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52-572: Military Service Tribunals were bodies formed by borough , urban district and rural district councils to hear applications for exemption from conscription into the British Army during the First World War . Although not strictly recruiting bodies, they played an important part in the process of conscription. Tribunals were published as part of the Derby Scheme in 1915, but were continued on

104-476: A broadband Internet connection. 89.7% of the population had a high school diploma or higher, with 16.5% having a Bachelor's degree or higher. 79.0% of the population were in the civilian labor force. (72.8% of women) The median household income was $ 79,306, with the average per capita income from May 2019 to April 2020 being $ 48,730. 11.4% of the population were in poverty. As of the census of 2010, 9,430 people, 2,109 households, and 1,524 families residing in

156-634: A borough council, but its district was to be called the Municipal District of Kilkenny City, in recognition of its historic city status . Under Israeli law, inherited from British Mandate municipal law, the possibility of creating a municipal borough exists. However, no borough was actually created under law until 2005–2006, when Neve Monosson and Maccabim-Re'ut , both communal settlements (Heb: yishuv kehilati ) founded in 1953 and 1984, respectively, were declared to be autonomous municipal boroughs (Heb: vaad rova ironi ), within their mergers with

208-455: A borough is a unit of local government or other administrative division below the level of the state . The term is currently used in seven states. The following states use, or have used, the word with the following meanings: North Slope Borough, Alaska The North Slope Borough is the northernmost borough in the US state of Alaska and, thus, the northernmost county or equivalent of

260-477: A city by proclamation. Boroughs and cities were collectively known as municipalities, and were enclaves separate from their surrounding counties. Boroughs proliferated in the suburban areas of the larger cities: By the 1980s there were 19 boroughs and three cities in the area that is now the City of Auckland. In the 1980s, some boroughs and cities began to be merged with their surrounding counties to form districts with

312-518: A mixed urban and rural population. A nationwide reform of local government in 1989 completed the process. Counties and boroughs were abolished and all boundaries were redrawn. Under the new system, most territorial authorities cover both urban and rural land. The more populated councils are classified as cities, and the more rural councils are classified as districts. Only Kawerau District, an enclave within Whakatāne District , continues to follow

364-475: A new sort of borough – the county borough. These were designed to be 'counties-to-themselves'; administrative divisions to sit alongside the new administrative counties. They allowed urban areas to be administered separately from the more rural areas. They, therefore, often contained pre-existing municipal boroughs, which thereafter became part of the second tier of local government, below the administrative counties and county boroughs. The county boroughs were, like

416-612: A self-governing body). Since 1974, it has been a purely ceremonial style granted by royal charter to districts which may consist of a single town or may include a number of towns or rural areas. Borough status entitles the council chairman to bear the title of mayor . Districts may apply to the British Crown for the grant of borough status upon advice of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom . In Northern Ireland , local government

468-618: A self-selecting corporation (i.e., when a member died or resigned his replacement would be by co-option ). Sometimes boroughs were governed by bailiffs . Debates on the Reform Bill (eventually the Reform Act 1832 ) lamented the diversity of polity of such town corporations, and a Royal Commission was set up to investigate this. This resulted in a regularisation of municipal government by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 . 178 of

520-792: A statutory basis by the Military Service Act 1916 , which brought in conscription. There were 2,086 local Military Service Tribunals, with 83 County Appeal Tribunals (formed by county councils ) to hear appeals by applicants not happy with the local tribunal decision. A Central Tribunal at Westminster in London served, solely at the discretion of the Appeals Tribunal, as the final court of appeal; it largely dealt with difficult cases that would stand as precedent for local tribunals. Although they are best known for their often heavy-handed attitude towards cases of conscientious objection , most of

572-631: Is a town named Burg ), borgo in Italian , burgo in Portuguese, Galician and Castilian (hence the castilian place-name Burgos , galician place-names O Burgo and Malburgo ), the -bork of Lębork and Malbork in Polish and the -bor of Maribor in Slovenian. The 'burg' element, which means "castle" or "fortress", is often confused with 'berg' meaning "hill" or "mountain" (c.f. iceberg , inselberg ). Hence

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624-579: Is land and 6,101 square miles (15,800 km ) (6.4%) is water. The borough is larger than 39 states. Its western coastline is along the Chukchi Sea , while its eastern shores (beyond Point Barrow ) are on the Beaufort Sea . The North Slope Borough is the largest county-level political subdivision in the United States by area, with a larger land area than the state of Utah , the 13th-largest state in

676-613: The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act . Most are Inupiat . The borough was named for the Alaska North Slope basin . In 1974, it adopted a Home Rule Charter , enabling it to exercise any legitimate governmental power. The borough has first-class status and exercises the powers of planning, zoning, taxation, and schools. In 2020, the airline Ravn Alaska went into bankruptcy and ended operations. The government of North Slope Borough attempted to take control of

728-643: The Irish House of Commons , of which 80 were disfranchised by the Acts of Union 1800 . All but 11 municipal boroughs were abolished under the Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840 . Under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 , six of these became county boroughs : Dublin , Belfast , Cork , Derry , Limerick and Waterford . From 1921, Belfast and Derry were part of Northern Ireland and stayed within

780-540: The Local Government Reform Act 2014 : Clonmel , Drogheda , Sligo , and Wexford . A local boundary review reporting in 2018 proposed granting borough status to any district containing a census town with a population over 30,000; this would have included the towns of Dundalk , Bray , and Navan . This would have required an amendment to the 2014 Act, promised for 2019 by minister John Paul Phelan . Historically, there were 117 parliamentary boroughs in

832-972: The Old English word burg, burh , meaning a fortified settlement; the word appears as modern English bury , -brough , Scots burgh , borg in Scandinavian languages, Burg in German. A number of other European languages have cognate words that were borrowed from the Germanic languages during the Middle Ages , including brog in Irish , bwr or bwrc , meaning "wall, rampart" in Welsh , bourg in French , burg in Catalan (in Catalonia there

884-650: The United Kingdom on the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922. Galway was a borough from 1937 until upgraded to a county borough in 1985. The county boroughs in the Republic of Ireland were redesignated as "cities" under the Local Government Act 2001 . Dún Laoghaire was a borough from 1930 until merged into Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown county in 1994. There were five borough councils in place at

936-467: The United States as a whole. As of the 2020 census , the population was 11,031. The borough seat and largest city, comprising nearly half of the borough’s population, is Utqiaġvik (known as Barrow from 1901 to 2016), the northernmost settlement in the United States . The borough was established in 1972 by an election of the majority Indigenous people in the region, following Congressional passage of

988-628: The coat of arms . From 1265 , two burgesses from each borough were summoned to the Parliament of England , alongside two knights from each county . Thus parliamentary constituencies were derived from the ancient boroughs. Representation in the House of Commons was decided by the House itself, which resulted in boroughs being established in some small settlements for the purposes of parliamentary representation, despite their possessing no actual corporation. After

1040-649: The 'berg' element in Bergen or Heidelberg relates to a hill, rather than a fort. In some cases, the 'berg' element in place names has converged towards burg/borough; for instance Farnborough, from fernaberga (fern-hill). In Australia , the term "borough" is an occasionally used term for a local government area. Currently there is only one borough in Australia, the Borough of Queenscliffe in Victoria , although there have been more in

1092-465: The 1832 Reform Act, which disenfranchised many of the rotten boroughs (boroughs that had declined in importance, had only a small population, and had only a handful of eligible voters), parliamentary constituencies began to diverge from the ancient boroughs. While many ancient boroughs remained as municipal boroughs, they were disenfranchised by the Reform Act. The Local Government Act 1888 established

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1144-863: The Borough for a family vacation in Hawaii. His wife, Maggie, was later convicted of embezzlement by the Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission in 2015. Edward Itta succeeded George Ahmaogak and served two terms, 2005–2011. In 2011, Charlotte Brower defeated Ahmaogak in a runoff election after his Hawaii vacation was revealed. She was recalled in April 2016, after it was reported the year before that her office had made numerous donations to individuals (including family members), sports clubs, and other groups that amounted to more than $ 800,000 since 2011. In July 2016, Harry K. Brower Jr., Charlotte Brower's brother-in-law,

1196-605: The County of London in 1965. These council areas are now referred to as "London boroughs" rather than "metropolitan boroughs". When the new metropolitan counties ( Greater Manchester , Merseyside , South Yorkshire , Tyne and Wear , West Midlands , and West Yorkshire ) were created in 1974, their sub-divisions also became metropolitan boroughs in many, but not all, cases; in many cases these metropolitan boroughs recapitulated abolished county boroughs (for example, Stockport ). The metropolitan boroughs possessed slightly more autonomy from

1248-587: The Scottish equivalent. In medieval England , boroughs were also entitled to elect members of parliament . The use of the word borough probably derives from the burghal system of Alfred the Great . Alfred set up a system of defensive strong points ( Burhs ); in order to maintain these particular settlements, he granted them a degree of autonomy. After the Norman Conquest , when certain towns were granted self-governance,

1300-567: The Spanish term localidades ) with a local executive and an administrative board for local government. These boroughs are divided into neighborhoods. The principal cities had localidades with the same features as the European or American cities. Those included Soacha in Bogotá , Bello , La Estrella , Sabaneta , Envigado and Itagüí on Medellín . There are four borough districts designated by

1352-511: The airline's assets to keep flights and shipments coming to the community, but the Alaska Attorney General stated that the borough did not have that authority. The borough is governed by an eleven-member assembly, elected to staggered three-year terms, which meets monthly. Representation on the assembly is apportioned among the various communities; Barrow is allotted six seats, Nuiqsut, Point Hope, and Wainwright one seat apiece, while

1404-602: The ancient boroughs were re-formed as municipal boroughs , with all municipal corporations to be elected according to a standard franchise based on property ownership. The unreformed boroughs lapsed in borough status, or were reformed (or abolished) later. Several new municipal boroughs were formed in the new industrial cities after the bill enacted, per its provisions. As part of a large-scale reform of local government in England and Wales in 1974 , municipal boroughs were finally abolished (having become increasingly irrelevant). However,

1456-468: The borough had 11,031 people and 1,979 households. The population density was 0.12 inhabitants per square mile (0.046/km ). There were 2,631 housing units at an average density of 0.03 inhabitants per square mile (0.012/km ). The racial makeup of the borough was 53.2% Native American or Alaska Native , 32.7% White , 4.3% Hispanic or Latino , 1.8% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander , 1.6% African American , and 5.3% were from two or more races. 4.6% of

1508-424: The borough. The population density was 12.03 square miles (31.2 km ) per person. There were 2,538 housing units at an average density of 35 square miles (91 km ) per unit. The racial makeup of the borough was 33.37% White , 1% Black or African American , 54.08% Native American (mostly Iñupiat ), 4.51% Asian , 1.1% Pacific Islander , 0.71% from other races, and 5.23% from two or more races. 2.64% of

1560-542: The city's local government, or no powers at all. In other places, such as the U.S. state of Alaska , borough designates a whole region ; Alaska's largest borough, the North Slope Borough , is comparable in area to the entire United Kingdom , although its population is less than that of Swanage on England's south coast with around 9,600 inhabitants. In Australia , a borough was once a self-governing small town, but this designation has all but vanished, except for

1612-554: The civic traditions of many were continued by the grant of a charter to their successor district councils. As to smallest boroughs, a town council was formed for an alike zone, while charter trustees were formed for a few others. A successor body is allowed to use the regalia of the old corporation, and appoint ceremonial office holders such as sword and mace bearers as provided in their original charters. The council, or trustees, may apply for an Order in Council or Royal Licence to use

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1664-460: The concept of the burh/borough seems to have been reused to mean a self-governing settlement. The concept of the borough has been used repeatedly (and often differently) throughout the world. Often, a borough is a single town with its own local government. However, in some cities it is a subdivision of the city (for example, New York City , London , and Montreal ). In such cases, the borough will normally have either limited powers delegated to it by

1716-674: The government (for example, those working in war industries); combined these exemptions covered more men than were serving overseas with the British Army. Some men were exempted on the condition that they joined the Volunteer Training Corps for part-time training and home defence duties; by February 1918, 101,000 men had been directed to the Corps by the tribunals. Borough In the Middle Ages , boroughs were settlements in England that were granted some self-government ; burghs were

1768-463: The metropolitan county councils than the shire county districts did from their county councils. With the abolition of the metropolitan county councils in 1986, these metropolitan boroughs became independent, and continue to be so at present. Elsewhere in England a number of districts and unitary authority areas are called "borough". Until 1974, this was a status that denoted towns with a certain type of local government (a municipal corporation , or

1820-514: The municipal boroughs, abolished in 1974, being reabsorbed into their parent counties for administrative purposes. In 1899, as part of a reform of local government in the County of London , the various parishes in London were reorganised as new entities, the 'metropolitan boroughs'. These were reorganised further when Greater London was formed out of Middlesex, parts of Surrey, Kent, Essex, Hertfordshire and

1872-405: The nation . Although the adjacent Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area is larger in area, it has no borough-level government. The borough is the fourth-least densely populated county-level entity in the United States. The Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area is the least densely populated county-level entity. It shares its eastern border with Yukon , Canada, which has no subdivisions. As of the census of 2020,

1924-700: The only remaining borough in the country, which is the Borough of Queenscliffe . Boroughs as administrative units are to be found in Ireland and the United Kingdom, more specifically in England and Northern Ireland . Boroughs also exist in the Canadian province of Quebec and formerly in Ontario , in some states of the United States, in Israel , formerly in New Zealand and only one left in Australia. The word borough derives from

1976-654: The past. However, in some cases it can be integrated into the council's name instead of used as an official title, such as the Kingborough Council in Tasmania . In Quebec , the term borough is generally used as the English translation of arrondissement , referring to an administrative division of a municipality, or a district. Eight municipalities are divided into boroughs: See List of boroughs in Quebec . In Ontario , it

2028-416: The population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 2,109 households, out of which 48.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.3% were married couples living together, 18.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.70% were non-families. 21.4% of all households comprised individuals, and 1.9% had someone who was 65 or older living alone. The average household size

2080-433: The population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. 42.84% reported speaking Iñupiaq or "Eskimo" at home, while 4.21% reported speaking Tagalog . As of the census of 2000, there were 7,385 people. The racial makeup was 17.09% White , 0.72% Black or African American , 68.38% Native American (mostly Iñupiat ), 5.92% Asian , 0.84% Pacific Islander , 0.50% from other races, and 6.55% from two or more races. 2.37% of

2132-409: The population were veterans , and 6.3% were born outside of the United States. The average household size was 3.36 people. 7.9% of the population were under the age of 5, 26.8% were under the age of 18, 65.7% were between the ages of 18 and 64, and 7.5% were aged 65 or older. 62.4% of the population were male and 37.6% were female. 86.2% of households contained a computer, with 69.8% of households having

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2184-408: The remaining two seats combine two communities; Anaktuvuk Pass with Kaktovik and Atqasuk with Point Lay. The borough's executive and administrative powers are vested in a mayor, who is limited to two consecutive three-year terms. Former mayor Eugene Brower, Charlotte Brower's husband, was convicted of tax evasion involving contractor kickbacks in the 1980s. Former mayor George Ahmaogak had billed

2236-498: The time of the Local Government Reform Act 2014 which abolished all second-tier local government units of borough and town councils. Each local government authority outside of Dublin, Cork City and Galway City was divided into areas termed municipal districts . In four of the areas which had previously been contained borough councils, as listed above, these were instead termed Borough Districts. Kilkenny had previously had

2288-873: The towns of Yehud and Modi'in . Similar structures have been created under different types of legal status over the years in Israel, notably Kiryat Haim in Haifa , Jaffa in Tel Aviv-Yafo and Ramot and Gilo in Jerusalem . However, Neve Monosson is the first example of a full municipal borough actually declared under law by the Minister of the Interior, under a model subsequently adopted in Maccabim-Re'ut as well. In Mexico as translations from English to Spanish applied to Mexico City ,

2340-565: The tradition of a small town council that does not include surrounding rural area. In Trinidad and Tobago , a Borough is a unit of Local Government . There are 5 boroughs in The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago: During the medieval period many towns were granted self-governance by the Crown, at which point they became referred to as boroughs. The formal status of borough came to be conferred by Royal Charter . These boroughs were generally governed by

2392-417: The tribunals' work dealt with domestic and business matters. Men could apply on the grounds of their doing work of national importance, business or domestic hardship, medical unfitness, or conscientious objection. Only around two per cent of applicants were conscientious objectors. The image of the tribunals at the time was that they were soft on these cases and harsh on those relating to domestic hardship; after

2444-717: The war conscience cases became more prominent and tribunals are known for their (genuinely) harsh treatment of objectors. A very large number of men applied: by the end of June 1916, 748,587 men had applied to tribunals. Over the same period around 770,000 men joined the army . Most men were given some kind of exemption, usually temporary (between a few weeks and six months) or conditional on their situation at work or home remaining serious enough to warrant their retention at home. In October 1.12 million men nationally held tribunal exemption or had cases pending, by May 1917 this had fallen to 780,000 exempt and 110,000 pending. At this point there were also 1.8 million men with exemptions granted by

2496-453: The word borough has resulted in a delegación (delegation), referring to the 16 administrative areas within the Mexico City, now called Alcaldías . New Zealand formerly used the term borough to designate self-governing towns of more than 1,000 people, although 19th century census records show many boroughs with populations as low as 200. A borough of more than 20,000 people could become

2548-517: Was 3.45, and the average family size was 4.05. The borough's population was spread out, with 38.2% under 18, 9.50% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 18.10% from 45 to 64, and 4.2% who were 65 or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.90 males. "Among all North Slope Borough communities, a higher percentage of Nuiqsut households use subsistence resources for more than half of their diet." The borough has

2600-567: Was first elected in a run-off election to serve the rest of Charlotte Brower's second term. Harry K. Brower Jr. ran for a full term as mayor in October 2017 but was forced into a November runoff against his nephew, Frederick Brower, where he easily won a full 3-year term. According to the United States Census Bureau , the borough has a total area of 94,796 square miles (245,520 km ), of which 88,695 square miles (229,720 km )

2652-540: Was previously used to denote suburban municipalities in Metropolitan Toronto , including Scarborough, York, North York and Etobicoke prior to their conversions to cities. The Borough of East York was the last Toronto municipality to hold this status, relinquishing it upon becoming part of the City of Toronto government on January 1, 1998. The Colombian municipalities are subdivided into boroughs (English translation of

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2704-409: Was reorganised in 1973. Under the legislation that created the 26 districts of Northern Ireland , a district council whose area included an existing municipal borough could resolve to adopt the charter of the old municipality and thus continue to enjoy borough status. Districts that do not contain a former borough can apply for a charter in a similar manner to English districts. In the United States,

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