonski soneti (Twilight Sonnets, 1904) were to influence some of his younger contemporaries. The modernist movement manifested itself in literature,

2573-765: The Croats wrote all their works regarding law, history (chronicles) and scientific works in Latin, so they were available as part of a wider European literature. Croatian medieval prose was written in two languages, Croatian and Church Slavonic , using three different alphabets, Glagolitic , Latin and Bosnian Cyrillic . Among these, there was some interaction, as evidenced by documents carrying two forms of letters, especially with respect to Glagolitic and Cyrillic texts, and some Latin relied on Glagolitic forms. That interaction makes Croatian writing unique among Slavic prose and even in European literature. Croatian medieval literature reflects

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2656-535: The East (Byzantine and Church Slavonic inheritance) and the West (from Latin, Italian, Franco-Italian and Czech traditions). From the 14th century, western influence remained strong in Croatian literature. Recognizing these patterns, Croatian authors, mostly anonymous, adapted their work to the specific needs of the community in which and for which they wrote. Despite their writings being largely translations, this literature achieved

2739-484: The Edge of Reason (Na rubu pameti, 1938). Translated by Zora Depolo. New York: New Directions, 1995. _____. The Return of Philip Latinowitz (Povratak Filipa Latinovicza, 1932). Translated by Zora Depolo. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1995. Croatian literature Croatian literature refers to literary works attributed to the medieval and modern culture of the Croats , Croatia , and Croatian . Besides

2822-527: The Edge of Reason , The Banquet in Blitva , and The Banners . The first one is a novel about an artist. On the Edge of Reason and The Banquet in Blitva are satires (the latter located in an imaginary Baltic country and called a political poem), saturated with the atmosphere of all-pervasive totalitarianism , while The Banners has been dubbed a "Croatian War and Peace ". It is a multi-volume panoramic view of Croatian (and Central European) society before, during, and after World War I, revolving around

2905-538: The Edge of Reason , 1938), and an intimate diary. His works often include themes of bourgeois hypocrisy and conformism in Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . Krleža wrote numerous essays on problems of art, history, politics, literature, philosophy, and military strategy, and was known as one of the great polemicists of the century. His style combines visionary poetic language and sarcasm. Krleža dominated

2988-706: The Kajkavian area) also wrote in Croatian. A special place in the literature of the 18th century is held by the poet and writer Filip Grabovac and the Franciscan writer Andrija Kačić Miošić . Grabovac's Cvit razgovora naroda i jezika iliričkoga aliti rvackoga (Conversation of peasants and the Illyrian or Croatian language), from 1747 unites Croatian medieval literature with that of the Bosnian Franciscans while Kačić's Razgovor ugodni naroda slovinskoga (Pleasant conversation of Slavic people) from 1756 in verse and prose,

3071-524: The New Croatian Theatre, as manager and writer. His most important dramatic work, Teuta (1844), draws on Illyrian history. Other writers of the time are Antun Nemčić , author of a drama called Kvas bez kruha (Yeast bread), and of the best travelogue of his time called Putositnice (Travel Details) (1845), the writing of which was heavily influenced by Laurence Sterne and his A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy . Matija Mažuranić wrote

3154-461: The Realist period, Janko Leskovar wrote his psychological novels, for example Misao na vječnost (1891), in which he would analyse his characters. His work would lead directly into Modernism in Croatian literature. Silvije Strahimir Kranjčević was the most important of the 19th-century poets: ( Bugarkinje , Folk Songs 1885; Izabrane pjesme , Selected Poems 1898; Trzaji , Spasms 1902). Drawing on

3237-561: The Waterfall, and Other Stories (Cvrčak pod vodopadom). Various translators; edited by Branko Lenski. New York: Vanguard Press, 1972. _____. Harbors Rich in Ships: Selected Revolutionary Writings (The Glembays, 1928, and other early texts). Translated by Željko Cipriš. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2017. _____. Journey to Russia (Izlet u Rusiju, 1925). Translated by Will Firth. Zagreb: Sandorf, 2017. _____. On

3320-563: The Yugoslav Institute for Lexicography, holding the position as its head until his death. The institute would be posthumously named after him and is now called the Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography . From 1950 on, Krleža enjoyed the life of a high-profile writer and intellectual, often closely connected to Tito. He also held the post of president of the Yugoslav Writers' Union between 1958 and 1961. In 1962, he received

3403-679: The break with Stalin , his speech at the 1952 Congress of Yugoslav Writers signaled a new era of comparative freedom in Yugoslav literature . Miroslav Krleža was born in Zagreb , the son of a constable . He enrolled in a preparatory military school in Pécs , modern-day Hungary . At that time, Pécs and Zagreb were within the Austro-Hungarian Empire . Subsequently, he attended the Ludoviceum military academy at Budapest . He defected to Serbia , but

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3486-403: The centre of their activities was reform of the language, particularly the foundation of a single standard, based on the rich literary heritage. A common orthographic book set the new grammatical standards for the language, had been published by Gaj in 1830, entitled Kratka osnova horvatsko-slavenskog pravopisanja (otherwise known as Gaj's Latin alphabet ). Gaj's Latin alphabet was one of

3569-467: The classical Bible, adapting them for contemporary literature. The next important artistic figure in the early stages of the Croatian Renaissance was Petar Hektorović , the song collector and poet from the island of Hvar , most notable for his poem Fishing and Fishermen's Talk . It is the first piece of Croatian literature written in verse in which travel is not described allegorically but as

3652-697: The cultural life of Croatia and Yugoslavia for half a century. A "Communist of his own making", he was criticized in Communist circles in the 1930s for his refusal to submit to the tenets of socialist realism . After the Second World War , he held various cultural posts in Socialist Yugoslavia , and was most notably the director of the Yugoslav Lexicographical Institute and a constant advisor on cultural affairs to President Tito . After

3735-598: The driving force in the political struggle of the people. Similar thinkers of the time were Ante Kovačić , Silvije Strahimir Kranjčević and Vladimir Nazor . The novelist and playwright Milutin Cihlar Nehajev ( Veliki grad , Big City, 1919) wrote a series of essays on national and foreign writers, and his Bijeg (Escape, 1909) is considered typical of Croatian modernist novels with its alienated and confused vision looking to solve national problems by escape. Miroslav Krle%C5%BEa Institute of Lexicography The institute

3818-537: The first printed book of the South Slavic idiom. New poetical forms from elsewhere in Europe were absorbed during the 15th and 16th centuries. The Croatian Renaissance, strongly influenced by Italian and Western European literature, was most fully developed in the coastal areas of Croatia. In the Republic of Ragusa (today's Dubrovnik ), there was a flowering of vernacular lyrical poetry, particularly love poems. One of

3901-501: The first secular play in Croatian literature - and love poetry. Croatian literature expanded into prose and plays with authors such as Dinko Zlatarić , Mavro Vetranović and Marin Držić . The first Croatian novel, Planine ( Mountains ) written by Petar Zoranić and published posthumously in 1569 in Venice , featured the author as an adventurer , portraying his passionate love towards

3984-430: The following categories: Although Krleža's lyric poetry is held in high regard, by common critical consensus his greatest poetic work is Balade Petrice Kerempuha ( Ballads of Petrica Kerempuh ), spanning more than five centuries and centred on the figure of plebeian prophet Petrica Kerempuh , a Croatian Till Eulenspiegel . Krleža's novelistic oeuvre consists of four works: The Return of Philip Latinowicz , On

4067-402: The form becomes more important than the content. Regional literary circles developed, such as Dubrovnik, Slavic, Kajkav and Ozalj. At this time, the lack of a standard Croatian language became a prominent issue. Dubrovnik became the chief literary centre, with Ivan Gundulić playing a leading role. Gundulić's most famous play is Dubravka , a pastoral written in 1628, where he rhapsodises on

4150-453: The former glory of Dubrovnik, and it contains some of the most famous verses in Croatian literature: O liepa, o draga, o slatka slobodo (Fair liberty, beloved liberty, liberty sweetly avowed). In his greatest work, Osman , Gundulić presents the contrasts between Christianity and Islam, Europe and the Turks, West and East, and what he viewed as freedom and slavery. The work is firmly rooted within

4233-424: The general trends within European literature, though there were some different traits, for example, literature directed at the common people, a strong background tradition of oral literature , blending of religious topics and interweaving of genres. A significant part of Croatian early literature is based on translations, with typical Central European edits. Croatian early literature was influenced by two spheres: from

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4316-585: The institute was renamed as the Yugoslav Lexicographical Institute "Miroslav Krleža" ( Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod "Miroslav Krleža" ). Following the breakup of Yugoslavia , it was renamed to its current name in 1991, becoming the national lexicographical institute of Croatia , situated in 26 Frankopan Street of Zagreb. The institute employs numerous scientists in many areas of expertise and issues general and specific reference works as well as maps and travel guides . Some of

4399-534: The kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro . Krleža was the driving force behind leftist literary and political reviews Plamen ("The Flame", 1919), Književna republika ("Literary Republic", 1923–1927), Danas ("Today", 1934) and Pečat ("Seal", 1939–1940). He became a member of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia in 1918, but was expelled in 1939 because of his unorthodox views on art, his opposition to Socialist realism , and his unwillingness to give open support to

4482-472: The local vernacular language and specifically, that used by the lower-class peasantry of the city. Most notable works from northern, continental literary circles include Fran Krsto Frankopan 's Gartlic za čas kratiti , a collection of lyric poems and Pavao Ritter Vitezović 's Odiljenje sigetsko , an intertextual lyrical work written in innovative genre first published in 1684. Katarina Zrinska published her 1660 prayer book Putni tovaruš in Venice, which

4565-485: The major encyclopedic works completed or started by the institute in its Yugoslav period until 1991 were: The institute also published numerous lexicons such as: One publication has spanned both the historical eras of Yugoslavia and Croatia, the Croatian Biographical Lexicon ( Hrvatski biografski leksikon ) – which is still a work in progress, with 9 volumes published between 1983 and 2021. After 1991

4648-572: The modern Pan-slavic ideology. He published histories ( Stemmatographia , Croatia Rediviva ), epics ( Odiljenje sigetsko ), reformed the lettering system, formed a printing press, and wrote chronicles and calendars. Many of his ideas formed the basis of the later Illyrian Movement (also known as the Croatian National Revival ) protesting the rule of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy . Mihalj Šilobod Bolšić (1724–1787),

4731-498: The modern language whose shape and orthography were standardized in the late 19th century, it also covers the oldest works produced within the modern borders of Croatia, written in Church Slavonic and Medieval Latin , as well as vernacular works written in Čakavian and Kajkavian dialects. Croatian medieval prose is similar to other European medieval literature of the time. The oldest testaments to Croatian literacy are dated to

4814-430: The most important records of the early works is Nikša Ranjina's Miscellany , a collection of poems, mostly written by Šiško Menčetić and Džore Držić . Poems in the miscellany deal chiefly with the topic of love and are written predominantly in a doubly-rhymed dodecasyllabic meter. In Split , the Dalmatian humanist Marko Marulić was widely known in Europe at the time for his writings in Latin, but his major legacy

4897-399: The most prominent Croatian writer of the 19th century. The patronage of Bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer enabled the founding of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts in 1866, as well as the re-establishment of the University of Zagreb in 1874. Another important figure of the time was Adolfo Veber Tkalčević , a philologist , writer, literary critic and aestheticist . He continued

4980-506: The new form was Eugen Kumičić , who encountered Realism in Paris. As a writer of Istrian, Zagreb and Croatian history, he moved between romanticism and naturalism in his Olga i Lina (1881). A younger, and more radical, militant writer was Ante Kovačić , who wrote a series of poems, short stories and novels, the best-known of which is U registraturi (In the Register, 1888). The work combines biting social satire with naturalist descriptions of Croatian bureaucracy and peasantry, along with

5063-447: The people's own language are the starting point for the literature of later periods. Anonymous poets and singers, developing their own styles of typically religious poetry of this period, were referred to as the " začinjavci " by later authors and sources. As such, the first secular poetry in the native language also began appearing during the middle of the 14th century, both written in Glagolithic and Latin scripts, most notable of which

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5146-441: The period was Tituš Brezovački , who wrote in the Kajkavian dialect ( Matijaš grabancijaš dijak , « Diogeneš »). The basic component of Romanticism in Croatian literature is the growing movement towards national identity. In addition to connecting with their local heritage, there was a belated influence of German Romanticism and the national awareness of other areas within the Habsburg monarchy. Since almost all Croatian poets of

5229-460: The period. Also at that transition time were the poet, playwright and novelist Mirko Bogović , poet and teacher Dragojla Jarnević , storyteller and collector of folk ballads Mato Vodopić , Vienac editor Ivan Perkovac, poet Luka Botić and philosopher and writer Franjo Marković . Politician and publicist Ante Starčević wrote poetry, plays and literary critiques. Josip Eugen Tomić wrote poems, comedies and historical novels, Rikard Jorgovanić

5312-504: The poem Sveta Rožalija, was the first of the northern writers to encounter the work of the Dubrovnik poets, particularly that of Ignjat Đurdevića. Kanižlić was one of the main protagonists of the Slavonskoga duhovnoga prepared (Slavonian spiritual revival), which was strongly influenced by the Southern literature from Dalmatia. In Dubrovnik at that time were a number of prominent scholars, philosophers and writers in Latin, for example Ruđer Bošković , Bernard Džamanjić, Džono Rastić, and at

5395-585: The prototypical theme of fathers and sons in conflict. All Krleža's novels except The Banners , have been translated into English. The most notable collection of Krleža's short stories is the anti-war book Croatian God Mars , on the fates of Croatian soldiers sent to the World War I battlefields. Krleža's main artistic interest was centered on drama. He began with experimental expressionist plays like Adam i Eva and Michelangelo Buonarroti , dealing with defining passions of heroic figures, but eventually opted for more conventional naturalist plays. The best known

5478-415: The rich literary tradition of the Croatian Baroque in Dubrovnik and Dalmatia and is considered one of its masterpieces. Other notable literary figures in Dubrovnik at the time were Junije Palmotić , Ivan Bunić Vučić , Ignjat Đurđević , Stijepo Đurđević, Vladislav Menčetić, Petar Bogašinović, Petar Kanavelić , Jerolim Kavanjin and Rafael Levaković . Many works were translated from Latin and Italian into

5561-449: The singing of Gregorian melodies, or the chorales definite for the disciples saw it, from the classical authors, and deposited in a short time, exposed to the light of the work of the Method in the rich and of easy dialogic, and a studio.") (1760), which is still studied in the theological conservatory in Rome and is considered a great theoretical guide to choral singing even after a century has passed. The Slavonian Antun Kanižlić, author of

5644-426: The story of the saint of Palermo. The Ozalj circle is characterised by the language that unites all three dialects – the Kajkavian dialect mixed with čakavian, štokavian and Ikavian/Ekavian-equal elements. The most important authors in this circle are Petar Zrinski , Ana Katarina Zrinska , Fran Krsto Frankopan and Ivan Belostenec . Many scientific works were also produced at this time, especially lexicons. In

5727-449: The style of earlier patriotic poetry, he used sharp sarcasm, cold irony, deep pathos, and rhetoric. He embraced universal and cosmic themes, which made the young Kranjčević stand out among his contemporaries, such as August Harambašić , whose main themes were patriotism or romantic love. Josip Draženović's Crtice iz primorskoga malogradskoga života (Sketches from a Coastal Small Town Life, 1893) focused on people and their relationships on

5810-448: The time also wrote in German, the Croatian linguistic and cultural emancipation followed Central European patterns that were rooted in German culture and literature. The Illyrian movement began in 1835 as a small circle of mostly younger intellectuals, led by Ljudevit Gaj , based around the magazine Danica ilirska (Illyrian Morning Star). They had plans for the cultural, scientific, educational and economic development of Croatia. At

5893-435: The tradition of the Illyrian movement, at the same time introducing elements of Realism into Croatian literature. He was the author of the first syntax of standard Croatian, Skladanja ilirskog jezika ("Composing the Illyrian language", Vienna 1859). He authored several school-level textbooks and his Slovnica hrvatska published in 1871 was both a standard high-school textbook and a norm and codification of standard language for

5976-489: The travelogue Pogled u Bosnu (A Look into Bosnia) (1842), which was at the time very interesting because people knew almost nothing about modern Bosnia. Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski was a politician, scientist, historian, and the first writer of plays based on more recent Croatian literature: Juran i Sofija (1839), and he also wrote travelogues. Ljudevit Vukotinović began writing in the Kajkavavian dialect and, along with Vraz,

6059-532: The turn of the 19th century Đuro Hidža and Marko Bruerević-Desrivaux who wrote in Latin, Italian and Croatian. Towards the end of the period, the Franciscan Joakim Stulić published a comprehensive Dubrovnik dictionary. A famous Latin scholar in northern Croatia was chronicler Baltazar Adam Krčelić , while in Slavonia, Matija Petar Katančić (author of the first Croatian printed version of the bible) and Tituš Brezovački (the most important playwright in

6142-485: The two official scripts used to write Serbo-Croatian until the dissolution of Yugoslavia . Poets of the period were Ivan Mažuranić , Stanko Vraz and Petar Preradović . Mažuranić's epic Smrt Smail-age Čengića (The Death of Smail Agha Čengić) (1846) is considered to be the most mature work of Croatian romanticism, a combination of the Dubrovnik literary style and folk epic tradition. The literary magazine Kolo (Wheel)

6225-517: The visual arts, and other aspects of cultural and national life. From the beginning, there were two distinct threads: one mainly apolitical, cosmopolitan, and aesthetic ( Mladost , Hrvatski salon , Život ), while the other was younger, more progressive and political ( Nova nada , Hrvatska misao , Novo doba , Narodna misao , Glas ). A few prominent writers, such as Antun Gustav Matoš and Dinko Šimunović , were not involved in either movement. The difference between "old" and "young" lasted for more than

6308-455: Was Vjenceslav Novak , starting from his hometown in Senj, broadened his range to include Zagreb and Prague. His best novel Posljednji Stipančići (The Last Stipančićs, 1899), dealt with the collapse of a Senj patrician family. Josip Kozarac wrote about the penetration of foreign capital into the previously patriarchal Slavonia ( Mrtvi kapitali , Dead Capital, 1890; Tena , 1894). Towards the end of

6391-412: Was a poet and storyteller. Šenoa's requirements to provide literature for the people paved the way for Realism. The cultural framework of the time was bound up with national and political issues, and many young writers were involved with political parties. A large number of writers from the various Croatian provinces helped to bring the new direction into Croatian literature. The first Croatian author of

6474-631: Was dismissed as a suspected spy. Upon his return to Croatia, he was demoted in the Austro-Hungarian army and sent as a common soldier to the Eastern front in World War I . In the post-World War I period, Krleža established himself both as a major Modernist writer and politically controversial figure in Yugoslavia, a newly created country which encompassed South Slavic lands of the former Habsburg Empire and

6557-470: Was donated to the City of Zagreb. It was opened to the public in 2001, but has been temporarily closed due to the 2020 Zagreb earthquake damage as of 2021. Krleža's formative influences include Scandinavian drama, French symbolism and Austrian and German expressionism and modernism, with key authors like Ibsen , Strindberg , Nietzsche , Karl Kraus , Rilke , and Proust . Krleža's opus can be divided into

6640-609: Was founded in 1950 as the Lexicographical Institute of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia ( Leksikografski zavod FNRJ ) and was renamed the Yugoslav Lexicographical Institute ( Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod , JLZ ) in 1962. The institution was originally established as a federal body under de facto responsibility of the Federal Executive Council while its “founding rights” were relegated to

6723-451: Was launched in 1842 by Dragutin Rakovac , Ljudevit Vukotinović and Stanko Vraz . It was the first Croatian periodical to set high aesthetic and critical standards. Writing patriotic, love and reflective lyrics Preradović became the most prolific and popular poet of the period. Dimitrije Demeter , author of the patriotic epic Grobničko polje (Grobnik Plain) in 1842, laid the foundation for

6806-576: Was once one of the most widely read books in Croatian (translated into a dozen languages and has been reprinted almost 70 times by the end of the 20th century). This work, together with that of Matija Antun Relković , definitively set the idioms for Croatian in the Croatian National Revival movement. Relković , as a prisoner in Dresden, compared Slavonia with Germany in his 1762 poem Satir iliti divji čovik (Satyr or Wildman). Relković's influence

6889-509: Was too remote from real people's lives and that artistic creations should have a positive effect on the nation. He introduced the historical novel into Croatian literature, and from 1874 to 1881, edited the literary journal Vienac (Wreath) , which was the focal point of Croatian literary life until 1903. It was in that magazine that he published many of his works, including the first modern Croatian novel, Zlatarovo zlato (Goldsmith's Gold, 1871), poems, stories, and historical novels, making him

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