Minus Space is an art gallery located in Dumbo, Brooklyn , NY. It specializes in abstract art and reductive art .
86-568: Minus Space began as an online curatorial and critical project presenting reductive and concept based art . Reductive art includes geometric abstraction , artwork that deals with repetition, monochrome or limited color, seriality . and minimalism . It is also characterized by the use of plain-spoken materials, precise craftsmanship and intellectual rigor. It was launched as an online curatorial project in August 2003 by Brooklyn artists Matthew Deleget and Rossana Martinez, and gradually developed into
172-423: A cultural heritage institution (e.g., gallery , museum , library , or archive ) is a content specialist charged with an institution's collections and involved with the interpretation of heritage material including historical artifacts. A collections curator's concern necessarily involves tangible objects of some sort—artwork, collectibles, historic items, or scientific collections. In smaller organizations,
258-565: A 1952 article in ARTnews , Harold Rosenberg coined the term " action painting " and wrote that "what was to go on the canvas was not a picture but an event. The big moment came when it was decided to paint 'just to paint'. The gesture on the canvas was a gesture of liberation from value—political, aesthetic, moral." Many people assumed that he had modeled his "action painter" paradigm on Pollock. The Congress for Cultural Freedom , an organization to promote American culture and values, backed by
344-512: A Jackson Pollock without a Lee Pollock", whereas fellow painter Fritz Bultman referred to Pollock as Krasner's "creation, her Frankenstein", both men recognizing the immense influence Krasner had on Pollock's career. Jackson Pollock's influence on his wife's artwork is often discussed by art historians. Many people thought that Krasner began to reproduce and reinterpret her husband's chaotic paint splatters in her own work. There are several accounts where Krasner intended to use her own intuition as
430-493: A Pollock, "It filled out space going on and on because it did not have a start or end to it." Clement Greenberg supported Pollock's work on formalistic grounds. It fit well with Greenberg's view of art history as a progressive purification in form and elimination of historical content. He considered Pollock's work to be the best painting of its day and the culmination of the Western tradition via Cubism and Cézanne to Manet . In
516-453: A comprehensive chronology of reductive and concept-based art. The chronology includes major events, exhibitions, and writings in the development of reductive and concept-based art in Europe , South and North America from 1800 to date. Curator A curator (from Latin : cura , meaning 'to take care') is a manager or overseer. When working with cultural organizations, a curator
602-456: A consultancy basis. In France, the term "exhibitions curator" is translated as commissaire d'exposition or curateur . The late-20th century saw an explosion of artists organizing exhibitions. The artist-curator has a long tradition of influence, notably featuring Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792), inaugural president of the Royal Academy of Arts , London, founded in 1768. Curators hold
688-443: A curator may be the only paid staff-member. In larger institutions, the curator's primary function is that of a subject specialist, with the expectation that he or she will conduct original research on objects and guide the organization in its collecting. Such institutions can have multiple curators, each assigned to a specific collecting area (e.g., curator of ancient art, curator of prints and drawings, etc.) and often operating under
774-483: A curator may have sole responsibility for acquisitions and even for collections care . A curator makes decisions regarding what objects to select, oversees their potential and documentation, conducts research based on the collection and its history, provides proper packaging of object for transportation, and shares research with the public and community through exhibitions and publications. In very small, volunteer-based museums, such as those of local historical societies,
860-532: A gallery contract with Peggy Guggenheim in July 1943. He received the commission to create the 8-by-20-foot (2.4 by 6.1 m) Mural (1943) for the entry to her new townhouse. At the suggestion of her friend and advisor Marcel Duchamp , Pollock painted the work on canvas, rather than the wall, so that it would be portable. After seeing the big mural, the art critic Clement Greenberg wrote: "I took one look at it and I thought, 'Now that's great art,' and I knew Jackson
946-621: A gallery-filled building at 111 Front Street in Dumbo. Hyperallergic selected the Minus Space exhibition Roberta Allen: Works from the 1970s as "Best of 2014: Top 10 Brooklyn Art Shows." In 2008, MoMA PS1 exhibited Minus Space – The Art of Reduction , a survey of 54 artists from 14 countries affiliated with Minus Space. The exhibition was curated by Phong Bui , publisher of the Brooklyn Rail and P.S. 1 curatorial advisor. The exhibition marked
SECTION 10
#17330848890601032-428: A high academic degree in their subject, typically a Doctor of Philosophy or a master's degree in subjects such as history, art, history of art , archaeology , anthropology , or classics . Curators are also expected to have contributed to their academic field, for example, by delivering public talks, publishing articles, or presenting at specialist academic conferences. It is important that curators have knowledge of
1118-516: A large boulder marking his grave and a smaller one marking hers. The work of Thomas Hart Benton , Pablo Picasso and Joan Miró influenced Pollock. Pollock started using synthetic resin-based paints called alkyd enamels, which at that time was a novel medium. Pollock described this use of household paints, instead of artist's paints, as "a natural growth out of a need". He used hardened brushes, sticks, and even basting syringes as paint applicators. Pollock's technique of pouring and dripping paint
1204-403: A movement in museums, public humanities organizations, and within the biocuration field to involve community members in various curatorial processes, including exhibit development and programming. Community members involved in community curation are likely not trained as museum professionals, but have vested interests in the outcomes of curatorial projects. Community curation is a response to
1290-570: A part of the painting, since this way I can walk round it, work from the four sides and literally be in the painting. This is akin to the methods of the Indian sand painters of the West." Other influences on his drip technique include the Mexican muralists and Surrealist automatism. Pollock denied reliance on "the accident"; he usually had an idea of how he wanted a particular work to appear. His technique combined
1376-422: A person who prepares a sports ground for use (especially a cricket ground ). This job is equivalent to that of groundsman in some other cricketing nations. Obsolete terms referring to a female curator are "curatrix" and "curatress". Jackson Pollock Paul Jackson Pollock ( / ˈ p ɒ l ə k / ; January 28, 1912 – August 11, 1956) was an American painter. A major figure in
1462-427: A picture for what it is—pure painting." Pollock's work has been the subject of important critical debates. Critic Robert Coates once derided a number of Pollock's works as "mere unorganized explosions of random energy, and therefore meaningless". Reynold's News , in a 1959 headline, said, "This is not art—it's a joke in bad taste." French abstract painter Jean Hélion , on the other hand, remarked on first seeing
1548-965: A showcase for dozens of artists. They began by putting portfolios and curating exhibitions online. Minus Space published interviews of artists, reviews and critical essays. At this point project was only online, literally minus space . Minus Space then started to produce physical exhibitions in their Brooklyn project space. These included one person shows of abstract painting , installations and performance art . In addition they began to curate exhibitions nationally and internationally at universities , galleries, artist-run spaces and nonprofit spaces located in Manhattan ; St. Mary's City, Maryland ; Sydney, Australia ; Houston, Texas ; Brussels, Belgium . Minus Space opened their initial gallery space at 98 Fourth Street in Gowanus in April 2006. In September 2011, they relocated to
1634-481: A single-car crash in his Oldsmobile convertible while driving under the influence of alcohol. At the time, Krasner was visiting friends in Europe; she abruptly returned on hearing the news from a friend. One of the passengers, Edith Metzger, was also killed in the accident, which occurred less than a mile from Pollock's home. The other passenger, Ruth Kligman, survived. In December 1956, four months after his death, Pollock
1720-444: A space on the internet enabling it to collaborate with other institutions. The web site has an online log that functions as a web portal for information on exhibitions of reductive art internationally. There is also a comprehensive directory of related web sites for reductive art including galleries, museums and related publications, a directory of artists affiliated with Minus Space, and also artist interviews. Minus Space maintains
1806-411: A studio. In that space, he perfected his big "drip" technique of working with paint, with which he would become permanently identified. When the couple found themselves free from work they enjoyed spending their time together cooking and baking, working on the house and garden, and entertaining friends. Krasner's influence on her husband's art was something critics began to reassess by the latter half of
SECTION 20
#17330848890601892-611: A teenager. In November 1912, Stella took her sons to San Diego; Jackson was just 10 months old and would never return to Cody. He subsequently grew up in Arizona and Chico, California . While living in the Vermont Square neighborhood of Los Angeles, he enrolled at Manual Arts High School , from which he was expelled. He had already been expelled in 1928 from another high school. During his early life, Pollock explored Native American culture while on surveying trips with his father. He
1978-473: A test lab, where an independent curator selected technology that showcased radical technology advancements and their impact on society, such as the ability to design and "print" physical objects using 3D printers (such as a fully working violin) or the ability to model and represent accurate interactive medical and molecular models in stereoscopic 3D. As US museums have become increasingly more digitized, curators find themselves constructing narratives in both
2064-633: A way to move towards Pollock's I am nature technique in order to reproduce nature in her art. In 1955, Pollock painted Scent and Search , his last two paintings. He did not paint at all in 1956, but was making sculptures at Tony Smith 's home: constructions of wire, gauze, and plaster. Shaped by sand-casting, they have heavily textured surfaces similar to what Pollock often created in his paintings. Pollock and Krasner's relationship began to crumble by 1956, owing to Pollock's continuing alcoholism and infidelity involving another artist, Ruth Kligman . On August 11, 1956, at 10:15 p.m., Pollock died in
2150-422: A work of art, the injection of technology and impact of social media into every aspect of society has seen the emergence of technology curators. Technology curators are people who are able to disentangle the science and logic of a particular technology and apply it to real-world situations and society, whether it is for social change, commercial advantage, or other purposes. The first U.K. Wired Conference had
2236-413: A young photographer, wanted to take pictures—both stills and moving—of Pollock at work. Pollock promised to start a new painting especially for the photographic session, but when Namuth arrived, Pollock apologized and told him the painting was finished. Namuth said that when he entered the studio: A dripping wet canvas covered the entire floor ... There was complete silence ... Pollock looked at
2322-438: Is a professional scientist who curates, collects, annotates, and validates information that is disseminated by biological databases and model organism databases . Education and outreach play an important role in some institutions. It has led to the emergence of titles such as "Curator of Education" and "Curator of Public Practice". Community curation— also known as "co-curation", "public curation" or "inclusive curation" —is
2408-438: Is interred at Tingley Cemetery, Ringgold County, Iowa . His father had been born with the surname McCoy, but took the surname of his adoptive parents. Stella and LeRoy Pollock were Presbyterian ; they were of Irish and Scots-Irish descent, respectively. LeRoy Pollock was a farmer and later a land surveyor for the government, moving for different jobs. Stella, proud of her family's heritage as weavers, made and sold dresses as
2494-478: Is it." Pollock's finest paintings ... reveal that his all-over line does not give rise to positive or negative areas: we are not made to feel that one part of the canvas demands to be read as figure, whether abstract or representational, against another part of the canvas read as ground. There is not inside or outside to Pollock's line or the space through which it moves. ... Pollock has managed to free line not only from its function of representing objects in
2580-593: Is now insured for US$ 140 million. In 2011, the Republican Iowa State Representative Scott Raecker introduced a bill to force the sale of the artwork, held by the University of Iowa, to fund scholarships, but his bill created such controversy that it was quickly withdrawn. One of Jackson Pollock's works is featured heavily in the film Ex Machina . A pivotal scene in the film contains a monologue where antagonist Nathan Bateman describes
2666-657: Is shown in the documentary and states that the painting is on a primed canvas, which Pollock never used. Untitled 1950 , which the New York-based Knoedler Gallery had sold in 2007 for $ 17 million to Pierre Lagrange, a London hedge-fund multimillionaire, was subject to an authenticity suit before the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York . Done in the painter's classic drip-and-splash style and signed "J. Pollock",
Minus Space - Misplaced Pages Continue
2752-450: Is thought to be one of the origins of the term action painting . With this technique, Pollock was able to achieve his own signature style palimpsest paintings, with paints flowing from his chosen tool onto the canvas. By defying the convention of painting on an upright surface, he added a new dimension by being able to view and apply paint to his canvases from all directions. In 1936, Pollock participated in an experimental workshop run by
2838-412: Is typically a "collections curator" or an "exhibitions curator", and has multifaceted tasks dependent on the particular institution and its mission. The term "curator" may designate the head of any given division, not limited to museums . Curator roles include "community curators", "literary curators", " digital curators ", and " biocurators ". A "collections curator", a "museum curator", or a "keeper" of
2924-595: The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Lee Krasner. The movie was the project of Harris, who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor . Harris himself painted the works seen in the film. The Pollock-Krasner Foundation did not authorize or collaborate with any production. In September 2009, the art historian Henry Adams claimed in Smithsonian magazine that Pollock had written his name in his famous painting Mural (1943). The painting
3010-696: The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), sponsored exhibitions of Pollock's work. Some left-wing scholars, including Eva Cockcroft , have argued that the United States government and wealthy elite embraced Pollock and abstract expressionism to place the United States in the forefront of global art and devalue socialist realism . Cockcroft wrote that Pollock became a "weapon of the Cold War ". Pollock described his art as "motion made visible memories, arrested in space". Pollock's staining into raw canvas
3096-525: The Sidney Janis Gallery , a more commercial gallery; the demand for his work from collectors was great. In response to this pressure, along with personal frustration, his alcoholism deepened. Pollock and Lee Krasner met while they both exhibited at the McMillen Gallery in 1942. Krasner was unfamiliar yet intrigued with Pollock's work and went to his apartment, unannounced, to meet him following
3182-464: The abstract expressionist movement, Pollock was widely noticed for his " drip technique " of pouring or splashing liquid household paint onto a horizontal surface, enabling him to view and paint his canvases from all angles. It was called all-over painting and action painting , since he covered the entire canvas and used the force of his whole body to paint, often in a frenetic dancing style. This extreme form of abstraction divided critics: some praised
3268-669: The internet search engine . This exhibition examined new pattern painting in the information age. Minus Space organized the group exhibition, Escape from New York, which originated at Sydney Non Objective, Sydney , Australia , in 2007, later traveled to Curtin University in Perth in 2008, Project Space Spare Room, RMIT University in Melbourne in 2009, and then to The Engine Room, Massey University , Wellington, New Zealand in 2010. In 2009, Minus Space exhibited album covers designed by Josef Albers along with ephemera and documentation from
3354-417: The 1960s due to the rise of feminism at the time. Krasner's extensive knowledge and training in modern art and techniques helped her bring Pollock up to date with what contemporary art should be. Krasner is often considered to have tutored her husband in the tenets of modernistic painting. Pollock was then able to change his style to fit a more organized and cosmopolitan genre of modern art, and Krasner became
3440-545: The 1978 catalogue. In the past, however, the Pollock-Krasner Foundation has declined to be involved in authentication cases. In 2006, a documentary, Who the *$ &% Is Jackson Pollock? , was made concerning Teri Horton, a truck driver who bought an abstract painting for five dollars at a thrift store in California in 1992. This work may be a lost Pollock painting, but its authenticity is debated. Thomas Hoving
3526-424: The 19th century "information transmission" model of learning, in which museums are sources of expert knowledge and visitors are the recipients of that expertise. Community curation seeks not to abandon expertise, but to broaden definitions of expertise to "include broader domains of experience" that visitors bring to museums. Community curation practices are varied. Organizations have conducted community outreach at
Minus Space - Misplaced Pages Continue
3612-551: The 5th anniversary of Minus Space. In 2008 Minus Space also curated an exhibit to re-present abstract shaped canvas paintings as new, made by Mark Dagley first shown with Tony Shafrazi Gallery 20 years earlier in 1987. Most of the exhibition of was painted in William S. Burroughs Bunker in the Bowery in New York City . They curated a traveling exhibition Machine Learning which
3698-508: The INP (Institut National du Patrimoine). The "conservateurs du patrimoine" are civil servants or work in the public service; the use of the title by private workers is not possible. In the United Kingdom, the term "curator" also applies to government employees who monitor the quality of contract archaeological work under Planning Policy Guidance 16: Archaeology and Planning (PPG 16) and manage
3784-479: The Josef and Anni Albers Foundation demonstrating the record jackets as firsthand projects in abstract applied art . In 2011, Minus Space exhibited a collection of vintage issues of Life (magazine) representing the magazine's historical coverage of modern art, including the 1949 article, “ Jackson Pollock : Is he the greatest living painter in the United States?,” alongside works by the artist Loren Munk addressing both
3870-572: The Mexican muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros. It was there that he first used liquid enamel paints, which he continued to incorporate in his paintings in the early to mid 1940s, long before he encountered the work of the Ukrainian American artist Janet Sobel (1894–1968) (born Jennie Lechovsky). Peggy Guggenheim included Sobel's work in her The Art of This Century Gallery in 1945. Jackson Pollock and art critic Clement Greenberg saw Sobel's work there in 1946 and later Greenberg noted that Sobel
3956-441: The beginning of exhibition projects, and convenes community advisory committees at various stages in the curatorial process. or have accepted exhibit proposals from community members and trained them in curatorial skills to co-create exhibits. Such efforts to allow communities to participate in curation can require "more not less expertise from museum staff". The term "literary curator" has been used to describe persons who work in
4042-538: The central challenge of artificial intelligence as engineering a cognitive state that is "not deliberate, not random, but somewhere in between," which he likens to the cognitive state Pollock achieves while painting. In 1973, Number 11, 1952 (also known as Blue Poles ) was purchased by the Australian Gough Whitlam government for the National Gallery of Australia for US$ 2 million (A$ 1.3 million at
4128-593: The cultural resource of a region. In a museum setting, a curator in the United Kingdom may also be called a "keeper". An "exhibitions curator" is a person in charge of conceiving and organising exhibitions. The title "curator" identifies someone who selects and often interprets works for an exhibit. In addition to selecting works, the curator is often responsible for writing labels, catalog essays, and other content supporting exhibitions. Such curators may be permanent staff members, "guest curators" from an affiliated organization or university, or "freelance curators" working on
4214-487: The current collecting market for their area of expertise, and are aware of current ethical practices and laws that may impact their organisation's collecting. The increased complexity of many museums and cultural organisations has prompted the emergence of professional programs in fields such as public history, public humanities , museum studies , arts management , and curating/curatorial practice. (See →External links for further information on courses.) A biocurator
4300-680: The direction of a head curator. In such organizations, the physical care of the collection may be overseen by museum collections-managers or by museum conservators, with documentation and administrative matters (such as personnel, insurance, and loans) handled by a museum registrar. In France, the term "collections curator" is translated as conservateur . There are two kinds of conservateurs : heritage curators ( conservateurs du patrimoine ) with five specialities (archeology, archives, museums, historical monuments, natural science museums), and librarian curators ( conservateurs des bibliothèques ). These curators are selected by competitive examination and attend
4386-645: The early 1930s, Pollock spent a summer touring the Western United States together with Glen Rounds , a fellow art student, and Benton, their teacher. Pollock was introduced to the use of liquid paint in 1936 at an experimental workshop in New York City by the Mexican muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros . In the summer, he went to Dartmouth College to study José Clemente Orozco 's 3,200 square foot mural, “ The Epic of American Civilization .” He later used paint pouring as one of several techniques on canvases of
SECTION 50
#17330848890604472-848: The early 1940s, such as Male and Female and Composition with Pouring I . After his move to Springs, New York , he began painting with his canvases laid out on the studio floor and he developed what was later called his " drip " technique. From 1938 to 1942 Pollock worked for the WPA Federal Art Project . During this time Pollock was trying to deal with his established alcoholism; from 1938 through 1941 he underwent Jungian psychotherapy with Dr. Joseph L. Henderson and later with Dr. Violet Staub de Laszlo in 1941–42. Henderson engaged him through his art, encouraging Pollock to make drawings. Jungian concepts and archetypes were expressed in his paintings. Some psychiatrists have hypothesized that Pollock might have had bipolar disorder . Pollock signed
4558-418: The field of poetry, such as former 92nd Street Y director Karl Kirchwey . More recently, advances in new technologies have led to a further widening of the role of curator. This has been a focus in major art institutions internationally and has become an object of academic study and research. In the same way that a museum curator may acquire objects of relevance or an art curator may select or interpret
4644-463: The first exhibition of Pollock's works from 1948 to 1951 in his Studio Paul Facchetti in Paris and in Europe. At the peak of his fame, Pollock abruptly abandoned the drip style. Pollock's drip paintings were influenced by the artist Janet Sobel ; the art critic Clement Greenberg would later report that Pollock "admitted" to him that Sobel's work "had made an impression on him." Pollock's work after 1951
4730-534: The floor because “the Oriental’s did it.” Eventually, Pollock became famous from his "drip" paintings, and on August 8, 1949, in a four-page spread in Life magazine, he was asked, "Is he the greatest living painter in the United States?" Thanks to the mediation of Alfonso Ossorio , a close friend of Pollock, and the art historian Michel Tapié , the young gallery owner Paul Facchetti , from March 7, 1952, managed to realize
4816-496: The force of his whole body to paint, which was expressed on the large canvases. In 1956, Time magazine dubbed Pollock "Jack the Dripper" due to his painting style. My painting does not come from the easel. I prefer to tack the unstretched canvas to the hard wall or the floor. I need the resistance of a hard surface. On the floor I am more at ease. I feel nearer, more part of the painting, since this way I can walk around it, work from
4902-485: The four sides and literally be in the painting. I continue to get further away from the usual painter's tools such as easel, palette, brushes, etc. I prefer sticks, trowels, knives and dripping fluid paint or a heavy impasto with sand, broken glass or other foreign matter added. When I am in my painting, I'm not aware of what I'm doing. It is only after a sort of "get acquainted" period that I see what I have been about. I have no fear of making changes, destroying
4988-458: The gallery exhibition. In October 1945, Pollock and Krasner were married in a church with two witnesses present for the event. In November, they moved out of the city to the Springs area of East Hampton on the south shore of Long Island . With the help of a down-payment loan from Peggy Guggenheim, they bought a wood-frame house and barn at 830 Springs Fireplace Road. Pollock converted the barn into
5074-1433: The history of New York School (art) and the field of art criticism . In 2013, Minus Space organized, in collaboration with artist John Zinsser, a large survey exhibition examining the history and legacy of gallerist Julian Pretto (1945-1995) and his downtown New York galleries, active during the mid-1970s through the mid-1990s. The exhibition featured the work of more than 40 national and international artists in an array of different media, including painting, drawing, sculpture, installation, video, and poetry. Represented artists and estates: Minus Space has also exhibited work by Josef Albers , Rene Pierre Allain, Taka Amano, Carl Andre , Stephen Antonakos , Robert Barry (artist) , Tom Brazelton, Farrell Brickhouse, Rosemarie Castoro , Peter Downsbrough, Kathy Drasher, Anoka Faruqee , Gail Fitzgerald, Suzan Frecon , Michelle Grabner , Christian Haub, Nancy Haynes , Marcia Hafif, Betsy Kaufman , Melissa Kretschmer , Gary Lang, Ellen Lanyon , Christopher Lea, Julian Lethbridge, Daniel Levine, Sol LeWitt , Tom Martinelli, Douglas Melini, Gregory Montreuil, Olivier Mosset , Victoria Munro, Mary Obering, Antonella Piemontese, Donald Powley, Lucio Pozzi , Daniel Reynolds, Stephen Rosenthal, Michael Scott, DM Simons, Phil Sims, Cary Smith, Ted Stamm , Steven Steinman, Ted Victoria, Merrill Wagner, Oliver Wasow, Stephen Westfall . Robert Yasuda, and John Zinsser Minus Space has
5160-421: The image, etc., because the painting has a life of its own. I try to let it come through. It is only when I lose contact with the painting that the result is a mess. Otherwise there is pure harmony, an easy give and take, and the painting comes out well. Pollock observed Native American sandpainting demonstrations in the 1940s. Referring to his style of painting on the floor, Pollock stated, "I feel nearer, more
5246-422: The immediacy of the creation, while others derided the random effects. A reclusive and volatile personality, Pollock struggled with alcoholism for most of his life. In 1945, he married the artist Lee Krasner , who became an important influence on his career and on his legacy. Pollock died at age 44 in an alcohol-related single-car collision when he was driving. In December 1956, four months after his death, Pollock
SECTION 60
#17330848890605332-546: The indigenous people of British Columbia, in which the concept of space in totemist art is considered from an artist's point of view, influenced Pollock as well; Pollock owned a signed and dedicated copy of the Amerindian Number of Paalen's magazine (DYN 4–5, 1943). He had also seen Paalen's surrealist paintings in an exhibition in 1940. Another strong influence must have been Paalen's surrealist fumage technique, which appealed to painters looking for new ways to depict what
5418-437: The material and digital worlds. Historian Elaine Gurian has called for museums in which "visitors could comfortably search for answers to their own questions regardless of the importance placed on such questions by others". This would change the role of curator from teacher to "facilitator and assistor". In this sense, the role of curator in the United States is precarious, as digital and interactive exhibits often allow members of
5504-441: The movement of his body, over which he had control, the viscous flow of paint, the force of gravity, and the absorption of paint into the canvas. It was a mixture of controllable and uncontrollable factors. Flinging, dripping, pouring, and spattering, he would move energetically around the canvas, almost as if in a dance, and would not stop until he saw what he wanted to see. Austrian artist Wolfgang Paalen 's article on totem art of
5590-410: The one judge he could trust. At the beginning of the two artists' marriage, Pollock would trust his peers' opinions on what did or did not work in his pieces. Krasner was also responsible for introducing him to many collectors, critics, and artists, including Herbert Matter , who would help further his career as an emerging artist. Art dealer John Bernard Myers once said "there would never have been
5676-613: The painting. Then, unexpectedly, he picked up can and paint brush and started to move around the canvas. It was as if he suddenly realized the painting was not finished. His movements, slow at first, gradually became faster and more dance like as he flung black, white, and rust colored paint onto the canvas. He completely forgot that Lee and I were there; he did not seem to hear the click of the camera shutter ... My photography session lasted as long as he kept painting, perhaps half an hour. In all that time, Pollock did not stop. How could one keep up this level of activity? Finally, he said "This
5762-443: The process of creation; they were influenced by his approach to the process, rather than the look of his work. In 2004, One: Number 31, 1950 was ranked the eighth-most influential piece of modern art in a poll of 500 artists, curators, critics, and dealers. In the early 1990s, three groups of movie makers were developing Pollock biographical projects, each based on a different source. The project that at first seemed most advanced
5848-420: The public to become their own curators, and to choose their own information. Citizens are then able to educate themselves on the specific subject they are interested in, rather than spending time listening to information they have no desire to learn. In Scotland, the term "curator" is also used to mean the guardian of a child, known as curator ad litem . In Australia and New Zealand, the term also applies to
5934-642: The time of payment). This was the highest price ever paid for a modern painting and the painting is now one of the most popular exhibits. The artwork contains only a fleeting reference to the real world and Blue Poles has become the flagship of autonomous art. Blue Poles was a centerpiece of the Museum of Modern Art 's 1998 retrospective in New York, the first time the painting had been shown in America since its purchase. In November 2006, Pollock's No. 5, 1948 became
6020-553: The time that Pollock spent working and studying in the Experimental Workshop with David Alfaro Siqueiros in 1936 is rarely investigated or acknowledged. According to Robert Storr, “there is no other experience in his professional life that is equal to the decade that he spent learning from and observing the modern Mexican muralists…,” especially when comparing this period of informal training to his formal education with Thomas Hart Benton, which, although critical to his beginnings,
6106-752: The world's most expensive painting, when it was sold privately to an undisclosed buyer for the sum of US$ 140 million. Another artist record was established in 2004, when No. 12 (1949), a medium-sized drip painting that had been shown in the United States Pavilion at the 1950 Venice Biennale , fetched US$ 11.7 million at Christie's , New York. In 2012, Number 28, 1951 , one of the artist's combinations of drip and brushwork in shades of silvery gray with red, yellow, and shots of blue and white, also sold at Christie's, New York, for US$ 20.5 million—US$ 23 million with fees—within its estimated range of US$ 20 million to US$ 30 million. In 2013, Pollock's Number 19 (1948)
6192-617: The world, but also from its task of describing or bounding shapes or figures, whether abstract or representational, on the surface of the canvas. Continuing to evade the viewer's search for figurative elements in his paintings, Pollock abandoned titles and started numbering his works. He said about this, "[L]ook passively and try to receive what the painting has to offer and not bring a subject matter or preconceived idea of what they are to be looking for." His wife said, "He used to give his pictures conventional titles ... but now he simply numbers them. Numbers are neutral. They make people look at
6278-419: Was "a direct influence on Jackson Pollock's drip painting technique". In his essay "American-Type Painting", Greenberg noted those works were the first of all-over painting he had seen, and said, "Pollock admitted that these pictures had made an impression on him". While painting this way, Pollock moved away from figurative representation, and challenged the Western tradition of using easel and brush. He used
6364-427: Was a joint venture between Barbra Streisand 's Barwood Films and Robert De Niro 's TriBeCa Productions (De Niro's parents were friends of Krasner and Pollock). The script, by Christopher Cleveland, was to be based on Jeffrey Potter 's 1985 oral biography, To a Violent Grave , a collection of reminiscences by Pollock's friends. Streisand was to play the role of Lee Krasner, and De Niro was to portray Pollock. A second
6450-656: Was adapted by the Color Field painters Helen Frankenthaler and Morris Louis . Frank Stella made "all-over composition" a hallmark of his works of the 1960s. Joseph Glasco was introduced to Pollock by Alfonso Ossorio in 1949. Throughout his life, Glasco continued to reflect on Pollock’s artistic influence, particularly in the early to mid-1970s when his style changed to all-over collage paintings with their emphasis on rhythm and process. The Happenings artist Allan Kaprow , sculptors Richard Serra and Eva Hesse , and many contemporary artists have retained Pollock's emphasis on
6536-624: Was also heavily influenced by Mexican muralists , particularly José Clemente Orozco , whose fresco Prometheus he would later call "the greatest painting in North America". In 1930, following his older brother Charles Pollock , he moved to New York City, where they both studied under Thomas Hart Benton at the Art Students League . Benton's rural American subject matter had little influence on Pollock's work, but his rhythmic use of paint and his fierce independence were more lasting. In
6622-550: Was called the "unseen" or the "possible". The technique was once demonstrated in Matta's workshop, about which Steven Naifeh reports, "Once, when Matta was demonstrating the Surrealist technique [Paalen's] Fumage, Jackson [Pollock] turned to (Peter) Busa and said in a stage whisper: 'I can do that without the smoke. ' " Pollock's painter friend Fritz Bultman even stated, "It was Wolfgang Paalen who started it all." In 1950, Hans Namuth ,
6708-577: Was darker in color, including a collection painted in black on unprimed canvases . These paintings have been referred to as his "Black pourings" and when he exhibited them at the Betty Parsons Gallery in New York, none of them sold. Parsons later sold one to a friend at half the price. These works show Pollock attempting to find a balance between abstraction and depictions of the figure . He later returned to using color and continued with figurative elements. During this period, Pollock had moved to
6794-682: Was given a memorial retrospective exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City. A larger, more comprehensive exhibition of his work was held there in 1967. In 1998 and 1999, his work was honored with large-scale retrospective exhibitions at MoMA and at The Tate in London. For the rest of her life, his widow Lee Krasner managed his estate and ensured that Pollock's reputation remained strong despite changing art world trends. The couple are buried in Green River Cemetery in Springs with
6880-766: Was given a memorial retrospective exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City. A larger, more comprehensive exhibition of his work was held there in 1967. In 1998 and 1999, his work was honored with large-scale retrospective exhibitions at MoMA and the Tate Gallery in London. Paul Jackson Pollock was born in Cody, Wyoming , in January 28, 1912, the youngest of five brothers. His parents, Stella May (née McClure) and LeRoy Pollock, were born and grew up in Tingley, Iowa , and were educated at Tingley High School. Pollock's mother
6966-539: Was reportedly discovered in Bulgaria after international police agencies were able to track down a group of international art smugglers. The painting is reportedly worth up to 50 million euros. In 2024, Kasmin announced exclusive global representation of Jackson Pollock. Kasmin has been representing Lee Krasner since 2016. The Pollock-Krasner Authentication Board was created by the Pollock-Krasner Foundation in 1990 to evaluate newly found works for an upcoming supplement to
7052-609: Was short lived. Additionally, when specifically asked about how the "drip" came to be, Pollock disavowed his association with Siquieros on multiple occassions and made contradictory statements. For example, in 1947, Pollock suggests that he painted his canvases on the floor because he witnessed the Navajo sand artist at the Natural History Museum in New York do it in 1941 (five years after he witnessed Siqueiros do it in 1936), and soon after, he suggested that he painted his canvases on
7138-551: Was shown at the Boyden Gallery of St. Mary's College of Maryland , The Painting Center in New York City, Gallery Sonja Roesch in Houston, TX in 2007 and 2008. The title of the exhibition was inspired by a subfield of artificial intelligence concerned with the design and development of algorithms that allow computers to learn . Machine learning algorithms recognize patterns within massive sets of data. Real world applications include
7224-443: Was sold by Christie's for a reported US$ 58,363,750 during an auction that ultimately reached US$ 495 million total sales in one night, which Christie's reports as a record to date as the most expensive auction of contemporary art. In February 2016, Bloomberg News reported that Kenneth C. Griffin had purchased Jackson Pollock's 1948 painting Number 17A for US$ 200 million, from David Geffen . In 2023, an unknown Pollock painting
7310-464: Was the greatest painter this country had produced." The catalog introducing his first exhibition described Pollock's talent as "volcanic. It has fire. It is unpredictable. It is undisciplined. It spills out of itself in a mineral prodigality, not yet crystallized." Pollock's most famous paintings were made during the "drip period" between 1947 and 1950. However, when investigating the impact that other artists have had on Pollock and his "drip paintings,"
7396-473: Was to be based on Love Affair (1974), a memoir by Ruth Kligman , who was Pollock's lover in the six months before his death. This was to be directed by Harold Becker , with Al Pacino playing Pollock. In 2000, the biographical film Pollock , based on the Pulitzer Prize -winning biography, Jackson Pollock: An American Saga , directed by and starring Ed Harris , was released. Marcia Gay Harden won
#59940