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78-513: Mirandese ( mirandés [mi.ɾɐ̃ˈdɛs̺; mi.ɾɐnˈdɛs̺] ; lhéngua mirandesa [ˈʎɛ̃.gwɐ/ˈʎɛn.gwɐ mi.ɾɐ̃ˈdɛz̺ɐ/ mi.ɾɐnˈdɛz̺ɐ] in Central and Raiano, and léngua mirandesa [ˈlɛ̃.gwɐ/ˈlɛn.gwɐ mi.ɾɐ̃ˈdɛz̺ɐ/ mi.ɾɐnˈdɛz̺ɐ] in Sendinese) is an Asturleonese language or variety that is sparsely spoken in a small area of northeastern Portugal in eastern Tierra de Miranda (made up of

156-469: A chapel to São Cristóvão, the saint protector, was located). It was after the 16th century that Mogadouro saw some growth. The Távora family, a noble house with influence and power in court, controlled the region, commanding the fort and guiding the town, generally contributing to the development of the lands within their domain. It was through the action of the Távoras that the local Santa Casa da Misericórdia

234-468: A conflict in which the former inhabitants of Leon and Asturias fought against the incorporation of the Roman culture. These two linguistic influences, together with the expansion and the subsequent regression of vernacular languages, would determine the linguistic evolution in the northwestern part of the peninsula. The vocabulary of Asturleonese contains pre-romanic elements that survived the later romanization of

312-504: A greater amount of change. Some historical developments in Mirandese are the following: All oral and nasal vowel sounds and allophones are the same from Portuguese, with different allophones: The main differences between the three mirandese dialects are in the pronunciation of words. As in Portuguese, Mirandese still uses the following synthetic tenses: Mirandese was formerly spoken in

390-488: A second level of analysis were smaller sections able to be distinguished. The political and administrative entities and linguistic spaces rarely coincide, as it is most common that languages go beyond borders and do not coincide with them. Given the low social and political acceptance of referring to the language in Asturias as Leonese , and in other parts of the domain (such as León or Zamora ) as Asturian (even though it

468-525: A singular writing system for mirandese, there is one aspect that is written differently in different dialects. In the Sendinese dialect, many words that in other dialects are said with /ʎ/ ⟨lh⟩ , are said with /l/ ⟨l⟩ ( alá for alhá 'over there', lado for lhado 'side', luç for lhuç 'light', amongst others) The main orthographical differences between Mirandese in Portugal and

546-405: A study conducted in 1991 on the specific Asturian dialect, showed that there could be as many as 450,000 speakers within the Asturias region, with about 60,000 to 80,000 able to read and write the language. The same study indicated that another 24 percent of the population could understand Asturian. This also explains the diverse range of knowledge and familiarity that those within the region have of

624-408: A variety of simple rural dishes, many of which include cured meats and sausages ( presunto , alheira , bulhos (bone sausage), blood chouriço , linguiça , bochas , chabianos (sausage, flour, fat and semolina ), vilões , tabafeias and salpicão ), which are considered the kings of gastronomy in the region. On many plates there are the customary portion of

702-552: Is also strong. The Associação Cultural e Recreativa de Soutelo (in Soutelo)) has promoted much of the traditional products of wool and cotton, including quilts, towels, embroidery, sericulture , metal-smithing, basket-weaving, rural miniatures. A local artisan has also produced artefacts in clay, reproducing faithfully the traditional techniques employed in Mogadouro and Nordeste Transmontanan. The Nordeste Transmontanan gastronomy includes

780-560: Is boxed by the northeastern municipalities of Vimioso, Macedo de Cavaleiros, Alfândega da Fé, Torre de Moncorvo and Freixo de Espada à Cinta. It is separated from the Spanish province of Castilla y León, by the river-valley of the Douro River , whose margins are cut by v-shaped inclines. The territory of Mogadouro is naturally delimited by environment of the Rivers Douro and Sabor. A great part of

858-460: Is essentially a rural area, supported by agriculture and animal by-products. In addition to the primary sector, Mogadouro supports a diverse industrial sector, with warehouses, shops and industries linked to agriculture. Along the Mirandês Plateau, cereal crops (in particular wheat) and forage allows the support of a large dairy industry. Mogadouro is one of the most productive milk suppliers in

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936-595: Is evident in the number of castros that dot the landscape of region from the neolithic period. In particular are the castros of Oleiros in Bemposta, Vilarinho, São Martinho do Peso, Figueirinha de Travanca, Bruçó and the more recently excavated castro in Vilariça, in the Serra da Castanheira. The Celts passed through this region, leaving behind its art and religion, the so-called Cultura aos Berrões . One of these Celtic tribes,

1014-721: Is limited to local handicrafts made from flax and wool , that includes the hand embroidery, quilts, rugs and towels. During the Reconquista era, it is known that Alfonso III of León effected many construction projects during his reign, that were more strategic then political: organizing a military line along the Douro with castles (to protect the holdings of the León while inducing incursions into Moorish lands, populating conquered territory and taking advantage of natural geography to defend his territory. After fortifying Zamora , around 893, he ordered

1092-434: Is natively spoken. Initially thought to be a basilect of Portuguese, José Leite de Vasconcelos studied Mirandese and concluded it was a separate language from Portuguese. Linguistically, it is considered that within the dominion of Asturleonese, the known dialects such as Leonese, Asturian, or Mirandese form a macrolanguage. A macrolanguage is a language that exists as distinct linguistic varieties. Within this macrolanguage,

1170-573: Is the case with the Cimos de Mogadouro (usually around 900 m). Mogadouro is also the seat for the Parque Natural do Douro Internacional ( International Douro Natural Park ), a protected wilderness that includes primarily the slopes of the Douro valley, but also lands designated as bird sanctuaries for species of eagle (specifically the Bonelli and golden eagles ), the griffon and Egyptian vultures , and

1248-448: Is typical; in short brush biomes, partridge and hare; and in the gardens and vegetable fields, rabbit is typical. This is an important economic benefit, not only attracting tourists, but hunting parties to the restaurants and residences in the region annually. During hunting season, many of the local hunting "lodges" are occupied with hunters and their associations, who travel into the region specifically for these species. Local artisanship

1326-401: Is virtually the same language), a significant part of the authors and specialists prefer to refer to all the dialects collectively as Asturllionés or Asturleonés , although others continue to use the regional terms (like Leonese, Asturian, Mirandese, etc.). Much effort has been made since 1974 to protect and promote Asturian. In 1981 Asturian, or Bable , as the language is officially named,

1404-603: The Adventures of Asterix , named Asterix, L Goulés ( Asterix the Gaul ), was published in a Mirandese translation by Amadeu Ferreira in 2005, and sold throughout Portugal. Amadeu Ferreira also translated into Mirandese the epic poem by Camões , Os Lusíadas ( Ls Lusíadas ), under his pseudonym Francisco Niebro and published it in 2009. In 2011, the four Gospels of the Bible 's New Testament were translated into Mirandese, and in 2013

1482-569: The Asturian Statute of Autonomy states that, "The Asturian language will enjoy protection. Its use, teaching and diffusion in the media will be furthered, whilst its local dialects and voluntary apprenticeship will always be respected." In light of these stated provisions of the 1/1998, on the 23 March, the Use and Promotion of the Asturleonese Language serves this purpose; promoting the use of

1560-652: The Convent of São Francisco (today the Mogadouro Municipal Chamber) burned down in 1881 (and again later in 1927). After the extinction of the monastic orders, by the Liberal government, the Convent of São Francisco was appropriated to store public records and local administration. By the 19th century, few of the noble families were interested in their holdings in Mogadouro, nor did they do much to develop these lands. By

1638-510: The Quinta de Nogueira was well known as the second most important estate for the breeding and raising of horses, after the Quinta de Alter do Chão . During the stewardship of the Távoras (between the 15th and 18th century), the Quinta de Nogueira and Quinta Nova (which were contiguous) were an economic pole of the family. Hunting is another important part of the local economy: in forested areas wild boar

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1716-553: The Zoelae , were responsible for settling many of the lands along the Douro , Sabor and Angueira Rivers . During the Roman period, the region is referred to in art, religion and socio-economic reports, indicating its regional importance. The Ara Romana to Deus Jupiter Depulsori (which still survives to this day in Saldanha), is one of these remnants of this period (it was constructed during

1794-1231: The 19th century. One of the texts in Flores Mirandézas, "LHÊNGUA MIRANDÉZA" 'MIRANDESE LANGUAGE' (LHÉNGUA MIRANDESA in modern Mirandese), transcribed: Qĭêm dirĭê q’antre ‘ls matos èiriçados, Las ourrĭêtas i ‘ls ríus d’ésta tĭêrra, Bibĭê, cumo ‘l chaguárço de la ſĭêrra, Ũṅa lhêngua de ſóuns tã bariados ? Mostre-ſe i fále-ſ’ éssa lhêngua, filha D’um póbo qe tĭêm néilha ‘l chóro i ‘l canto ! Nada pur çĭêrto mus câutíba tânto Cumo la fórm’ am qe l’idéia brilha. Quiên dirie qu'antre ls Matos eiriçados, Las ourriêtas i ls rius desta tiêrra, Bibie, cumo l chaguarço de la siêrra, Ũa lhéngua de sonidos/sons tan bariados? (A)mostre-se i fale-se essa lhéngua, filha Dun pobo que ten neilha l choro i l canto! Nada por ciêrto mos cautiba tanto Cumo la forma an que l'eideia brilha. Quien dirie qu'antre ls Matos eiriçados, Las ourrietas i ls rius desta tierra, Bibie, cumo l chaguarço de la sierra, Ũa lhéngua/léngua de sonidos/sons tan bariados? (A)mostre-se i fale-se essa lhéngua/léngua, filha Dun pobo que ten neilha l choro i l canto! Nada por cierto mos cautiba tanto Cumo la forma an que l'eideia brilha. Who'd say that amongst

1872-572: The Astur-Leonese languages in Spain are caused by the dominant languages in each region. And while Mirandese has been influenced phonetically and in lexicon by Portuguese and the Astur-Leonese languages in Spain by Spanish, they retain more similarities among themselves than to the main languages of each country. Another difference is that Mirandese and Leonese remain very conservative, while Asturian has undergone

1950-495: The Asturleonese language, as there exist some speakers, some who can only understand the language, and a very small portion of the population who are able to read and write. Mogadouro Mogadouro ( European Portuguese: [muɣɐˈðoɾu] , Mirandese: [muɣɐˈðowɾʊ] ) is a municipality in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 9,542, in an area of 760.65 km . The history of Mogadouro

2028-520: The Bristle bushes, The valleys and the rivers of this land, There lived, like the plants of the mountain range, A language, daughter Of people that have in it the cries and songs! Nothing certainly captivates us as much As the way in which said idea shines. In the 19th century, José Leite de Vasconcelos described Mirandese as "the language of the farms, of work, home, and love between the Mirandese". Since 1986–87, it has been taught optionally to students at

2106-538: The Chapel of Nossa Senhora do Caminho ( Caminho de Santigao ): to Azinhoso (an enormous enclosure existed near the Church of Azinhoso to provide shelter during the crossing), then over a medieval bridge that connected Penas Roias, Algoso, Vimioso to Bragança; the other road departed from the Church of Nossa Senhora do Caminho , to Santiago, then Algosinho (to another pilgrimage church), Ventoselo (where there still remains vestiges of

2184-643: The Douro by boat in Barca de Alva, Quinta de Santiago, Freixo de Espada à Cinta, Mós, Fornos, Lagoaça, Bruçó, Mogadouro); the other from Moncorvo (Castelo Rodrigo, Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo, Almendra, Castelo Melhor, Vila Nova de Foz Côa, crossing the Douro by boat in Pocinho, Moncorvo, Vilariça, Adeganha, Parada, here crossing the Sabor in Santo Antão da Barca before reaching Mogadouro). The Caminho de Santiago forked in Mogadouro at

2262-474: The Douro is a zone of granite escarpments of large blocks, resulting in a relief that is shaped by schists interrupted by quartz rocks that form the mountains. In the southern part of this area, dominated by the Sabor basin, there are different layers of schists. The soils, and climatic characteristics, have resulted in a diversified coverage that change throughout the year. Average median altitudes reach 700 metres, above sea level, although there are exceptions, as

2340-529: The Matriz Church of Mogadouro, the Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Ascensão, in the heights of Serra da Castanheira and many others. But, by act of King Joseph I the Távoras lands were confiscated by the Marquess of Pombal, and members of the family executed after an attempted-assassination of the monarch . The annihilation of the family resulted in the loss of development impetus. The municipal archive, installed in

2418-746: The Mirandês veal (raised naturally in the pastures of the region and grilled over open flames), the marrã (pork, primarily bacon, grilled similarly), the sopa de xis (traditional made with blood), the cascas com bulho (dried green bean pods cooked with bulhos , bochas , fattened-pork meat and other embutidos ), sopas das segadas (codfish and garlic soup), cabritinho serrano (baby goat), cordeiro churro assado na brasa (lamb grilled over flame), and greens. Local cheeses (goat and sheep), honey, económicos , roscos , matrafões , folar da Páscoa , rosinhas (a traditional sweet from Bruçó), formigos and tantas round out

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2496-555: The Portuguese Republic officially recognised the language in 1999. It is administered by the Anstituto de la Lhéngua Mirandesa . There is no known, exact number of Asturleonese speakers, as not enough statistical research has been conducted in this area and many dialects are not accounted for due to their close similarities with Spanish. It is believed that there are over 100,000 Asturian speakers within Spain and Portugal. However,

2574-439: The Spanish circle. During this time, Spanish thrived as a language of prestige and culture, which led to its progressively replacing Asturleonese in these areas, as well as with Galician in neighboring Galicia, leaving it to mainly oral usage. Consequently, there existed, and still exists, a distinct divide between the spoken languages of Spanish and Asturian and the written ones. This being said, diglossia exists today within

2652-445: The Spanish language (or the common Spanish language, la lengua común española , as he sometimes called it) evolved from a Castilian base which would have absorbed, or merged with, Leonese and Aragonese. In his works Historia de la Lengua Española ('History of the Spanish language') and especially El español en sus primeros tiempos ('Spanish in its early times'), Menéndez Pidal explains the stages of this process, taking into account

2730-593: The Western and Eastern dialects share some linguistic characteristics with Galaicoportuguese and Spanish respectively. The boundaries of the Asturleonese language extend through Asturias, Leon, Zamora, and Miranda do Douro. However, the language is not just the sum of Asturian, Leonese, Zamorano, and Mirandan dialects; in purely linguistic terms, the main divisions of Asturleonese have north-south boundaries and form three separate sections that are shared between Asturias and Leon: occidental, central, and oriental. Only through

2808-422: The area, as well as including pre-Indoeuropean elements that were only maintained through toponymy. For a long time, during the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries, Latin and Asturian co-existed within a diglossic relationship. During this time, Asturleonese was used in official documents and held a high legal status, a status that would drastically change within the following centuries. In the period of time between

2886-433: The best preserved. Leonese (used interchangeably with Asturleonese ) was once regarded as an informal dialect ( basilect ) that developed from Castilian Spanish , but in 1906, Ramón Menéndez Pidal showed it developed from Latin independently, coming into its earliest distinguishable form in the old Kingdom of León . As is noted by the Spanish scholar Inés Fernández Ordóñez, Menéndez Pidal always maintained that

2964-1023: The case of Mirandese. Then a comparison of the previous text in three modern languages of the Asturo-leonese group: Muitas lhénguas ténen proua de ls sous pergaminos antigos, de la lhiteratura screbida hai cientos d'anhos i de scritores hai muito afamados, hoije bandeiras dessas lhénguas. Mas outras hai que nun puoden tener proua de nada desso, cumo ye l causo de la lhéngua mirandesa. Muitas llinguas tien arguyu de los sous pergaminos antiguos, de la lliteratura escrita van cientos d'annos y d'escritores bien famosos; guei bandeiras d'eisas llinguas. Peru hai outras que nun pueden tener arguyu de nada d'eisu, cumu ye'l casu de la llingua mirandesa. Munches llingües tienen arguyu de los sos pergaminos antiguos, de la lliteratura escrita hai cientos d'años y d'escritores enforma famosos, güei banderes d'eses llingües. Pero hai otres que nun pueden tener arguyu de nada d'eso, como ye'l casu de la llingua mirandesa. When mirandese

3042-463: The chapel to São Gonçalo , a patron saint of the travellers); through Variz, Castanheira, Valcerto, Algoso, Campo de Víboras and Vimioso; through Santiago (now Vila de Ala), an important crossroads between Peredo de Bemposta (through Algosinho, Ventoselo and Vila de Ala) and Bemposta (through Lamoso, Tó and Vila de Ala). Those who travelled from the southern part of the district would likely stop in Zava (where

3120-407: The climate of the region, built of granite or schist material, with verandas or balconies used to dry clothing, hang/dry onions and pumpkins/squash, or generalling conserve foodstuffs. The modernization of these traditional communities has ironically resulted in the destruction of Transmontan patrimony. Administratively, the municipality is divided into 21 civil parishes ( freguesias ): Mogadouro

3198-399: The construction of castles along the line, repopulating them as he progressed. Toro and Simancas developed consequently from this policy. It is likely that the area of Mogadouro was settled as a strategic point along the line, resulting in the construction of the first fort. The regions name evolved from this settlement: Mógo means a implanted marker , considered a symbolic delineation of

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3276-549: The end of the 20th century, only the poet-jurist José Francisco Trindade Coelho defended his land rights, and the region was abandoned by the central hierarchy of Lisbon. The Sabor line , a narrow gauge railway , served the community via the Mogadouro railway station between 1930 and 1988. The municipality of Mogadouro, situated in the Trás-os-Montes region of northeastern Portugal, in the traditional district of Bragança . It

3354-572: The entire Bible was translated into the language by Domingos Augusto Ferreira. Asturleonese language Phylogenetically, Asturleonese belongs to the West Iberian branch of the Romance languages that gradually developed from Vulgar Latin in the old Kingdom of León . The Asturleonese group is typically subdivided into three linguistic areas (Western, Central and Eastern) that form the vertical Asturleonese region, from Asturias , through León , to

3432-419: The farms, work, home, and love between the Mirandese," noting that it was a fully separate language from Portuguese. Since 1986/87 the language has been taught to students between the ages of 10 and 11, and Mirandese is now recovering. Today Mirandese has fewer than 5,000 speakers (but the figure goes up to 15,000 if one includes second language speakers). Portugal took a further step in protecting Mirandese when

3510-534: The fifteenth to eighteenth centuries, many linguistic dialects were marginalized within the Iberian Peninsula as well as other parts of Europe. Because of this, many linguistic dialects and minorities were marginalized, making it difficult for some languages, such as Asturleonese, to survive, and resulted in the fragmentation of others. During the nineteenth century, the Asturian territories were included as part of

3588-638: The fundamentals of the Castle Pena Roia in the era of 1204 by Master General of the Templar Gualdim Pais] . The later Castle of Modagouro, from the same decade, was started prior to the establishment of the civic charter ( foral ) in 1272/73. During the Portuguese dynastic crisis (or Interregnum ) the noble classes supported the King of Castile, resulting in an eventual reprisal by Prince John (who elevated

3666-513: The general area of the district of Bragança (Bergáncia in Mirandese) , that speaks the Transmontano dialect of Portuguese. Although Mirandese has been lost in said region, it left some words and phonetic influences behind. The following measures have been taken to protect and develop Mirandese: The following is a sample text of the Mirandese language, written by Amadeu Ferreira, and published in

3744-629: The hamlet of Azinhoso and parsed it from Mogadouro). Consequently, although its economic activity did not contract, the lack of royal patronage meant that Mogadouro remained stagnated until the 16th century. Mogadouro, historically, fell within the Caminhos de Santiago , a capillary of secondary roadways that extended throughout the Trás-os-Montes region leading pilgrims down Saint James Way . The principal road arrived in Mogadouro from Castelo Rodrigo, from two routes: from Freixo de Espada à Cinta (Castelo Rodrigo, Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo, Escalhão, crossing

3822-592: The influence Leonese and Aragonese had on the beginnings of modern Spanish. The Asturleonese language originated from Latin, which began to be transmitted through the Roman legions in Asturica Augusta as well as the Roman Sixth (Hispanian) Legion . The adoption of Latin by the Astures , who inhabited the area, was a slow but inevitable process, as the use of the colonial language was the key to obtaining equal rights;

3900-471: The language is optional at school, where it is widely studied. The Spanish Constitution recognizes the existence of vehicular languages and the need for the protection of existing dialects within the national territories. In article 3.3 of the constitution, the document concretely states that "the richness of the distinct linguistic modalities of Spain is a cultural heritage that will be the subject of special respect and protection." Additionally, article 4 of

3978-514: The language with most of the tools needed to survive in the modern era: a grammar , a dictionary and periodicals . A new generation of Asturian writers has championed the language. These developments have given Asturian greater hope of survival. Leonese was probably spoken in a much larger area in the Middle Ages, roughly corresponding to the old Kingdom of León . As the Castilian language became

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4056-524: The language, its knowledge within the educational system, as well as its dissemination in media. However, Asturleonese continues to have a very limited presence in the public administration. In Portugal, the related Mirandese dialect is recognized by the Assembly of the Republic as a co-official language along with Portuguese for local matters, and it is taught in public schools in the few areas where Mirandese

4134-536: The largest towns of León , Zamora and Salamanca provinces. Leonese's desperate reality as a minority language has driven it to an apparent dead end, and it is considered a Seriously Endangered Language by UNESCO . There are some efforts at language revival aimed at the urban population (the Leonese Council has made campaign to encourage young people to learn Leonese). Some experts think Leonese will be dead in two generations. In spite of all these difficulties,

4212-513: The main language in Spain, the linguistic features of the Leonese language retreated progressively westwards. In the late 1990s several associations unofficially promoted Leonese language courses. In 2001 the Universidad de León (University of León) created a course for Leonese teachers, and local and provincial governments developed Leonese language courses for adults. Nowadays Leonese can be studied in

4290-520: The most important priority, at the time, being to earn Roman citizenship. However, like the rest of the peninsula, it was not until the establishment of the Germanic kingdoms of Iberia that Latin came to be the commonly spoken language of the area. Along with many linguistic similarities to Latin, the Asturian language also has distinct characteristics that can be linked back to the Cantabrian Wars ,

4368-534: The municipalities of Miranda de l Douro , Mogadouro and Bumioso , being extinct in Mogadouro and present in Bumioso only in some eastern villages, like Angueira ). The Assembly of the Republic granted it official recognition alongside Portuguese for local matters with Law 7/99 of 29 January 1999. In 2001, Mirandese was officially recognised by the European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages , which aims to promote

4446-446: The municipality of Miranda do Douro by virtue of Portuguese law 7/99 on 29 January 1999, although merely as a language that should continue to be protected and preserved, not awarding it any official status. Meanwhile, Catalan , Basque , and Galician were all granted official status in their respective regions in 1978. Therefore, there exists some tension, as Asturleonese is still not regarded as an official language today. However,

4524-645: The municipality of Bumioso and the municipalities of Mogadouro , Macedo de Cavaleiros and Bragança . A 2020 survey by University of Vigo, carried out in Miranda do Douro, estimated the number of speakers of the language to be around 3,500 with 1,500 of them being regular speakers. The study observed strong decline in the usage of language in younger people. Three variants of the Mirandese language exist: Border Mirandese ( Mirandés Raiano ), Central Mirandese ( Mirandés Central ) and Sendinese ( Sendinés ). Most speakers of Mirandese also speak Portuguese. Despite there being

4602-786: The newspaper Público , on 24 July 2007. Muitas lhénguas ténen proua de ls sous pergaminos antigos, de la lhiteratura screbida hai cientos d'anhos i de scritores hai muito afamados, hoije bandeiras dessas lhénguas. Mas outras hai que nun puoden tener proua de nada desso, cumo ye l causo de la lhéngua mirandesa. Muitas línguas têm orgulho dos seus pergaminhos antigos, da literatura escrita há centenas de anos e de escritores muito famosos, hoje bandeiras dessas línguas. Mas há outras que não podem ter orgulho de nada disso, como é o caso da língua mirandesa. Many languages take pride in their ancient scrolls, their centuries-old literature, and in famous writers, today standards of those languages. But there are others which can't boast of any of this, as in

4680-502: The north of Portugal and Extremadura . The Cantabrian Montañes in the East and Extremaduran in the South have transitional traits with Spanish (northern Spanish for Cantabrian, southern Spanish for Extremaduran). There are differing degrees of vitality of the language for each region in the area: Asturias and Miranda do Douro have historically been the regions in which Asturleonese has been

4758-434: The north. Mogadouro is also a land known for almond production. Principally, in the fields of Valverde, Meirinhos, São Pedro, Souto, Roca, Santo André and São Martinho do Peso, these lands are covered in flowering trees seasonally, used in harvesting of the legumes. In other periods, the horse culture was important in this region, not just in agriculture and transport, but also as a centre of equestrian training and breeding;

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4836-512: The number of young people learning and using Leonese (mainly as a written language) has increased substantially in recent years. The Leonese City Council promotes Leonese language courses for adults. Leonese is taught in sixteen schools in Leon. Leonese has special status in the Statute of Autonomy of Castile and León . In the 19th century, José Leite de Vasconcelos described Mirandese as "the language of

4914-452: The peculiar digestive and aperitifs of the region. Mogadouro is the central community, with a Preparatory ( Portuguese : Escola Preparatória ) and Secondary School ( Portuguese : Escola Secundária ) serving the large border frontier. Regional policies have allowed the advancement of local projects and initiatives and supported the active participation of its local citizens: there are 30 cultural and recreational associations coordinated by

4992-457: The pilgrimages, such as the roof painting in the Chapel of Nossa Senhor da Boa Morte ), on the way passing by a spring (where pilgrimages would satisfy their thirst), to another chapel to Santigao (now completely destroyed), Urrós, Sendim, and Miranda do Douro). There were several tributaries, shortcuts and dirt tracks on the pilgrim roadways, such as: through Azinhoso (where the faithful would rest in

5070-574: The primary and lower secondary level, and has thus been somewhat recovering. By Law 7/99, Mirandese was given official recognition by the Assembly of the Republic alongside Portuguese. The law provides for its promotion and allows its usage for local matters in Miranda do Douro . Today Mirandese retains speakers in most of the villages of the municipality of Miranda de l Douro and in some villages of Bumioso (such as Vilar Seco and Angueira ); and some linguistic influence can be observed at other villages of

5148-467: The rare black stork , in addition to the red-billed chough , the alpine swift and the black wheatear . During the months of April and May, the flowering trees highlight the landscapes of many of the parishes. Mountain perennials (such as rosemary , Cytisus striatus and heather ) are also common, although the Fagaceae (a species of beech ) and holly oak , cork oak and juniper (which grow along

5226-421: The region of Asturias. While Spanish is the official language, being used in the government and political spheres, the Asturian language survives as the language mainly used in informal and casual conversation in many rural areas within this community. Additionally, the language is often offered as an elective subject in schools throughout the linguistic region. Asturleonese only recently received recognition in

5304-666: The reign of Septimius Severus in the 3rd century AD). Throughout the municipality area have been discovered many funerary stones and artefacts that attest the Romanization of these lands. Vestiges of the Visigothic era are rare, but include a paleo-Christian inscription that was discovered in São Martinho do Peso (now in the Abade de Baçal Museum in Bragança. Moorish influence in this region

5382-481: The rest of the Astur-Leonese speaking territory, Mirandese has adopted a different written norm to the one used in Spain for Astur-Leonese. Until 1884, Mirandese was a purely spoken language, but in that year, José Leite de Vasconcelos wrote "Flores Mirandézas" (Froles Mirandesas in modern Mirandese, 'Mirandese Flowers'), a book with his own proposal for a Mirandese writing system, with an excessicivity of diacritics, which have helped to know what Mirandese sounded like in

5460-495: The separation or division of a territory, a term imported from common language at the time. The mógo do Douro ( mark on the Douro ), or Mogadouro, developed from this locational designation. The Castle of Penas Róias was constructed during the nation-building of Afonso Henriques . The stone of the cell-block tower is inscribed with a medieval statement: "Começaram os fundamentos do Castelo chamadao Pena Roia na era de 1204 sendo Mestre Geral dos Templários Gualdim Pais " [They began

5538-570: The slopes of the Douro and Sabor valleys) are the predominant species. Located in the southern part of the Mirandês Plateau, the region is influenced by three climatic systems: the Atlantic, the Continent and the Mediterranean. As a result, its agriculture is varied and its landscape is full of contrasts. In the winter, the climate is rigorously cold and icy, with snowfall common throughout the period. In

5616-472: The summer, it is susceptible to torrid heat, typical of continental climates, that supports a dry vegetation. The municipality of Mogadouro has, over the last decades, suffered an enormous depopulation, resulting in the concentration into the urbanized areas, and emigration to the coastal communities of Portugal. Like many of the Transmontana communities, Mogadouran hamlets built on traditional homes adapted to

5694-544: The survival of the least spoken European languages. Mirandese has a distinct phonology , morphology and syntax . It has its roots in the local Vulgar Latin spoken in the northern Iberian Peninsula . Mirandese is a descendant of the Astur-Leonese variety spoken in the Kingdom of León and has both archaisms and innovations that differentiate it from the modern varieties of Astur-Leonese spoken in Spain. In recognition of these differences, and due to its political isolation from

5772-509: The territory of the Mogadouro belongs to the Mirandês Plateau (which is an extension of the Iberian Meseta), lands rich fertile fields responsible for the cultivation of cereals (such as wheat, oats, and rye), supporting cattle and sheep herds (including the Mirandese and Terra Quente breeds). Two sheltered valleys, with micro-climates, support vineyards, olive, orange and almond orchards, as well as other Mediterranean products. The area around

5850-413: Was first recognised and a writing system was established, it used to have ⟨ â ⟩, ⟨ ê ⟩ and ⟨ ô ⟩ (like Portuguese) to represent [ɐ], [e] and [o] respectively. It has since fallen in disuse, one of the reasons being that ⟨ ô ⟩ was utilised in the diphthong ⟨ uô ⟩, but this writing was only accurate in the Central and Raiano dialect, where it

5928-465: Was founded in 1559, and its local church. The bridges between Valverde and Meirinhos (in 1677), and the Remondes bridge, between Mogadouro and Macedo de Cavaleiros (in 1678) were also constructed with the patronage of the Távoras. In addition, the family supported the constructions of a few churches and altars in various municipalities throughout the 17th–18th century, including the Convent of São Francisco,

6006-441: Was read [wo], unlike the Sendinese dialect, where it was read [u] or occasionally [ʊu] . Mirandese, given its status as a recognised language in Portugal after Portuguese, has been the subject in recent years of some publicity and attention in other parts of Portugal. A monthly chronicle in Mirandese, by researcher and writer Amadeu Ferreira , appears in the daily Portuguese national newspaper Público . The first volume of

6084-495: Was recognized as a language in need of special protection by the local government. In 1994 there were 100,000 first language speakers and 450,000 second language speakers able to speak or understand Asturian. However, the outlook for Asturian remains critical, with a large decline in the number of speakers in the last 100 years. At the end of the 20th century, the Academia de la Llingua Asturiana undertook initiatives designed to provide

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