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45-520: Mill End or Millend is a placename which refers to streets or buildings near a mill or mill race , and to the following settlements: In the United Kingdom [ edit ] Mill End, Colmworth , Bedfordshire – a hamlet in the named civil parish Mill End, Buckinghamshire – a hamlet in Hambleden civil parish Mill End, Kirtling , Cambridgeshire –

90-521: A Dutch municipality Mill, Netherlands , a Dutch village Mill, Missouri , a community in the United States Mill, an electoral ward of Magor with Undy , Monmouthshire, Wales Other meanings [ edit ] Mill (heraldry) , a mill depicted in heraldry Mill (currency) , a now-abstract unit of currency Diploma mill or degree mill, a provider of illegitimate academic qualifications Nine men's morris , known as Mill or Mills,

135-445: A base for cattle-feed, industrial alcohol, yeast production and so on. Boiling in a vacuum pan used to be a batch process, but continuous pan boiling is inherently far more efficient. In the 1970s the first commercially successful continuous vacuum pans (CVPs) were developed. In the 1980s these first pans achieved a better uniform crystal size than that which some factories achieved with their batch process vacuum pans. The sugar from

180-470: A completely separate factory or at a back-end refinery which is attached to the raw sugar factory. A cane sugar mill can also produce sugar that is suitable for direct domestic or industrial consumption. This is called plantation white sugar or mill white sugar, see below. The overall quality of raw sugar that goes into the factory is dependent on agricultural practices and the cultivar used. Harvesting can be done by machines or by hand. If done by hand, it

225-443: A hamlet in the named civil parish Mill End, Finchingfield , Essex – a hamlet in the named civil parish Millend, Eastington, Gloucestershire – a hamlet in the named civil parish (Stroud district) Mill End, Northleach, Gloucestershire – a hamlet in the civil parish of Northleach with Eastington (Cotswold district) which has in recent times become a contiguous part of Northleach Millend, North Nibley , Gloucestershire –

270-480: A hamlet in the named civil parish (Stroud district) Mill End , Rickmansworth , Hertfordshire – a semi-rural village which has in recent times become a contiguous part of the named town Mill End , Sandon , Hertfordshire – a hamlet in the named civil parish Mill End, Bredon , Worcestershire – a hamlet in the named civil parish [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with

315-525: A high sugar yield and quality. Before the actual extraction of cane juice starts, the cane has to be prepared. This can be done by rotating knives or shredders. There are two modern types of processes for extracting juice from cane: The products of the extraction phase are: In 2004 and 2005 the Enterprise Sugar mill in Louisiana had a traditional mill and a diffuser, which both processed cane from

360-469: A juice of poor clarity, which can be recycled for further purification. The evaporation process serves to concentrate the clarified juice. The most widely used evaporator is a multiple-effect evaporator of the Roberts type. The product of this step is syrup of 78 to 86% purity with a soluble solid content of 60-65°Brix and containing 3.5-4.5% invert sugars. The temperature, velocity and retention time in

405-402: A three roller crusher, which together open most of the thin-walled cells. The juice is then removed from these opened cells by leaching. I.e. the sucrose from these opened cells dissolves in water. The diffusion process proper takes place on the 10-16% of sugar containing cells that have not been opened. First hot water is applied to kill the protoplasm of the cells. This makes that the walls of

450-621: A traditional board game Windmill (b-boy move) , or mill, a move in b-boying (breakdancing) Mill. , the standard author abbreviation when citing a botanical name for Philip Miller Major Indoor Lacrosse League (MILL), the American indoor lacrosse league, now National Lacrosse League An older slang term for a boxing match See also [ edit ] The Mill (disambiguation) Mil (disambiguation) Mille (disambiguation) Mills (disambiguation) Miller (disambiguation) Milling (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

495-424: Is added to serve as nuclei for sugar crystals, and more syrup is added as the water evaporates. The growth of crystals continues till the vacuum pan is full. The crystals and the mother liquor (molasses) now form a dense mass known as massecuite . The 'strike' (contents of the pan) is then discharged into a crystallizer. In the crystallizer, the crystallization process of the massecuite continues. The purpose of

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540-473: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Sugarcane mill The term is also used to refer to the equipment that crushes the sticks of sugar cane to extract the juice. There are a number of steps in producing raw sugar from cane: These processing steps will produce a brown or raw sugar. Raw sugar is generally sent to a sugar refinery to produce white sugar. This sugar refining can be done either at

585-409: Is generally controlled by a central process control system, which directly controls most of the machines and components. Only for certain special machines such as the centrifuges in the sugar house decentralized PLCs are used. This also has to do with security for security reasons. Sugar mills date back to Arab Egypt in the 12th century. An artisanal version is the trapiche , later substituted by

630-409: Is normally preceded by burning the field. However, stalks from a burnt field more quickly loose sugar content while waiting to be processed. Cane is transported by truck, narrow-gauge railway , container or cart . On arrival the cane is sold based on weight or sugar content. There are several ways to unload the harvest. Overall, limiting the time between cutting and milling is essential for achieving

675-441: Is normally used. Sugarcane diffusion is the process of extracting the sucrose from the cane by osmosis and lixiviation also known as leaching . There are two types of diffusers. One relies on immerging the mat of bagasse in the juice by counterflow. The other relies on percolation of the juice through the mat of bagasse. At a chemical level, the first step is to open the cells. This is usually done by revolving cane-knives and

720-407: Is the exception. There are multiple ways to use sulphitation for making plantation white sugar. In the purification stage of cold acid sulphitation, SO 2 is added to the mixed juice in order to lower the pH to 3.8-4.2. Lime is then added to increase the pH to 7.2-7.4. Next the juice is heated to 103-105°C before moving to the clarifier. In the clarifier the impurities settle, and the resulting

765-403: Is then again heated to 55°C and lime and CO 2 is added till a pH of 8.4-8.6 is reached. This is followed by a second pressure filtration. At the end of the evaporation step, Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) is added to lower the pH of the syrup to 7.0. In sugar factories, carbonation is not widely used, because it requires large quantities of lime and CO 2 , and sulphitation is cheaper. India

810-447: Is then allowed to flash to its saturation temperature: this process precipitates impurities, which get held up in calcium carbonate crystals. The flashed juice is then transferred to a clarification tank. In this clarification tank, the suspended solids are sedimented. The supernatant , known as clear juice is drawn off of the clarifier. The clarified juice is then sent to the evaporators. The settled solids can be filtered to produce

855-552: Is then dissolved and fed back to the syrup, while the C-sugar is dissolved or used as seed for the B-sugar. In storage, plantation white is more vulnerable than raw sugar. Sugar produced by carbonation is especially vulnerable to color change. Ash content also contributes to discoloration. In Brazil discoloration is countered by storing at a maximum temperature of 35-40°C and by producing sugar of 166 IU so lots of color can be lost before

900-402: Is then filtered. The purification stage of hot acid sulphitation involves first heating the mixed juice to 70°C before lowering the pH to 3.8-4.2 by adding SO 2 . The process then runs like that of cold acid sulphitation. The purification stage of double liming consists of first heating the mixed juice to 70°C and adding lime till a pH of 7.2-7.4 is reached. SO 2 is then added to lower

945-433: The addition of phosphoric acid; surface-active agents and phosphate, followed by heating and aeration of the syrup and addition of flocculant . The syrup is then moved to a special clarifier. The crystallization and centrifugation steps for plantation white might differ on account of the boiling system used. For plantation white the regular three-boiling system can be used. An alternative is to only ship A-Sugar. The B-sugar

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990-908: The arithmetic unit of the analytical engine early computer People [ edit ] Andy Mill (born 1953), American skier Arnold van Mill (1921–1996), Dutch bass opera singer Frank Mill (born 1958), German footballer Harriet Taylor Mill (1807–1858), British philosopher and women's rights advocate Henry Mill (c. 1683–1771), English inventor who patented the first typewriter James Mill (1773–1836), Scottish historian, economist and philosopher John Mill (theologian) (c. 1645–1707), English theologian and author of Novum Testamentum Graecum John Stuart Mill (1806–1873), British philosopher and political economist, son of James Mill Loek van Mil (1984–2019), Dutch baseball pitcher Meek Mill , Robert Rihmeek Williams (born 1987), American rapper and songwriter Places [ edit ] Mill City, Oregon Mill en Sint Hubert ,

1035-411: The cell becomes semipermeable . By osmosis, water or thinner juice can then enter the cell and replace heavier juice until an equilibrium is reached. In this phase sucrose penetrates the walls faster than non-sugar with higher molecular weight. This makes that the purity of the last extracted juice from diffusion higher than that acquired by straight milling, even while diffusing extracts more sugar. In

1080-424: The centrifuges is dried and cooled and then stored. During bulk storage the quality of the raw sugar decreases because of a chemical reaction between amino acids and degraded invert sugars, known as the maillard reaction . The raw sugar can also be directly packed into bags for shipment. In many cane sugar producing countries the standard sugar product is generally known as plantation white sugar. In rich countries,

1125-415: The crystallizer for more than a day. The C-sugar from the centrifuge is mingled with syrup and used as massecuite seed, and so returns to the start of the process. The molasses resulting from this centrifuge step are called final molasses, or blackstrap. It is a heavy viscous material containing about one-third sucrose, one-fifth reducing sugars, and the remainder ash, organic non-sugars and water. It serves as

1170-445: The crystallizer is to reduce loss of sucrose by it remaining in the mother liquor / molasses, in particular with low-grade massecuites. The crystallizer works by cooling the massecuite. This decreases solubility and again increases saturation, forcing crystallization to continue. Crystallizers are cylindrical or U-shaped vessels equipped with low-speed stirring elements. They are often connected in series for continues operation. Cooling

1215-401: The diffuser and this dilute juice is allowed to percolate through the bed of cane. At this point the concentration of sucrose in the cane is higher than the concentration of sucrose in the dilute juice just mentioned and so sucrose diffuses from the cane to the juice; this now slightly richer juice is pumped back up the diffuser and the process is repeated, typically, 12 to 15 times (compared with

1260-452: The evaporator are regulated to prevent sucrose inversion , or decomposition of sucrose in glucose and fructose. Another concern is scale formation on the heating surface of the evaporator. The application of a magnetic flow can help to prevent scaling. Crystallization is done with a single-effect vacuum boiling pan and a crystallizer. In the vacuum pan, the syrup is evaporated until it gets supersaturated with sugar. At this point seed grain

1305-553: The first stage, A-sugar, is stored. The molasses from the A-centrifugation, A-molasses, are fed to the B vacuum pan. This results in B-sugar and B-molasses. A mix of A-sugar and B-sugar forms the commercial product of the factory. The B-molasses are of a much lower purity. They are boiled again in the C-pan. While the A and B stage do not always use a crystallizer, it is essential for this low-grade massecuite. The massecuite remains in

1350-532: The four to six times for the milling process) The mixed juice has a pH of about 4.0 to 4.5 which is quite acidic. During purification, calcium hydroxide, also known as milk of lime or limewater, is added to the cane juice to adjust its pH to about 7 or 8. This can be done while the juice is still cold (cold liming) or after it has been heated to about 104°C (hot liming). It can also be done in phases (fractional liming). The lime helps to prevent sucrose's decay into glucose and fructose. The superheated limed juice

1395-484: The 💕 (Redirected from Mill (disambiguation) ) [REDACTED] Look up mill in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Mill may refer to: Science and technology [ edit ] Factory Mill (grinding) Milling (machining) Millwork Paper mill Steel mill , a factory for the manufacture of steel Sugarcane mill Textile mill List of types of mill Mill,

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1440-425: The low standard of 230 IU is reached. Some cane sugar mills have so-called back-end refineries. In back-end refineries, raw sugar produced in the mill is converted to refined sugar with a higher purity for local consumption, export, or bottling companies. Wastage is used for heat generation in the sugar mills. The remaining fibrous solids from the juice extraction phase, called bagasse , are burned for fuel in

1485-470: The massecuite increases viscosity . At the optimum temperature for crystallization, the massecuite is too viscous for the centrifuge to properly separate the crystals from the molasses. However, as the mother liquor of the massecuite is still supersaturated at this point, the viscosity can be reduced without re-solution of the crystals. This can be done by bringing it to a state of saturation by heating or adding water. The sugar centrifuge serves to separate

1530-430: The massecuite into sugar crystals and mother liquor / molasses. These centrifuges consist of a cylindrical basket suspended on a spindle. The perforated sides are lined with wire cloth , inside of which are metal sheets containing 400-600 perforations per square inch. The basket revolves at 1000-1800 rpm. While the mother liquor, molasses passes through the holes in the centrifuge, the sugar crystals are retained. After

1575-655: The mill's steam boilers. These boilers produce high-pressure steam, which is passed through a turbine to generate electrical energy ( cogeneration ). The exhaust steam from the turbine is passed through the multiple effect evaporator station and used to heat vacuum pans in the crystallization stage as well as for other heating purposes in the sugar mill. Bagasse makes a sugar mill more than energy self-sufficient; surplus bagasse goes in animal feed, in paper manufacture, or to generate electricity for sale. As in many other industries factory automation has been promoted heavily in sugar refineries in recent decades. The production process

1620-401: The milling extraction efficiency, imbibition water is added at each mill. Hot water is poured over the cane just before it enters the last mill in the milling train and is recirculated up to reach the first mill. The juice squeezed from this cane is low in sugar concentration and is pumped to the preceding mill and poured onto the cane just before it enters the rollers, the juice from this mill is

1665-448: The pH to 5.4-5.6. Now a second portion of lime is added to again reach a pH of 7.2-7.4. Following this, the juice is heated to 103-105°C before moving to the clarifier. The evaporation step for plantation white is the same as that for raw sugar. At the end Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) is added to lower the pH of the syrup from 6.5 to 5.5. After evaporation, an extra clarification process can be inserted. Basic steps of this sub-process are:

1710-403: The percolation system process, shredded cane is introduced into the diffuser at the feed end; hot water is poured over the shredded cane just before the discharge end of the diffuser. The hot water percolates through the bed of cane and removes sucrose from the cane. This dilute juice is then collected in a compartment under the bed of cane and is pumped to a point a little closer to the feed end of

1755-462: The purification, evaporation, and storage steps. In the purification step, the objective of carbonation is to separate non-sugar contents such as colloids and insoluble particles as well as colored material. If carbonation is used, the mixed juice is heated to 55°C and lime is added till a pH of 10.5-11 is reached. Next, Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is added, and the juice is pushed through pressure filters. This results in calcium carbonate mud. The juice

1800-417: The same area. Weekly raw juice samples were taken and analyzed. These were found to be very similar, despite the diffuser achieving a higher extraction. Juice extraction by milling is the process of squeezing the juice from the cane under a set of mills using high pressure between heavy iron rollers. Those mills can have from 3 up to 6 rolls; every set of mills is called a tandem mill or mill train. To improve

1845-475: The same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mill_End&oldid=1078278514 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Mill (disambiguation) From Misplaced Pages,

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1890-541: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Mill . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mill&oldid=1227573366 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Articles containing Latin-language text Short description

1935-412: The same way pumped back up the milling train. Mixed juice (that is to say cane juice mixed with the water introduced at the last mill) is withdrawn from the first and second mills and is sent for further processing. Milling trains typically have four, five or six mills in the tandem. To improve the milling extraction performance before the cane reaches the first mill, knife and shredder preparation equipment

1980-542: The standard sugar product for direct consumption or industrial use is white sugar . In Codex White A quality, white sugar has a minimum polarization of 99.7% and an ICUMSA color of 60 IU. Plantation white might have a polarization of e.g. 99.4-99.7% and a color between 80 and 250 IU. Plantation white sugar is produced by making changes to some of the stages mentioned above. There are two ways to make plantation white sugar, carbonation and sulphitation. To make plantation white sugar by carbonation requires changes to

2025-427: The sugar is purged, it is cut down, making the centrifuge ready for the next badge. It is quite common for sugar to result from repeatedly undergoing the crystallization and centrifugation steps. This depends on the boiling system The most common boiling scheme is the three-boiling system. This method boils the sugar liquors in three crystallization/centrifugation stages, called A-, B- and C-. The sugar resulting from

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