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33-623: The Forest of Fontainebleau , in the western end of which Milly-la-Forêt lies, is composed of the Oligocene Fontainebleau sands, which are a marine deposit, laid down in an intertidal zone. Milly-la-Forêt is the probable birthplace of Wulfram of Sens , Saint Wulfram; in about 640. The first name of this domaine was called Maurillac in Gaul, Mauriliaco on a Merovingien coin, became Maureliacum, Melliacum in 667, Milliacum in Latin. The place name Milly

66-400: A base from which to hunt "the red and black beasts" which abounded in the forest. At the time, the forest covered only 13,365 hectares, but the kings of France extended it through acquisitions and forfeitures. Also under François I, the office of Grand Forestier was created. He was responsible for officers and horse guards, each having the supervision and management of a canton of the forest. It

99-458: A century-long alliance between the kingdom of France and the papacy against the Holy Roman Empire . Philip first married Bertha of Holland in 1072. Although the marriage produced the necessary heir, Philip fell in love with Bertrade de Montfort , the wife of Fulk IV, Count of Anjou . He repudiated Bertha (claiming she was too fat) and married Bertrade on 15 May 1092. In 1094 following

132-477: A gymnasium and sports ground complex, a multimedia library, a swimming pool, a bus station, dealers in craft products and so on. There is a market every Thursday in the very impressive late medieval market hall, built in 1479. The yearly calendar includes attic-clearing sales; at the opening of the summer holiday period, the town celebrates la Saint-Pierre , a fair is organised and there are several fairground rides and other attractions, as well as cultural stands for

165-462: Is a mixed deciduous forest lying sixty kilometres (37 mi) southeast of Paris , France . It is located primarily in the arrondissement of Fontainebleau in the southwestern part of the department of Seine-et-Marne . Most of it also lies in the canton of Fontainebleau , although parts of it extend into adjoining cantons , and even as far west as the town of Milly-la-Forêt in the neighboring department, Essonne . Several communes lie within

198-542: Is also home to approximately seven thousand animal species, five thousand of which are insects. The hills of Jean de Paris are part of the forest "known for its stark plateaus and rough terrain". It was a popular theme for painters and photographers of the Barbizon School. 48°24′45″N 02°39′09″E  /  48.41250°N 2.65250°E  / 48.41250; 2.65250 Philip I of France Philip I ( c.  1052 – 29 July 1108), called

231-595: Is relatively current; it refers to an antic presence of a villa rustica owned during the Gallo-Romaine era by a certain Milius or Emilius. Hereby, the name was imported in 1080 by the knight Adam de Milly, originally from Milly-en-Beauvaisis and first lord of the place. But a charter dated from 651 mentioned already the name Melliacus. In the 13th century more accuracy was added to the place, Miliacum in Gastineto in 1267, which gave

264-509: Is therefore very permeable. As a result, nowhere in the forest, except on the eastern slope between Veneux-Nadon and Samois-sur-Seine, are there any permanent sources of water. The ponds come from the capture of rainwater in the depressions of the rocky plateaus, except in the vicinity of the pond at Les Evées where clay dominates. The most common trees in the forest are: oak (44%), Scots pine (40%), and European beech (10%). Three thousand species of mushrooms have been discovered. The forest

297-573: The First Crusade was launched. Philip at first did not personally support it because of his conflict with Urban II. Philip's brother Hugh of Vermandois , however, was a major participant. In 1106, he married his daughter Constance to Bohemond I of Antioch . The marriage was celebrated in Chartres with great pomp. In 1107, Pope Paschal II met Philip and the future Louis VI in Saint-Denis , cementing

330-571: The Amorous (French: L’Amoureux ), was King of the Franks from 1060 to 1108. His reign, like that of most of the early Capetians , was extraordinarily long for the time. The monarchy began a modest recovery from the low it had reached during the reign of his father, Henry I , and he added the Vexin region and the viscountcy of Bourges to his royal domaine . Philip was born c. 1052 at Champagne-et-Fontaine ,

363-528: The Conqueror , who was forced to capitulate and make his peace with Philip. In 1082, Philip I expanded his demesne with the annexation of the Vexin, in reprisal against Robert Curthose 's attack on William's heir, William Rufus . Then in 1100, he took control of Bourges. Philip expanded the royal demesne by incorporating the monasteries of Saint-Denis and Corbie. It was at the aforementioned Council of Clermont that

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396-610: The Forest of Fontainebleau thus became the first nature reserve in the world. Thirty five million years ago, during the Oligocene age, the area now occupied the Fontainebleau forest was a sea that deposited sediments of fine, white sand about fifty meters thick. This sand is one of the purest in the world and is used for glassware (Murano in Venice) and for optical fiber. The sand later formed

429-483: The Frisian seized Flanders. Philip invaded Flanders in support of Baldwin's widow Richilda , but was defeated by Robert at Cassel in 1071 . Philip appointed Alberic first Constable of France in 1060. A great part of his reign, like his father's, was spent putting down revolts by his power-hungry vassals. In 1077, he summoned a great host to relieve Dol-de-Bretagne and prevent the annexation of Brittany by William

462-501: The castle of Melun on 29 July 1108, and was buried per his request at the monastery of Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire – and not in St Denis among his forefathers. He was succeeded by his son, Louis VI , whose succession was, however, not uncontested. According to Abbot Suger : … King Philip daily grew feebler. For after he had abducted the Countess of Anjou, he could achieve nothing worthy of

495-422: The county of Gâtinais, which gave the crown control over the entire territory of the current forest. For the kings of France, the forest had several uses, including hunting and forestry, but also a military interest, as Fontainebleau was a strategic location on the road to Sens and Burgundy. In 1137, Louis VI began construction of a hunting castle consisting of a dungeon, moat and chapel. It is during this period that

528-541: The death of Henry in 1060. Despite his young age, Philip would rule in his own right, append royal documents with his own seal, and accompany Baldwin to several administrative visits to Flanders. This close association allowed Baldwin to maintain peaceful relationships between the king and his vassals. At age fourteen Philip was knighted by Baldwin's son, Baldwin VI ("the Good") . When Baldwin VI died in 1070, his younger brother Robert

561-566: The first paths in 1842. From 1849, the railway arrived in Fontainebleau, which enabled Parisians to visit Fontainebleau on day trips. This relatively easy access helped to create public support for the protection of the forest. At the request of the painters of the Barbizon School, hardwood cuts were suspended in certain cantons appreciated by artists. In 1853, "nature sanctuaries" covering over 624 hectares of old forests and rocky areas (Bas Bréau, Cuvier Châtillon, Franchard, Apremont, La Solle, Mont Chauvet) were withdrawn from wood harvesting. For

594-476: The first time in France, concern for “the protection of nature” became one of the objectives of forest management. By the imperial decree of April 13, 1861, the “artistic reserve” was increased to 1,094 hectares and finally to 1,693 hectares from 1892 to 1904. The director general of forests, Henri Faré, explained that the setting aside of 1,600 hectares was tantamount to losing an income of 300,000 gold francs. However,

627-456: The first use of the word 'Fontainebleau' appears. In 1400, Charles VI initiated the first reform of forest policy; that is, he ordered the complete closure of the forest area for several months in order to verify the rights and uses of each user of the forest. This exceptional procedure was repeated many times under the Ancien Régime . The castle was rebuilt from 1527 by François I , as

660-399: The forest, notably the towns of Fontainebleau and Avon . The forest has an area of 250 km (97 sq mi). Forty thousand years ago, nomadic populations settled around the forest. Various traces of their presence have been discovered: carved stone tools, bones of such animals as bears, elephants, rhinos, giant stags. More than 2,000 caves with rock carvings are scattered across

693-552: The forest. They are attributed to all periods between the Upper Paleolithic (around 12000 BC) and modern times. However, the majority of the carvings are from the Mesolithic (between 9000 and 5500 BC). They often take the form of geometric etchings (lattices), though some are figurative. The fourth century BC saw the arrival of Celt and Ligurian tribes. The Celtes settled the region in the fifth century BC. A Celtic necropolis

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726-538: The forestry administration and that of the castle in 1807. In 1830, the planting of another 6,000 hectares of pine provoked the anger of artists who came to seek inspiration in the forest. The Forest of Fontainebleau is famous worldwide for having inspired 19th-century artists, including painters of the Barbizon School and the Impressionists . The Barbizon painters, led by Théodore Rousseau , militated against

759-517: The large banks of sandstone boulders – consisting of grains of quartz cemented by a silica gel – that characterise the current landscape of the forest. The boulders often have surprising shapes reminiscent of animals or objects and they are favored by bouldering enthusiasts. The rocks occupy an area of nearly 4,000 hectares and form long banks of almost parallel boulders oriented East South-East, West North-West, and separated by open valleys at both ends. The forest floor contains up to 98% sand and

792-569: The name Milly-en-Gâtinais without being official. Upon a request from the municipal council and by a statutory order from 6 February 1948, the name was replaced by Milly-la-Forêt, considered at that time as the most touristic place and to differentiate it from its homonym Milly in Normandy. Milly contains several facilities: such as the Collège Jean Rostand, the Conservatoire des Deux Vallées,

825-480: The planting of softwoods which had been carried out at a pace of several hundred hectares per year since 1830. They objected on the grounds that the plantings distorted the landscapes. The artists also opposed the planned regeneration cuts in old forests in 1837 and founded the Society of Friends of the Forest of Fontainebleau to protect it. In 1839, Claude-François Denecourt published his first forest guide and laid out

858-459: The protest of William IX, Duke of Aquitaine , who entered the church with his knights to prevent his suzerain from being excommunicated on his lands. After making a public penance in 1104, Philip received absolution and was reconciled with the Church, and must have kept his involvement with Bertrade discreet. In France, the king was opposed by Bishop Ivo of Chartres , a famous jurist. Philip died in

891-450: The royal dignity; consumed by desire for the lady he had seized, he gave himself up entirely to the satisfaction of his passion. So he lost interest in the affairs of state and, relaxing too much, took no care for his body, well-made and handsome though it was. The only thing that maintained the strength of the state was the fear and love felt for his son and successor. When he was almost sixty, he ceased to be king, breathing his last breath at

924-839: The sale of specialist food and craft products. Milly-la-Forêt is twinned with the German town of Morsbach , situated in the valley of the Sieg to the east of Cologne and with Forest Row in East Sussex , England . Many popular characters are born, died or lived in Milly-la-Forêt: All these links are in French (except for the second link which offers English, Spanish, German and French). Forest of Fontainebleau The forest of Fontainebleau ( French : Forêt de Fontainebleau , or Forêt de Bière , meaning, in old French, "forest of heather ")

957-541: The son of Henry I and his wife Anne of Kiev . Unusual for the time in Western Europe, his name was of Greek origin, being bestowed upon him by his mother. In 1059 Henry I had Philip crowned in Reims at the age of seven. Philip had a brother named Hugh, who was slightly younger than him. Henry also appointed his brother-in-law Baldwin V of Flanders as regent of the kingdom, a role which Baldwin would share with Anne after

990-551: The synod of Autun, he was excommunicated by the papal representative, Hugh of Die , for the first time; after a long silence, Pope Urban II repeated the excommunication at the Council of Clermont in November 1095. Several times the ban was lifted as Philip promised to part with Bertrade, but he always returned to her. In 1101, the sentence was renewed by Urban II in Poitiers , despite

1023-456: The year 1709, 6,000 hectares were planted with deciduous trees, but this turned out to be an almost total failure. In 1750, the 90 km perimeter of the forest was delimited by 1050 boundary markers, some of which are still visible today. In 1786, Scots pines were introduced. After the Revolution, following numerous illegal cuts and the proliferation of game due to lack of hunting, Napoleon I reformed

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1056-466: Was at this time, during the 16th century, that the administration responsible for managing the forest took shape. It retained this responsibility until the French Revolution . At the time of Louis XIV , less than 20 percent of the forest area was wooded. Jean-Baptiste Colbert launched a reform from June to September 1664 as well as a tree-planting campaign. In 1716, following the severe winter of

1089-572: Was discovered in Cannes-Écluse, along with arms and auroch horns. Near Bouray (Seine-et-Oise), a bronze Celtic statuette called the God of Bouray was dredged up, while in Bossy-aux-Cailles, a Celtic tintinnabulum was discovered. Around the year 1000, the human occupation of the forest consisted of a series of enclaves controlled by petty lords and wealthy landowners. In 1067, Philippe I acquired

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