Misplaced Pages

#853146

121-699: During the afternoon of August 11, 2017, a wildfire was reported in the Deschutes National Forest, 9 miles (14 km) west of Sisters. It was located southwest of Black Crater Lake in the Three Sisters Wilderness Area. The cause of the fire was ignition by a lightning strike. The Forest Service called it the Milli Fire. The Three Sisters Wilderness area covers over 286,700 acres (1,160 km). It has approximately 260 miles (420 km) of wilderness trails including 40 miles (64 km) of

242-595: A commercial vehicle chassis that is further upgraded and customized for firefighting requirements. They are generally considered emergency vehicles authorized to be equipped with emergency lights and sirens , as well as communication equipment such as two-way radios and mobile computer technology. The terms fire engine and fire truck are often used interchangeably to a broad range of vehicles involved in firefighting; however, in some fire departments they refer to separate and specific types of vehicle. The design and construction of fire engines focuses greatly on

363-590: A 90-minute movie and showed it around 12 western states for 10 years. The Murray family (Barry, Bernice, Barry Jr. and Bernadette) completed the trek on horseback on October 7, 1970. In 2008, an agreement for realignment through Tejon Ranch in Southern California was reached. This realignment would relocate 37 miles of the PCT from the Mojave Desert floor to the more scenic Tehachapi Mountains. While an agreement

484-408: A basket or bucket, on the end of a ladder or boom. These platforms can provide a secure place from which a firefighter can operate. Many platforms also allow for rescues to be performed and are outfitted with tie down clips and rappelling arms. Some booms are capable of articulating , allowing the arm to bend in one or more places. This allows the platform truck to go "up and over" an obstacle, and

605-617: A bucket of water on the front stoop in preparation for fires at night. These buckets were intended for use by the initial bucket brigade that would supply the water at fires. Philadelphia obtained a hand-pumped fire engine in 1719, years after Boston 's 1654 model appeared there, made by Joseph Jenckes Sr. , but before New York's two engines arrived from London. By 1730, Richard Newsham , in London, had made successful fire engines. He also invented those first used in New York City in 1731 where

726-484: A cave from the weather. On August 10, 2014, Joseph McConaughy of Shoreline, Washington , set a new supported speed record and the overall fastest known time for the PCT. The distance was covered in 53 days, 6 hours, and 37 minutes. This surpassed the previous record of 59 days, 8 hours, 14 minutes, set by Josh Garret on August 8, 2013, by more than 6 days. Joe was supported by a team of three hikers, Jordan Hamm, Michael Dillon, and Jack Murphy. McConaughy's record

847-514: A dangerous position on the road. While the fire truck is headed towards the scene, the lights are always accompanied by loud audible warnings such as sirens and air horns . Some fire engines in the United States are lime yellow rather than red due to safety and ergonomics reasons. A 2009 study by the U.S. Fire Administration concluded that fluorescent colors, including yellow-green and orange, are easiest to spot in daylight. In some regions,

968-662: A dedicated pedestrian/equestrian lane to the Bridge of the Gods across the Columbia River. Currently, PCT hikers and equestrians must cross the bridge walking in vehicle traffic lanes—a potential danger which the new lane will eliminate. The completion date for this project is unknown. The following notable locations are found along or adjacent to the route of the Pacific Crest Trail. They are listed from south to north to correspond with

1089-460: A fire engine may be used to transport first responder firefighters, paramedics or EMTs to medical emergencies due to their proximity to the incident. The standard fire engine transports firefighters to the scene, carries equipment needed by the firefighters for most firefighting scenarios, and may provide a limited supply of water with which to fight the fire. The tools carried on the fire engine will vary greatly based on many factors including

1210-415: A fire was known as a squirt or fire syringe . Hand squirts and hand pumps are noted before Ctesibius of Alexandria invented the first fire pump around the 2nd century B.C., and an example of a force-pump possibly used for a fire-engine is mentioned by Heron of Alexandria . In 1650, Hans Hautsch built a fire engine with a compressed air vessel. On each side 14 men worked a piston rod back and forth in

1331-476: A fire. As the engines grew larger they became horse-drawn and later self-propelled by steam engines. Until the mid-19th century, most fire engines were maneuvered by men, but the introduction of horse-drawn fire engines considerably improved the response time to incidents. The first self-propelled steam pumper fire engine was built in New York in 1841. Unfortunately for the manufacturers, some firefighters sabotaged

SECTION 10

#1732884312854

1452-580: A heavy stream of water to wherever the operator points it. An additional feature of engines are their preconnected hose lines , commonly referred to as preconnects . The preconnects are attached to the engine's onboard water supply and allow firefighters to quickly mount an aggressive attack on the fire as soon as they arrive on scene. When the onboard water supply runs out, the engine is connected to more permanent sources such as fire hydrants or water tenders and can also use natural sources such as rivers or reservoirs by drafting water . An aerial apparatus

1573-476: A horizontal direction. The air vessel, a type of pressure tank, issued an even stream despite the backward motion of the piston. This was made possible by a rotating pipe mounted on the hose which allowed the jet to reach heights up to 20 m (65.6 ft). Caspar Schott observed Hautsch's fire engine in 1655 and wrote an account of it in his Magia Universalis. Colonial laws in America required each house to have

1694-510: A light rain over much of the fire area. The moisture reduced fires activity and aided humidity recovery. During this period, the number of firefighters on station was steadily reduced to 59 on September 10. On that date, the Forest Service estimated the Milli Fire covered 24,025 acres (97.23 km) with containment remaining at 60 percent. The total cost of fighting the fire was estimated at $ 15 million. Between September 11 and September 14,

1815-580: A lightning strike ignited a fire in the Three Sister Wilderness west of the small town of Sisters. Initially, it was allowed to burn because it was in a remote part of the wilderness and firefighting crews were already deployed on other higher priority fires. By August 13, the Milli Fire had grown to 200 acres (0.81 km). Initially, a seven-person helitack crew rappelled into the fire area and began fire suppression work near Black Crater Lake. Later, an additional 15 firefighters were assigned to

1936-426: A lower travel height for the truck. While the traditional characteristic of a TL was a lack of water pumping or storage, many modern TLs have a water pumping function built in (and some have their own on-board supply reservoir). Some may have piping along the ladder to supply water to firefighters at the top of the ladder, and some of these may also have a monitor installed at the top. Other appliances may simply have

2057-538: A result, fire officials announced that their highest priority was protecting homes and private property south and west of the community. During the day, fire crews continued to work through rugged terrain with dangerous overhead hazards. Nevertheless, firefighters made progress building fire lines with the help airtankers and helicopter water drops. Due to thick smoke in the area, the Oregon Department of Transportation closed Oregon Route 242 between Sisters and

2178-423: A second round trip on November 28, 2006, cutting two weeks off his 2004 time. In 2014, Olive McGloin (from Ireland) became the first woman to thru-hike the PCT both ways in a single continuous round-trip. The youngest person to hike the trail is Christian Thomas Geiger, who at the age of 6 completed the trail with his parents Andrea Rego and Dion Pagonis. Christian, also known by his trail name Buddy Backpacker,

2299-409: A time of 51 days, 16 hours and 55 minutes, fifteen and a half hours faster than Sabbe's time. Olson was crewed by a small group of family and friends. On August 26, 2023, Karel Sabbe took back his record with a time of 46 days, 12 hours and 56 minutes, more than five days faster than Olson's time. Don and June Mulford made the first verifiable equestrian Thru-Ride of the PCT in 1959. In that year

2420-467: A track-way to securely hold a manually-run hose reel. In the United States, turntable ladders with additional functions such as an onboard pump, a water tank, fire hose , aerial ladder and multiple ground ladders , are known as quad or quint engines, indicating the number of functions they perform. The highest TL in the world is the Magirus M68L, with a range of 68 meters (223.1 ft). In

2541-494: Is a vehicle , usually a specially-designed or modified truck , that functions as a firefighting apparatus . The primary purposes of a fire engine include transporting firefighters and water to an incident as well as carrying equipment for firefighting operations in a fire drill . Some fire engines have specialized functions, such as wildfire suppression and aircraft rescue and firefighting , and may also carry equipment for technical rescue . Many fire engines are based on

SECTION 20

#1732884312854

2662-476: Is a fire truck mounted with an extendable boom that enables firefighters to reach high locations. They can provide a high vantage point for spraying water and creating ventilation, an access route for firefighters and an escape route for firefighters and people they have rescued. In North America, aerial apparatuses are used for fire suppression, whereas in Europe, they are used more for rescue. A turntable ladder (TL)

2783-409: Is able to stop the fire faster. Some also have gaseous fire suppression tanks for electrical fires. These features give the airport crash tenders a capability to reach an airplane rapidly, and rapidly extinguish large fires with jet fuel involved. Other vehicles that are used by fire departments but may not be directly involved in firefighting may include An early device used to squirt water onto

2904-711: Is an advantage over the traditional platform ladder, which can only extend in a straight line. A wildland fire engine is a specialized fire engine that can negotiate difficult terrain for wildfire suppression . A wildland fire engine is smaller than standard fire engines and has a higher ground clearance . They may also respond to emergencies in rough terrain where other vehicles cannot respond. Many wildland engines feature four-wheel drive capability to improve hill climbing and rough terrain capability. Some wildland apparatus can pump water while driving (compared to some traditional engines which must be stationary to pump water), allowing "mobile attacks" on vegetation fires to minimize

3025-431: Is an aerial apparatus with a large ladder mounted on a pivot which resembles a turntable , giving it its name. The key functions of a turntable ladder are allowing access or egress of firefighters and fire victims at height, providing a high-level water point for firefighting (elevated master stream), and providing a platform from which tasks such as ventilation or overhaul can be executed. To increase its length and reach,

3146-409: Is carried on an engine is decided by the needs of the department. For example, fire departments located in metropolitan areas will carry equipment to mitigate hazardous materials and effect technical rescues, while departments that operate in the wildland-urban interface will need the gear to deal with brush fires. Some fire engines have a fixed deluge gun , also known as a master stream, which directs

3267-486: Is estimated the average completion rate is around 14%. While most hikers travel from the southern terminus at the Mexico–US border northward to Manning Park, British Columbia, some hikers prefer a southbound route. In a normal weather year, northbound hikes are most practical due to snow and temperature considerations. Additionally, some hiker services are seasonal and may be better timed for northbound hikers. If snowpack in

3388-463: Is near Chester, California (near Mt. Lassen ), where the Sierra and Cascade mountain ranges meet. The overall elevation gain for the Pacific Crest Trail is approximately 489,000 ft (149,000 m). It was designated a National Scenic Trail in 1968, although it was not officially completed until 1993. The PCT was conceived by Clinton Churchill Clarke in 1932. It received official status under

3509-836: The Appalachian Trail with the National Trails System Act . The PCT was then constructed through cooperation between the federal government and volunteers organized by the Pacific Crest Trail Association . In 1993, the PCT was officially declared finished. The Trust for Public Land has purchased and conserved more than 3,000 acres (12 km ) along the Pacific Crest Trail in Washington. Consolidation of this land has allowed for better recreational access as well as greater ease to manage conservation lands. A bicycle touring route has been developed to parallel

3630-643: The Laguna , Santa Rosa , San Jacinto , San Bernardino , San Gabriel , Liebre , Tehachapi , Sierra Nevada , and Klamath ranges in California , and the Cascade Range in California , Oregon , and Washington . The Pacific Crest Trail was first proposed around 1932 by Clinton C. Clarke as a trail running from Mexico to Canada along the crest of the mountains in California, Oregon, and Washington. The original proposal

3751-797: The National Trails System Act of 1968. The Pacific Crest Trail, the Appalachian Trail , and the Continental Divide Trail form what is known as the Triple Crown of Hiking in the United States. The Pacific Crest Trail is also part of the 6,875-mile Great Western Loop . The route is mostly through National Forest and protected wilderness . It also passes through seven national parks: Kings Canyon, Sequoia, Yosemite, Lassen Volcanic, Crater Lake, Mt. Rainier, and North Cascades. The trail avoids civilization and covers scenic and pristine mountainous terrain with few roads. It passes through

Milli Fire - Misplaced Pages Continue

3872-553: The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality and the Deschutes County Public Health Department issued an air quality warning, advising people in the Sisters area who are sensitive to smoke to stay indoor if possible. The fire was very active during the night, growing to 8,014 acres (32.43 km) by the morning of August 21. Much of this growth was on the west side of the fire where it was burning back into

3993-494: The Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail . Most of the wilderness is covered with dense mixed conifer forest with scattered alpine meadows. The forest area on the eastern slopes of the Cascade Range , where the Milli Fire began, is dominated by ponderosa pine . There are also large stands of lodgepole pine and dispersed Douglas-fir , western hemlock , and western juniper in some areas. On August 11,

4114-572: The Route 126 junction. In addition, approximately 1,600 residents of the Sisters area were told to prepare to evacuate their homes in case the fire began to burn north toward the community. That evening, Forest Service fire managers and local officials briefed members of the Sisters community at a town meeting. On August 18, the fire continued to burn actively through thick forest and brush covered areas with standing dead timber left over from two previous large wildfires. The activity included fire running along

4235-402: The Triple Crown of Hiking , becoming the youngest person ever to do so. Teddi Boston hiked from Canada to Mexico on the PCT in 1976 at the age of 49. She was one of the first women to hike the trail alone. An autobiographical account of a woman hiking a portion of the PCT alone in 1995 at age 26 was written by Cheryl Strayed . Her memoir Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail

4356-466: The "yo-yo" circuit on his fourth attempt in November 2004. Williamson traveled a total of 5,300 miles (8,530 km) in 197 days, covering an average of 35 to 40 miles (56 to 64 km) per day when not in snow – an overall average of 27 miles (43 km) per day – wearing an extremely ultra-lightweight pack , which "without food, weighed about 8.5 pounds (3.9 kg)". Williamson then went on to complete

4477-406: The 2,000 miles of potential trail and planned a route, which has been closely followed by the modern PCT route. In recent years, Washington state clubwoman and educator Catherine T. Montgomery 's contributions to the initial concept of the Pacific Crest Trail have been explored and she is known as the "Mother of the Pacific Crest Trail". In 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson defined the PCT and

4598-412: The Mexico–US border. The oldest person to thru-hike the trail is not fully established, with multiple competing claims. On August 7, 2013, Heather "Anish" Anderson of Bellingham, Washington , set the self-supported speed record. She completed the PCT in 60 days, 17 hours, 12 minutes, beating the previous record by almost 4 days. She documented this journey in her book Thirst . In 2018 she became

4719-667: The PCT became an official trail, Martin Papendick was the first known person to hike across three states of the PCT in 1952. After being one of the first to finish the Appalachian Trail in 1951, Papendick hiked between July 4 and December 1, 1952, from British Columbia to the Mexico–US border over the crests of the mountains along the Pacific Coast, a feat he reported in a periodical under the title "Pacific Crest Trails". On October 16, 1970, Eric Ryback, an 18-year-old student, completed

4840-440: The PCT on paved and unpaved roads. Thru-hiking is a term used in referring to hikers who complete long-distance trails from end to end in a single trip. Thru-hiking is a long commitment, usually taking between four and six months, that requires thorough preparation and dedication. The Pacific Crest Trail Association estimates that it takes most hikers between six and eight months to plan, train, and get ready for their trips. It

4961-456: The PCT, Ryback sued for $ 3 million but withdrew the suit after Wilderness Press revealed statements from the people who claim to have picked up the young hiker along highways parallel to the 2,600-mile trail. Ryback is in Smithsonian's top 9 list of people Cheating Their Way to Fame though it notes that "the claims that Ryback 'cheated' are still doubted by some". Richard Watson, who completed

Milli Fire - Misplaced Pages Continue

5082-455: The PCT. Ryback carried an 80-pound pack on his 1970 thru-hike. He had only five resupply packages on the entire trip and was loaded with 40 pounds of food at the start of each leg. He often ran out of food and foraged or went hungry. Ryback also helped the Forest Service lay out future plans for the PCT. However, Ryback's claim is disputed. When the guidebook publisher Wilderness Press stated that Ryback had used motor transport in places along

5203-458: The Pacific Crest Trail and other forest trails as well as in the Lava Camp Lake campground. They also recommended closing several campsites due to safety concerns. The team recommended installation of new drainage systems on several forest roads along with debris clearing and general maintenance on approximately 50 miles (80 km) of roads that were heavily used during the fire. In addition,

5324-504: The Pacific Crest Trail stretched a poorly-marked 2,400 miles from Mexico to Canada. More concept than footpath, the trail was an oft-broken, high-ridge track disappearing regularly from map and terrain. On April 19, 1959, on an empty scrub sage plain seven miles east of Tijuana, with four horses, Don and June Mulford began their journey north to the Washington–Canada border. The Mulfords went to Hollywood for three months immediately after

5445-476: The Route 242 corridor west of Sisters. During the day, fire activity was moderate with the flames moving westward along the north side of Black Crater and slowly backing down the southern slope of Black Crater toward Lava Lake Camp and North Matthieu Lake. There was torching and crowning in isolated areas when winds pushed the fire up steep slopes. However, aircraft remained grounded all day due to smoky conditions. In

5566-570: The Sierra Nevada is high in early June and low in the Northern Cascades, some hikers may choose to 'flip-flop.' Flip-flopping can take many forms but often describes a process whereby a hiker begins at one end (on the PCT, usually the southern end) of the trail and then, at some point, like reaching the Sierra, 'flips' to the end of the trail at the Canada–US border and hikes southbound to complete

5687-519: The Sierra too soon nor the Northern Cascades too late. Most hikers cover about 20 miles (32 km) per day. In order to reduce their hiking time and thereby increase their chances of completing the trail, many hikers try to substantially reduce their pack weight. Since the creation of the Pacific Crest Trail there has been a large movement by hikers to get away from large heavy packs with a lot of gear. There are three general classifications for hikers: Traditional, Lightweight, and Ultralight . Before

5808-402: The Sisters community were secure. During September 7–10, firefighter mopped up along existing fire line while fuels within the fire perimeter continued burned in some areas. On the southwest side, the fire kept on burning slowly down slope through the Three Sisters Wilderness Area, occasionally torching pockets of taller trees. On 8 September, thunderstorms passed through the region, dropping

5929-497: The Three Sisters Wilderness toward Lava Camp Lake. Nevertheless, burnout activities continued on the north side near Route 242 while other area showed minimal fire activity. Firefighters made good progress on the south side where crews patrolled fire lines, extinguishing hot-spots, and mopped up along the fire's edge. Crews also did mop-up work on the east side of the fire, focusing on the southeast corner. On August 28,

6050-473: The Three Sisters Wilderness, moving toward Lava Camp Lake and North Matthieu Lake. In the morning, air operations had to stand down for about hour during the solar eclipse . Ground crews also paused briefly to watch the eclipse. During the day, ground and air operations continued to focus on the east side of the fire where crews extended and strengthened fire lines to ensure private property near Sisters remained secure while Oregon State Fire Marshal teams patrol

6171-404: The United States, a tiller truck, also known as a tractor-drawn aerial (TDA ), tiller ladder, or hook -and-ladder truck, is a specialized turntable ladder mounted on a semi-trailer truck . Unlike a commercial semi, the trailer and tractor are permanently combined and special tools are required to separate them. It has two drivers, with separate steering wheels for front and rear wheels. One of

SECTION 50

#1732884312854

6292-499: The amount of manpower and skill necessary for firefighting prompted Benjamin Franklin to found an organized fire company in 1737. Thomas Lote built the first fire engine made in America in 1743. These earliest engines are called hand tubs because they are manually (hand) powered and the water was supplied by a bucket brigade dumping it into a tub (cistern) where the pump had a permanent intake pipe. An important advancement around 1822

6413-520: The day at the Black Butte Ranch and other residual areas helping homeowners make their property more fire resistant. By the end of the day, the fire covered 12,457 acres (50.41 km) and was 32 percent contained with 673 firefighters on station. On August 24, fire behavior was moderate with flames slowly burning ground cover and occasionally torching taller trees as the fire moves through the wilderness toward Route 242. The fire continued to burn on

6534-498: The day, firefighters had completed fire lines on the northeast and southeast corners. By August 20, the fire had grown to 8,014 acres (32.43 km), but the 487 firefighters on scene had checked the fire's progress toward Sisters. Cooler temperatures and higher humidity slowed the fire, allowing firefighters to close gaps in the north side fire line. Crews cleared heavy fuels along the fire line using bulldozers and other heavy equipment while ground crews continue to burnout areas within

6655-478: The day, the fire remained active all along its west side, moving slowly through the wilderness toward Route 242. In the northwest, the fire continued to burn on the northern slope of Black Crater; and in the southwest, it moved into the lighter fuels that have grown up in the area burned by the 2012 Pole Creek Fire. On the northeast and southeast sides of the fire, crews patrolled the fire lines and prepared to begin mop-up operations while state fire marshal teams spent

6776-508: The device and its use of the first engine was discontinued. However, the need and the utility of power equipment ensured the success of the steam pumper well into the twentieth century. Many cities and towns around the world bought the steam fire engines. Motorised fire engines date back to January 1897, when the Prefect of Police in Paris applied for funds to purchase "a machine worked by petroleum for

6897-556: The end of the day was 295. No change in the fire's size or containment was reported. In the evening, fire managers and local officials held another town meeting at Sisters High School to update local residents on the Milli Fire. After consulting with fire managers on the morning of September 6, the Deschutes County Sheriff's office announced that all evacuation warnings related to the Milli Fire were dropped. This reflected local officials confidence that containment lines around

7018-399: The evacuated neighborhoods. In the afternoon, air operations had to be discontinued due to heavy smoke that created a flight safety hazard. By the end of the day, the fire had grown to 10,496 acres (42.48 km) with 644 firefighters on scene. The Forest Service estimated that the fire was 20 percent contained. On August 22, the day began with 675 firefighters assigned to the fire. Because

7139-422: The features that make the airport crash tender unique are its ability to move on rough terrain outside the runway and airport area, large water capacity as well as a foam tank, a high-capacity pump, and water/foam monitors . Newer airport crash tenders also incorporate twin agent nozzles/injection systems that add dry chemical fire retardant (such as Purple-K ) to create a stream of firefighting foam which

7260-513: The final fire status update, the size of the Milli Fire was reported as 24,079 acres (97.44 km). The fire burned thick forest south and west of Sisters, much of it in the Three Sisters Wilderness. The main vegetation burned by the fire was old-growth ponderosa pine, along with large stands of lodgepole pine. Most of the burned area was public land administered by the United States Forest Service; however, some private forest land

7381-452: The fire along with four bulldozers and two excavators . During August 14–16, the fire grew to approximately 4,500 acres (18 km). As they fought the blaze, crews had to use extreme caution because the fire was burning across some areas scarred by the 2006 Black Crater Fire which had thick brush and dead standing timber. By August 17, the fire had burned 4,565 acres (18.47 km), moving east within 6 miles (9.7 km) of Sisters. As

SECTION 60

#1732884312854

7502-424: The fire area to make it available for extinguishing operations. These are especially useful in rural areas where fire hydrants are not readily available and natural water resources are insufficient or difficult to exploit. Most tankers have an on-board pumping system. This pump is often not of sufficient power to fight fires (as it is designed to be attached to a fire engine), but is more often used to draw water into

7623-406: The fire continued burning on the west side through the day while areas inside the fire line also continued to burn actively. The smoke from these internal fires created significant smoke and ash fall throughout the Sisters area. Back burning operations were cancelled because of heavy smoke which grounded aircraft throughout the day. A 3-acre (1.2 ha) spot-fire was found outside the fire line on

7744-440: The fire continued to burning slowly down slope through the Three Sisters Wilderness toward lava beds , which create a natural fire break because there was no fuel to burn in the lava fields. During this period, fire crews patrolled the existing fire lines and finished mopping up hot spots. Forest Service and Oregon Department of Transportation crews also removed hazardous trees from the Route 242 corridor and repaired culverts along

7865-418: The fire continued to grow, reaching 21,703 acres (87.83 km) on August 30. During this period, it began burning through some private timber land inside the fire line that had previously escaped the flames. Crews back burned throughout the area to keep the fire from climbing into the forest canopy. Firefighters also found and extinguished several large spot fires. Crews also began fire line rehabilitation on

7986-408: The fire line also continued to burn. The focus of attention for firefighters was Lava Camp Lake just east of Route 242. Several pumper crews were assigned to protect the recreation facilities at the lake. Crews also patrolled fire lines along the northern perimeter and began mop up in that area while mop-up and fire line rehabilitation continued on the south and east sides. At the end of this period,

8107-470: The fire line to strengthen containment. During the day, four large air tankers and several helicopters were dedicated to the Milli Fire, supporting fire crews on the ground. Reinforcements consisting of eight fire engines and two water tenders from the Oregon State Fire Marshal's office arrived and began clearing burnable materials from around evacuated homes south of Sisters. During the day,

8228-410: The fire were left standing. On steep slopes, some large trees were cut down and left lying across the hill side to help prevent soil erosion. On slopes above roads, high stumps were left exposed to help prevent burned logs from rolling down onto roadways. When the Milli Fire was still only 60 percent contained, the Forest Service sent a Burn Area Emergency Response Team in the area to begin accessing

8349-442: The fire where it was burning toward 650 private homes. By the end of the day, there were 250 firefighters working on the Milli Fire. On August 19, the fire remained out of control, running along the ground and igniting crown fires in some areas as it moved forward. As a result, residents of several subdivisions south and west of Sisters were ordered to evacuate their homes. During the day, firefighters continued to work fire lines on

8470-419: The fire's main front. At the end of the day, the fire covered 12,809 acres (51.84 km). The estimated containment was still at 32 percent and the number of firefighters on station did not change from the previous day. On August 25, morning burnout operations were delayed due to poor visibility caused by heavy smoke. In the afternoon, the air cleared so aerial retardant drops could begin again. Air support

8591-467: The fire's perimeter continued to burn including a large block of private timber land. In most areas the fire crept slowly across the forest floor with only a few isolated pocket where larger tree were torched off. Crews patrolled fire lines along south and east side. One spot fire was found and extinguished. The fire continued to burn slowly down slope through thick timber in the Three Sisters Wilderness toward Route 242 on September 1–2. Unburned areas within

8712-409: The fire. Equipment dispatched to the fire included pumper trucks, bulldozers, water tankers, helicopters, and air tankers. The total cost of fighting the fire exceeded $ 15 million. Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail The Pacific Crest Trail ( PCT ), officially designated as the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail , is a long-distance hiking and equestrian trail closely aligned with

8833-626: The first PCT thru-hike. His personal congratulations came by telegram from Edward P. Cliff, Chief of the U.S. Forest Service. Ryback is credited, recognized, and has been honored by the Pacific Crest Trail Association as the official first thru-hiker of the entire trail. Ryback completed the Appalachian Trail in 1969 (as a 16-year-old); the Pacific Crest Trail in 1970; and a route approximating today's Continental Divide Trail in 1972. Ryback's 1971 book The High Adventure of Eric Ryback: Canada to Mexico on Foot focused public attention on

8954-510: The first woman to complete the Triple Crown of Hiking in a single calendar year. Exactly nine years later, on August 7, 2022, Josh Perry improved upon the self-supported speed record, completing the PCT in 55 days, 16 hours and 54 minutes. In 2023, Nick Folwer set a new self-supported record of 52 days, 9 hours and 18 minutes. While he was in the Sierra Nevada , Hurricane Hilary hit California, and he needed to spend 41 hours sheltering in

9075-400: The ground, larger trees torching as the ground fire passed, and numerous spot fires igniting in front of the main fire. High winds and hot-dry weather conditions made firefighting difficult. Crews initiate backfires along forest roads to burnout ground fuels and create fire breaks while bulldozers and hand crews cut fire lines. The main focus of the firefighters was the north and east sides of

9196-775: The highest portion of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountain ranges, which lie 100 to 150 miles (160 to 240 km) east of the U.S. Pacific coast. The trail's southern terminus is next to the Mexico–United States border , just south of Campo, California , and its northern terminus is on the Canada–US border , upon which it continues unofficially to the Windy Joe Trail within Manning Park in British Columbia ; it passes through

9317-515: The impact of the fire on the forest ecosystem. The team was asked to recommend steps to help the forest recover from the fire. The team was composed of about a dozen forest specialists with expertise in forestry , hydrology , geology , wildlife , and forest recreation . The burn assessment team surveyed the Milli Fire area to determine how the fire would affect animals and native plant life. The team identified areas that were at risk of soil erosion as well as areas where invasive plants might slow

9438-496: The itinerary typically followed by thru-hikers to take advantage of the best seasonal weather conditions. The numbers in parentheses correspond to the numbers on the PCT overview map above. PCT route maps are on Google Maps , some with some points of interest. Download coordinates as: 40°12′48″N 121°21′17″W  /  40.2132°N 121.3546°W  / 40.2132; -121.3546 Fire engine A fire engine or fire truck (also spelled firetruck )

9559-413: The ladder is often telescoping . Modern telescopic ladders may be hydraulic or pneumatic . These mechanical features allow the use of ladders which are longer, sturdier, and more stable. They may also have pre-attached hoses or other equipment. The pivot can be mounted at the rear of the chassis or in the middle, just behind the cab. The latter is sometimes called a "mid-ship" arrangement, and it allows

9680-402: The late afternoon, crews prepared to do burnout work on the northwest side of the fire if nighttime weather condition were favorable. Burnout operations were conducted overnight along forest roads parallel to the north side of the fire. These burnout activity continue during the day of August 23. Heavy equipment assisted ground crews as they prepared areas for future burnout operations. During

9801-548: The main features of the tiller-truck is its enhanced maneuverability. The independent steering of the front and back wheels allow the tiller to make much sharper turns, which is particularly helpful on narrow streets and in apartment complexes with maze-like roads. An additional feature of the tiller-truck is that its overall length, over 50 feet (15 m) for most models, allows for additional storage of tools and equipment. The extreme length gives compartment capacities that range between 500 and 650 cubic feet (14 and 18 m ) in

9922-459: The north and east flanks of the blaze, trying to protect private property and the Whychus Creek watershed. Crews cleared away ground fuels using heavy equipment and burn-out operations widened fire breaks. They also suppressed numerous spot fires caused by flying embers carried on gusty winds. In addition, air tankers made numerous retardant drops along the front line of the fire. By the end of

10043-418: The north and west slopes of Black Crater out of reach of firefighters. During the day, a cold front moved through the area, clearing out the smoke and slowing the fire's progress. The clear skies allowed air support to be resumed. Helicopter water drops helped ground crew suppress spot fires and dowsed hot spots along the fire's edge. In the afternoon, burnout operations were conducted along Route 242, west of

10164-432: The north side of the main fire. Crews quickly controlled the blaze and remained on the scene to mop-up. By the end of the day the fire had burned 18,067 acres (73.11 km) and was still only 32 percent contained. That evening, Forest Service fire managers and local officials held a town meeting at Sisters High School to give local residents an update on the fire conditions and on-going suppression efforts. On August 29,

10285-483: The northeast and southeast sides of the fire were effectively contained, fire managers shifted firefighting resources to the northwest side where the fire still threatened some homes and private property. However, some crews remained on the east side to patrol fire lines, spraying water to hot spots and looking for spot fires. The state fire marshal crews also continued to patrol evacuated neighborhoods and began assessing fire risk at Black Butte Ranch and other area along

10406-429: The positive side, the wind cleared out much of the smoke, allowing air operation to begin again. Helicopters made water drops to help ground crew mop-up hot spots in the private forest land near the north edge of the fire and along Route 242. Mop-up and restoration work continued along the rest of the fire perimeter while unneeded heavy equipment was released for use on other fires. The number of firefighter on station at

10527-451: The rate of spread. Fire departments that serve areas along the wildland–urban interface have to be able to tackle traditional urban fires as well as wildland fires. Departments in these areas often use a wildland-urban interface engine, which combine features of a standard fire engine with that of a wildland fire engine. A water tender is a specialist fire appliance with the primary purpose of transporting large amounts of water to

10648-478: The recovery of native plant species. The team also looked for post-fire threats to human life and safety that needed mitigation. In addition, the team evaluated the fire's impact on cultural assets and nearby communities. The team's assessment was completed and delivered to the Deschutes National Forest on 21 September 2017. The Forest Service released the team's report to the public on 28 September 2017. The report recommended removing hazardous trees and snags along

10769-561: The ride and were featured on network television. June's old press book yields a half-dozen TV-Guide pages, and she recalls, "Art Linkletter was such a nice man. We appeared on his 'House Party' show and he had coffee with us afterward". High Road to Danger , a syndicated TV show, made an episode on their ride. Even after they had returned home to the Northwest, there was continued TV coverage. A January 1961 TV Guide records their appearance on Portland's KOIN Red Dunning Show. The Mulfords even made

10890-562: The roadway. After the fire, Forest Service crews removed fire lines and restored the fire line areas. This included rehabilitation of 11.4 miles (18.3 km) of bulldozer lines and 1.3 miles (2.1 km) of hand line. Several temporary heliports and safety zones were also rehabilitated. Dangerous trees and snags were removed from approximately 18 miles (29 km) of roadway including 7 miles (11 km) along Route 242. The large trees that were removed along roads were piled in decked for commercial sales while smaller diameter trees killed by

11011-416: The roadway. By September 15, the fire had burned 24,079 acres (97.44 km) and was 60 percent contained. Fire crews continued to work on rehabilitating fire line along the northwestern side of the fire area. Route 242 remained closed while Oregon Department of Transportation and Forest Service crews continued removing rocks and debris from the roadway, repaired culverts, and cut down hazardous snags along

11132-410: The roadway. During the day, the Forest Service revised their estimate of the fire's size. New estimate was 22,527 acres (91.16 km). They also increase their estimate of containment to 60 percent and reduce the number of firefighter on station to 318. On September 5, gusty winds were a good test of existing fire lines. On the southwest flank, the wind pushed the fire toward North Matthieu Lake. On

11253-686: The route. Fire activity was minimal, smoldering through small unburned patches inside the fire line and creeping slowly down slope on the west side toward lava beds in the Three Sisters Wilderness. This activity was expected to continue until a season ending rain or snow fall naturally extinguished the last pockets of fire. On September 24, the Forest Service announced that the Milli Fire was 100 percent contained. However, Route 242 remained closed while Oregon Department of Transportation and Forest Service crews worked to remove hazardous roadside snags. Tree removal along Route 242 continued through October 6. Ultimately, several thousand large trees were removed along

11374-484: The size of the department and the usual situations the firefighters handle. For example, departments located near large bodies of water or rivers are likely to have some sort of water rescue equipment. Standard tools found on nearly all fire engines include ladders , hydraulic rescue tools (often referred to as the jaws of life ), floodlights , fire hose , fire extinguishers , self-contained breathing apparatus, and thermal imaging cameras . The exact layout of what

11495-432: The size of the fire was reported to be 22,718 acres (91.94 km) while the crew size had been reduced to 385 firefighters. On September 3, weather throughout Central Oregon was hot and dry. While the fire stayed within established fire lines, large areas inside the perimeter continued to burn slowly, mostly along the ground. In the southwest, the fire is moving slowly down slope into the old Pole Creek burn area and in

11616-444: The southeast side of the burn. By the evening of August 30, the fire was 44 percent contained with 500 firefighters still working on the fire. It was announced that a new smaller fire management team would be taking over on the following day. When the new leadership team arrived on August 31, the Milli Fire covered 22,190 acres (89.8 km) and was still only 44 percent contained with 451 firefighters on site. Unburned forest within

11737-470: The states of California , Oregon , and Washington . The Pacific Crest Trail is 2,653 mi (4,270 km) long and ranges in elevation from roughly 110 feet (34 m) above sea level near the Bridge of the Gods on the Oregon–Washington border to 13,153 feet (4,009 m) at Forester Pass in the Sierra Nevada. The route passes through 25 national forests and 7 national parks. Its midpoint

11858-442: The team recommended monitoring the fire area for invasive plant species. In total, the assessment team recommended $ 131,000 in restoration and recovery projects. As a follow-up to the initial post-fire assessment, the Forest Service began preparing a detailed resource rehabilitation and protection plan for the Milli Fire area. Among other things, that effort will determine if and where salvage logging projects will be conducted. In

11979-479: The tender from hydrants or other water sources. Many tankers are equipped with fast-drain valves on the sides and back of the truck. This allows firefighters to empty thousands of gallons of water into a portable water tank in just a few seconds. Most water tenders are designed to carry loads of 5,000–12,000 litres (1,100–2,600 imp gal). An airport crash tender is a specialized fire engine designed for use at aerodromes in aircraft accidents. Some of

12100-443: The traction of a fire-engine, ladders, and so forth and for the conveyance of the necessary staff of pompiers". With great prescience the report states "If the experiment prove successful, as is anticipated, horses will eventually be entirely replaced by automobiles". This was, indeed, the case and motorised fire engines became commonplace by the early 20th century. By 1905, the idea of combining gas engine motor trucks into fire engines

12221-409: The trail on September 1, 1972, was often credited as the first PCT thru-hiker because Papendick was generally unknown and Ryback may have accepted rides. The first woman to complete the PCT was Mary Carstens, who finished the journey later in 1972, accompanied by Jeff Smukler. The first person to thru-hike the entire PCT both ways in a single continuous round-trip was Scott Williamson , who completed

12342-424: The trail, or any combination of the two. The final major logistical step is to create an approximate schedule for completion. Thru hikers have to make sure they complete enough miles every day to reach the opposite end of the trail before weather conditions make sections impassable. For northbound thru-hikers, deep snow pack in the Sierra Nevada can prevent an early start. The timing is a balance between not getting to

12463-422: The trail. However, it is not currently possible to legally enter the United States from Canada by using the Pacific Crest Trail. Hikers also have to determine their resupply points. Resupply points are towns or post offices where hikers replenish food and other supplies such as cooking fuel. Hikers can ship packages to themselves at the U.S. Post Offices along the trail, resupply at general and grocery stores along

12584-446: The trailer with an additional 40 and 60 cubic feet (1.1 and 1.7 m ) in the cab. Some departments elect to use tiller- quints , which are tiller trucks that have the added feature of being fitted with an on-board water tank. These are particularly useful for smaller departments that do not have enough personnel to staff both an engine company and a truck company. A platform truck carries an aerial work platform , also known as

12705-429: The use of both active and passive warnings. Passive visual warnings involve the use of high contrast patterns to increase the noticeability of the vehicle. These types of warnings are often seen on older vehicles and those in developing countries . More modern designs make use of retroreflectors to reflect light from other vehicles. Vehicles will also often have these reflectors arranged in a chevron pattern along with

12826-536: The west it reached the fire break along Route 242. Several pumper trucks along with ground crew worked around Lava Camp Lake to mop-up hot spots and protect the campground infrastructure. Mop-up also continued along the south and east flanks; however, heavy smoke kept helicopters from assisting ground crews. On September 4, clean-up began along Route 242. The Forest service worked with the Oregon Department of Transportation to remove logs, rock, and other debris from

12947-449: The wheels suspended behind the rear of the vehicle, making them a distinctive sight. Before long, turntable ladders —which were even longer, mechanically extendable, and installed directly onto fire trucks—made their appearances. After World War II , turntable ladders were supplemented by the aerial work platform (sometimes called "cherry picker"), a platform or bucket attached onto a mechanically bending arm (or "snorkel") installed onto

13068-420: The words fire or rescue . European countries commonly use a pattern known as Battenburg markings . Along with the passive warnings, are active visual warnings which are usually in the form of flashing colored lights (also known as " beacons " or " lightbars "). These flash to attract the attention of other drivers as the fire truck approaches, or to provide warning to drivers approaching a parked fire truck in

13189-494: The work in obtaining water for pumping through the engine and into the attack hoses. Many rural fire engines still rely upon cisterns or other sources for drafting water into the pumps. Steam pumper came in to use in the 1850s. In the late 19th century, means of reaching tall structures were devised. At first, manually extendable ladders were used; as these grew in length (and weight), they were put onto two large wheels. When carried by fire engines these wheeled escape ladders had

13310-417: Was also burned. While hundreds of residents living in the Sisters area were required to evacuate their homes during the Milli Fire, no residences or commercial structures were lost in the fire. At the peak of the fire suppression effort, there were 675 firefighters from the United States Forest Service, Oregon Department of Forestry , Oregon State Fire Marshal's office, and several other agencies working on

13431-401: Was also the youngest person to hike the Appalachian Trail until 2020. Other notable young hikers include Sierra Burror and Reed Gjonnes. Burror, who completed a continuous thru-hike of the trail in 2012 at the age of 9, is the youngest girl to thru-hike the trail. She completed her hike with her mother, Heather Burror. Gjonnes, who thru-hiked the trail in 2011 at age 11, went on to complete

13552-406: Was an early type of fire units known since late 1700s. It was a horse-drawn carriage which brought ladders and hooks to the fire place. Ladders were used for access to upper floors and the roof. "Hooks" were pike poles used for pulling down and apart the burning construction. Early pumpers used cisterns as a source of water. Water was later put into wooden pipes under the streets and a "fire plug"

13673-559: Was attracting great attention; according to a Popular Mechanics article in that year, such trucks were rapidly gaining popularity in England. That same year, the Knox Automobile Company of Springfield, Massachusetts , began selling what some have described as the world's first modern fire engine. A year later, the city of Springfield, Illinois, had filled their fire department with Knox engines. Another early motorized fire engine

13794-402: Was broken on August 14, 2016, by Karel Sabbe , a 27-year-old dentist from Ghent, Belgium . He covered the distance in 52 days, 8 hours, and 25 minutes, averaging over 50 miles a day and shaving almost a day (22 hours) off the previous record set by McConaughy. Sabbe was supported by his friend Joren Biebuyck. On July 22, 2021, 37-year-old ultra-runner Timothy Olson broke Sabbe's record with

13915-462: Was developed by Peter Pirsch and Sons of Kenosha, Wisconsin . For many years firefighters sat on the sides of the fire engines, or even stood on the rear of the vehicles, exposed to the elements. This arrangement was uncomfortable and dangerous (some firefighters were thrown to their deaths when their fire engines made sharp turns on the road), and today nearly all fire engines have fully enclosed seating areas for their crews. The "hook and ladder"

14036-416: Was necessary to ensure burnout activities north of Route 242 were safe. By the end of the day, the Milli Fire had burned 13,485 acres (54.57 km). The fire was 32 percent contained with 673 firefighters working on fire suppression. It was reported that the cost of fighting the fire was $ 8,200,000. Over the weekend of August 26–27, warm-dry weather encouraged the fire along the west side as it moved through

14157-627: Was published in 2012 and reached #1 on the New York Times Best Sellers list. Her hike is the subject of the 2014 film Wild , starring Reese Witherspoon . The first two reported deaths on the Pacific Crest Trail were in November 1995, when thru-hikers Jane and Flicka Rodman were killed during a detour down California State Route 138 in Southern California , when they were struck by a motorist who lost control of his vehicle. They were less than 400 miles from their goal of reaching

14278-419: Was pulled out of the top of the pipe when a suction hose was to be inserted. Later systems incorporated pressurized fire hydrants , where the pressure was increased when a fire alarm was sounded. This was found to be harmful to the system and unreliable. Today's valved hydrant systems are kept under pressure at all times, although additional pressure may be added when needed. Pressurized hydrants eliminate much of

14399-510: Was reached, the realignment is a long-term project; many details remain to be determined, as well as an Optimal Location Review—a lengthy process through which the ideal path for the new section of the trail is specified. Portland, Oregon's 40-Mile Loop proposes to extend the Springwater Corridor hiking and bicycling spur trail to connect the Pacific Crest Trail with the proposed Cazadero Trail . Plans are currently in progress to add

14520-512: Was the invention of an engine which could draft water from a water source. This rendered the bucket brigade obsolete. In 1822, a Philadelphia-based manufacturing company called Sellers and Pennock made a model called "The Hydraulion". It is said to be the first suction engine. Some models had the hard, suction hose fixed to the intake and curled up over the apparatus known as a squirrel tail engine. The earliest engines were small and were either carried by four men, or mounted on skids and dragged to

14641-945: Was to link the John Muir Trail , the Tahoe–Yosemite Trail (both in California), the Skyline Trail (in Oregon) and the Cascade Crest Trail (in Washington). The Pacific Crest Trail System Conference was formed by Clarke to both plan the trail and to lobby the federal government to protect the trail. The conference was founded by Clarke, the Boy Scouts , the YMCA , and Ansel Adams (amongst others). From 1935 through 1938, YMCA groups explored

#853146