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57-576: The Ming-Ai (London) Institute ( simplified : 明爱(伦敦)学院; traditional : 明愛(倫敦)學院; pinyin : Míng'ài (Lúndūn) Xuéyuàn) is the executive arm of the Ming-Ai Association , established in 1992 to promote Chinese culture locally and deliver cultural exchanges between the United Kingdom and Greater China . Operating from Denver House near Bounds Green tube station , the Ming-Ai (London) Institute offers
114-443: A component—either a character or a sub-component called a radical —usually involves either a reduction in its total number of strokes , or an apparent streamlining of which strokes are chosen in what places—for example, the ⼓ ' WRAP ' radical used in the traditional character 沒 is simplified to ⼏ ' TABLE ' to form the simplified character 没 . By systematically simplifying radicals, large swaths of
171-434: A conversion table. While exercising such derivation, the following rules should be observed: Sample Derivations : The Series One List of Variant Characters reduces the number of total standard characters. First, amongst each set of variant characters sharing identical pronunciation and meaning, one character (usually the simplest in form) is elevated to the standard character set, and the rest are made obsolete. Then amongst
228-407: A few revised forms, and was implemented for official use by China's State Council on 5 June 2013. In Chinese, simplified characters are referred to by their official name 简化字 ; jiǎnhuàzì , or colloquially as 简体字 ; jiǎntǐzì . The latter term refers broadly to all character variants featuring simplifications of character form or structure, a practice which has always been present as
285-599: A newly coined phono-semantic compound : Removing radicals Only retaining single radicals Replacing with ancient forms or variants : Adopting ancient vulgar variants : Readopting abandoned phonetic-loan characters : Copying and modifying another traditional character : Based on 132 characters and 14 components listed in Chart 2 of the Complete List , the 1,753 derived characters found in Chart 3 can be created by systematically simplifying components using Chart 2 as
342-484: A number of China-related courses. The Ming-Ai (London) Institute delivers postgraduate courses in Chinese Cultural Heritage Management, leading to either MA, PG Dip, and PG Cert qualifications, which are awarded by Middlesex University . The Ming-Ai (London) Institute also facilitated negotiations between Middlesex University and Beijing University of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology, leading to
399-592: A number of short courses and delivers a range of undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Memorandum with Middlesex University . The Ming-Ai (London) Institute hosts and exhibits information about British Chinese cultural Heritage through the British Chinese Heritage Centre ( simplified : 英国华人文化传承中心; traditional : 英國華人文化傳承中心; pinyin : Yīngguó Huárén Wénhuà Chuánchéng Zhōngxīn), a cyber centre dedicated to ongoing and past heritage projects conducted by
456-568: A part of the Chinese writing system. The official name tends to refer to the specific, systematic set published by the Chinese government, which includes not only simplifications of individual characters, but also a substantial reduction in the total number of characters through the merger of formerly distinct forms. According to Chinese palaeographer Qiu Xigui , the broadest trend in the evolution of Chinese characters over their history has been simplification, both in graphical shape ( 字形 ; zìxíng ),
513-440: Is actually more complex than eliminated ones. An example is the character 搾 which is eliminated in favor of the variant form 榨 . The 扌 'HAND' with three strokes on the left of the eliminated 搾 is now seen as more complex, appearing as the ⽊ 'TREE' radical 木 , with four strokes, in the chosen variant 榨 . Not all characters standardised in the simplified set consist of fewer strokes. For instance,
570-525: Is an important measure of success for each project. The institute is currently a placement partner of Goldsmiths, University of London . Funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund , British Chinese Armed Forces ( simplified : 华籍英军史; traditional: 華籍英軍史; pinyin: Huájíyīng Jūnshǐ) is an ongoing project launched in June 2015. The project is a four-year undertaking in collaboration with Regent's University London for
627-454: Is derived. Merging homophonous characters: Adapting cursive shapes ( 草書楷化 ): Replacing a component with a simple arbitrary symbol (such as 又 and 乂 ): Omitting entire components : Omitting components, then applying further alterations : Structural changes that preserve the basic shape Replacing the phonetic component of phono-semantic compounds : Replacing an uncommon phonetic component : Replacing entirely with
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#1733085993331684-809: Is now discouraged. A State Language Commission official cited "oversimplification" as the reason for restoring some characters. The language authority declared an open comment period until 31 August 2009, for feedback from the public. In 2013, the List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters was published as a revision of the 1988 lists; it included a total of 8105 characters. It included 45 newly recognized standard characters that were previously considered variant forms, as well as official approval of 226 characters that had been simplified by analogy and had seen wide use but were not explicitly given in previous lists or documents. Singapore underwent three successive rounds of character simplification , eventually arriving at
741-609: Is referred to as the " big seal script ". The traditional narrative, as also attested in the Shuowen Jiezi dictionary ( c. 100 AD ), is that the Qin small seal script that would later be imposed across China was originally derived from the Zhou big seal script with few modifications. However, the body of epigraphic evidence comparing the character forms used by scribes gives no indication of any real consolidation in character forms prior to
798-540: Is used instead of 叠 in regions using traditional characters. The Chinese government stated that it wished to keep Chinese orthography stable. The Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese was published in 1988 and included 7000 simplified and unsimplified characters. Of these, half were also included in the revised List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese , which specified 2500 common characters and 1000 less common characters. In 2009,
855-629: The British Army . The recording, which has been archived at the British Chinese Heritage Centre, also speaks of how Ride came to form the British Army Aid Group . A Brigadier previously stationed in Hong Kong . Brigadier Christopher Hammerbeck a former Deputy Commander and Chief of Staff of British Forces Overseas Hong Kong . The final commodore of HMS Tamar in Hong Kong. Funded by
912-834: The Heritage Lottery Fund , British Chinese Work Force Heritage (英國華人職業傳承史) was a three-year project launched in 2012 with provision to explore the contributions made by British Chinese to the London workforce over the past 150 years, during which, Ming-Ai (London) Institute trained 12 interns, published 89 oral histories, and five articles in partnership with the City of London , Haringey Council , London Metropolitan Archives , Islington Heritage, National Army Museum , Regent's University London , Horniman Museum & Gardens , St Micheal's Catholic College, University College London , Middlesex University London , K&L Gates , and City of Westminster Libraries . The British Chinese Workforce Heritage project
969-937: The National Land Fund , established in 1946, and the National Heritage Memorial Fund , established in 1980. The current body was established as the "Heritage Lottery Fund" in 1994. It was re-branded as the National Lottery Heritage Fund in January 2019. The fund's income comes from the National Lottery , which was managed until 2024 by Camelot Group . Its objectives are "to conserve the UK's diverse heritage, to encourage people to be involved in heritage and to widen access and learning". As of 2019, it had awarded £7.9 billion to 43,000 projects. In 2006,
1026-462: The "Dot" stroke : The traditional components ⺥ and 爫 become ⺈ : The traditional component 奐 becomes 奂 : Heritage Lottery Fund The National Lottery Heritage Fund , formerly the Heritage Lottery Fund ( HLF ), distributes a share of National Lottery funding, supporting a wide range of heritage projects across the United Kingdom. The fund's predecessor bodies were
1083-456: The "external appearances of individual graphs", and in graphical form ( 字体 ; 字體 ; zìtǐ ), "overall changes in the distinguishing features of graphic[al] shape and calligraphic style, [...] in most cases refer[ring] to rather obvious and rather substantial changes". The initiatives following the founding of the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) to universalize the use of their small seal script across
1140-476: The 1986 General List of Simplified Chinese Characters , hereafter the General List . All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Chart 1 and Chart 2 in the 1986 Complete List . Characters in both charts are structurally simplified based on similar set of principles. They are separated into two charts to clearly mark those in Chart 2 as 'usable as simplified character components', based on which Chart 3
1197-508: The 1986 mainland China revisions. Unlike in mainland China, Singapore parents have the option of registering their children's names in traditional characters. Malaysia also promulgated a set of simplified characters in 1981, though completely identical to the mainland Chinese set. They are used in Chinese-language schools. All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Charts 1 and 2 of
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#17330859933311254-470: The Chinese government published a major revision to the list which included a total of 8300 characters. No new simplifications were introduced. In addition, slight modifications to the orthography of 44 characters to fit traditional calligraphic rules were initially proposed, but were not implemented due to negative public response. Also, the practice of unrestricted simplification of rare and archaic characters by analogy using simplified radicals or components
1311-572: The Digital Skills for Heritage Fund, a £3.5m fund for grants to support digital volunteering in the heritage sector, launched in November 2021. The chair of the trustees is appointed by the Prime Minister ; René Olivieri served as interim chair from January 2020 following Sir Peter Luff 's retirement at the end of 2019. Dr Simon Thurley CBE , former Chief Executive of English Heritage , became
1368-593: The Life in the UK British Citizenship Test . Theresa Wai Han Shak (Chinese name: 石慧嫻) is the founder of the Ming-Ai (London) Institute. Theresa's origins in mainland China, inherited wealth, connections to the Catholic Church, and passion for contemporary education allowed Shak to become highly influential in educational reform and UK-China relations. Understanding her journey and mission provides insights to
1425-499: The Ming-Ai (London) Institute. The institute has also delivered a variety of professional and vocational courses, which include the following: languages, including Japanese , Cantonese , and Mandarin ; hospitality, including Food Hygiene ( CIEH ), BIIAB National Certificate Personal Licence Holder (NCPLH), Cookery in Chinese and Oriental Style and Dimsum Taster Days; leisure, Tai Chi (simplified: 太极, pinyin: Tàijí), Piano, Chinese Painting , Chinese Calligraphy; and others, including
1482-626: The National Lottery Heritage Fund launched the Parks for People program with the aim to revitalize historic parks and cemeteries. From 2006 to 2021, the Fund had granted £254 million to 135 projects. In January 2019 it simplified its funding schemes under one banner – National Lottery Grants for Heritage – with awards from £3,000 to £5 million. Funding requests for projects over £5 million will be considered as part of two time-limited national competitions to be held in 2020–21 and 2022–23. Its funding routes include
1539-458: The UK Government. Within the project, a series of community workshops were delivered, covering topics such as electoral law, political participation, and how to become involved in politics. Around 180 people, of which, 56% were of Chinese descent, attended a series of four workshops through the course of the project. In 1995, the institution joined resources with Middlesex University to develop
1596-512: The UK in their early life; secondly, couples with a non-Chinese partner; and finally, British-born Chinese . Each of these groups was selected to shed light to both the contrast and similarities between Eastern and Western culture. In October 2009, the Ming-Ai (London) Institution used funding from the UK Government Transformation Fund to undertake The Evolution and History of British Chinese Workforce (英國華人職業演變史) project. This
1653-428: The character set are altered. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms that embody graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms. In addition, variant characters with identical pronunciation and meaning were reduced to a single standardized character, usually the simplest among all variants in form. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification and are thus identical between
1710-407: The chosen variants, those that appear in the "Complete List of Simplified Characters" are also simplified in character structure accordingly. Some examples follow: Sample reduction of equivalent variants : Ancient variants with simple structure are preferred : Simpler vulgar forms are also chosen : The chosen variant was already simplified in Chart 1 : In some instances, the chosen variant
1767-465: The country's writing system as a serious impediment to its modernization. In 1916, a multi-part English-language article entitled "The Problem of the Chinese Language" co-authored by the Chinese linguist Yuen Ren Chao (1892–1982) and poet Hu Shih (1891–1962) has been identified as a turning point in the history of the Chinese script—as it was one of the first clear calls for China to move away from
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1824-697: The creation of a cultural-historical archive documenting the contributions made by people of Chinese descent to the British Armed Forces . In partnership with the National Army Museum , the institute will collect the stories about historical items. The project has been mentioned in The Huffington Post . Elizabeth Ride provided the Ming-Ai (London) Institute with her account of her father, Sir Lindsay Ride 's career in British Hong Kong with
1881-472: The early 20th century. In 1909, the educator and linguist Lufei Kui formally proposed the use of simplified characters in education for the first time. Over the following years—marked by the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that toppled the Qing dynasty , followed by growing social and political discontent that further erupted into the 1919 May Fourth Movement —many anti-imperialist intellectuals throughout China began to see
1938-531: The establishment in 1997 of their joint five-year Degree programme, B.Sc. (Hons) in Traditional Chinese Medicine, for which the Ming-Ai (London) Institute provides Mandarin training for the programme. The institute has established relationships with many UK institutions and community groups with whom the Ming-Ai (London) Institute has collaborated in joint ventures toward the aim of forging closer ties Greater China , British Chinese communities, and
1995-616: The first official list of simplified forms was published, consisting of 324 characters collated by Peking University professor Qian Xuantong . However, fierce opposition within the KMT resulted in the list being rescinded in 1936. Work throughout the 1950s resulted in the 1956 promulgation of the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme , a draft of 515 simplified characters and 54 simplified components, whose simplifications would be present in most compound characters. Over
2052-463: The first round—but was massively unpopular and never saw consistent use. The second round of simplifications was ultimately retracted officially in 1986, well after they had largely ceased to be used due to their unpopularity and the confusion they caused. In August 2009, China began collecting public comments for a revised list of simplified characters; the resulting List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters lists 8,105 characters, including
2109-465: The following decade, the Script Reform Committee deliberated on characters in the 1956 scheme, collecting public input regarding the recognizability of variants, and often approving forms in small batches. Parallel to simplification, there were also initiatives aimed at eliminating the use of characters entirely and replacing them with pinyin as an official Chinese alphabet, but this possibility
2166-503: The founding of the Qin. The Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) that inherited the Qin administration coincided with the perfection of clerical script through the process of libian . Eastward spread of Western learning Though most closely associated with the People's Republic, the idea of a mass simplification of character forms first gained traction in China during
2223-466: The increased usage of 朙 was followed by proliferation of a third variant: 眀 , with 目 'eye' on the left—likely derived as a contraction of 朙 . Ultimately, 明 became the character's standard form. The Book of Han (111 AD) describes an earlier attempt made by King Xuan of Zhou ( d. 782 BC ) to unify character forms across the states of ancient China , with his chief chronicler having "[written] fifteen chapters describing" what
2280-428: The institute's origins and purpose. To fulfill the mission of the Ming-Ai (London) Institute, numerous projects have been delivered towards cultural exchange between the UK and China and promoting Chinese culture locally. Typically, projects include a number of oral histories which form the basis for a series of research publications, community events, training events, and workshops. The training of volunteers and staff
2337-524: The intention of strengthening UK-China relations in the sphere of education. Hosts have included prestigious Chinese institutions of higher education, including Peking University , Jilin University , Wuhan University , and Sichuan University . Simplified Chinese characters Simplified Chinese characters are one of two standardized character sets widely used to write the Chinese language , with
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2394-459: The left, with the 月 'Moon' component on the right. Li Si ( d. 208 BC ), the Chancellor of Qin, attempted to universalize the Qin small seal script across China following the wars that had politically unified the country for the first time. Li prescribed the 朙 form of the word for 'bright', but some scribes ignored this and continued to write the character as 明 . However,
2451-402: The most prominent Chinese authors of the 20th century, stated that "if Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die" ( 漢字不滅，中國必亡 ). During the 1930s and 1940s, discussions regarding simplification took place within the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) party. Many members of the Chinese intelligentsia maintained that simplification would increase literacy rates throughout the country. In 1935,
2508-608: The objective of reaching 280 schools and conducting 40 or more teacher training workshops. Funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund , East West Festive Culture (東西文化節慶) was a two-year project which started in October 2008. The project aimed to explore analogous festivals in Western and Chinese cultures. Tracing 150 years of British Chinese festive celebration in London, the project cast light on three demographics. Firstly, Chinese people who emigrated to
2565-527: The other being traditional characters . Their mass standardization during the 20th century was part of an initiative by the People's Republic of China (PRC) to promote literacy, and their use in ordinary circumstances on the mainland has been encouraged by the Chinese government since the 1950s. They are the official forms used in mainland China and Singapore , while traditional characters are officially used in Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan . Simplification of
2622-430: The public and quickly fell out of official use. It was ultimately formally rescinded in 1986. The second-round simplifications were unpopular in large part because most of the forms were completely new, in contrast to the familiar variants comprising the majority of the first round. With the rescission of the second round, work toward further character simplification largely came to an end. In 1986, authorities retracted
2679-465: The recently conquered parts of the empire is generally seen as being the first real attempt at script reform in Chinese history. Before the 20th century, variation in character shape on the part of scribes, which would continue with the later invention of woodblock printing , was ubiquitous. For example, prior to the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) the character meaning 'bright' was written as either 明 or 朙 —with either 日 'Sun' or 囧 'window' on
2736-509: The reintroduction of original ingredients allows restaurants to deliver greater authenticity. From 2016, the new GCSE in Food Preparation & Nutrition will be taught in British schools. In preparation, the Ming-Ai (London) Institute, in partnership with Chinese manufacturer Lee Kum Kee , founded a project to promote Chinese cuisine in British schools. The project lasts for five years with
2793-603: The rest of Great Britain . Links with UK Institutions of higher education have allowed the institute to recruit, on China's behalf, UK graduates to teach overseas. Furthermore, the institute has helped UK institutions to recruit students from across Greater China by giving lecturers an opportunity to teach in Chinese institutions. In 2008, the institution had contacts across 13 Chinese provinces . The institute organizes Education Missions across Greater China in order to link UK academics to their counterparts in China. Each mission may pertain to conferences, seminars, and workshops with
2850-476: The same set of simplified characters as mainland China. The first round was promulgated by the Ministry of Education in 1969, consisting of 498 simplified characters derived from 502 traditional characters. A second round of 2287 simplified characters was promulgated in 1974. The second set contained 49 differences from the mainland China system; these were removed in the final round in 1976. In 1993, Singapore adopted
2907-461: The second round completely, though they had been largely fallen out of use within a year of their initial introduction. That year, the authorities also promulgated a final version of the General List of Simplified Chinese Characters . It was identical to the 1964 list save for 6 changes—including the restoration of 3 characters that had been simplified in the first round: 叠 , 覆 , 像 ; the form 疊
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#17330859933312964-488: The traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. The Chinese government has never officially announced the completion of the simplification process after the bulk of characters were introduced by the 1960s. In the wake of the Cultural Revolution , a second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977—largely composed of entirely new variants intended to artificially lower the stroke count, in contrast to
3021-817: The traditional character 強 , with 11 strokes is standardised as 强 , with 12 strokes, which is a variant character. Such characters do not constitute simplified characters. The new standardized character forms shown in the Characters for Publishing and revised through the Common Modern Characters list tend to adopt vulgar variant character forms. Since the new forms take vulgar variants, many characters now appear slightly simpler compared to old forms, and as such are often mistaken as structurally simplified characters. Some examples follow: The traditional component 釆 becomes 米 : The traditional component 囚 becomes 日 : The traditional "Break" stroke becomes
3078-516: The use of characters entirely. Instead, Chao proposed that the language be written with an alphabet, which he saw as more logical and efficient. The alphabetization and simplification campaigns would exist alongside one another among the Republican intelligentsia for the next several decades. Recent commentators have echoed some contemporary claims that Chinese characters were blamed for the economic problems in China during that time. Lu Xun , one of
3135-461: Was abandoned, confirmed by a speech given by Zhou Enlai in 1958. In 1965, the PRC published the List of Commonly Used Characters for Printing [ zh ] (hereafter Characters for Printing ), which included standard printed forms for 6196 characters, including all of the forms from the 1956 scheme. A second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977, but was poorly received by
3192-607: Was the second oral histories project undertaken by the Ming-Ai (London) Institute. Funded by the Electoral Commission , the Making Chinese Votes Count project was managed by a consortium consisting of both the Ming-Ai (London) Institute and the London Chinese Community Network (LCCN). The 12-month project started in January 2006 with provision to improve the representation of Chinese people in
3249-595: Was written about in the South China Morning Post . Funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund , the British Chinese Food Culture (英國中餐文化) project was launched in 2011 in order to identify the changes in British Chinese cuisine from the original recipes derived from Greater China . A key focus is how the availability of ingredients caused Chinese restaurants to adapt their dishes and explores how
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