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33-671: Before 1580, Muli was a colony of the Naxi kingdom and dominated by the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. After 1640, it became a stronghold of the Tibetan Buddhist Geluk school and was deeply involved in the power struggles between the Geluk and Kakyu schools as well as the Tibetans and Mongols. Until 1950, Muli was a semi-independent theocratic kingdom ruled by a series of hereditary lama kings based at

66-504: A garnish on some foods. Nocino is a liqueur made from unripe green walnuts steeped in alcohol with syrup added. Walnut oil is available commercially and is chiefly used as a food ingredient, particularly in salad dressings . It has a low smoke point , which limits its use for frying . Walnut husks can be used to make durable ink for writing and drawing. It is thought to have been used by artists including Leonardo da Vinci and Rembrandt . Walnut husk pigments are used as

99-482: A brown dye for fabric and were used in classical Rome and medieval Europe for dyeing hair . The US Army once used ground walnut shells for abrasive blasting to clean aviation parts because of low cost and low abrasive qualities. However, an investigation of a fatal Boeing CH-47 Chinook helicopter crash (11 September 1982, in Mannheim, Germany) revealed that walnut shell grit had clogged an oil port, leading to

132-485: A health claim that "Walnuts contribute to the improvement of endothelium -dependent vasodilation " at a daily intake of 30 grams (1.1 oz); it also found that a cause and effect relationship did not exist between consuming walnuts and reduction of blood LDL-cholesterol levels. The recommended health claim was later authorized by the European Commission . A 2020 systematic review assessing

165-707: A membranous partition. The seed kernels – commonly available as shelled walnuts – are enclosed in a brown seed coat which contains antioxidants. The antioxidants protect the oil-rich seed from atmospheric oxygen, preventing rancidity . Walnut trees are late to grow leaves , typically not doing so until more than halfway through the spring. Walnut hulls contain diverse phytochemicals , such as polyphenols , that stain hands and can cause skin irritation. Seven phenolic compounds, including ferulic acid , vanillic acid , coumaric acid , syringic acid , myricetin , and juglone , were identified in walnut husks; juglone had concentrations of 2-4% fresh weight. Walnuts also contain

198-754: A mix such as muesli , or as an ingredient of a dish : e.g. walnut soup , walnut pie , walnut coffee cake , banana cake , brownie , fudge . Walnuts are often candied or pickled. Pickled walnuts that are the whole fruit can be savory or sweet depending on the preserving solution. Walnuts may be used as an ingredient in other foodstuffs. Walnut is an important ingredient in baklava , Circassian chicken , potica (a traditional festive pastry from Slovenia ), satsivi (chicken in walnut sauce), tarator (a summer soup in Bulgarian cuisine ), and poultry or meat ball stew from Iranian cuisine . Walnuts are also popular as an ice cream topping, and walnut pieces are used as

231-418: A waste product, superior natural biodegradability, and odor control as good or better than clay litter. Disadvantages include the possibility of allergic reactions among humans and cats. Walnuts have been listed as one of the 38 substances used to prepare Bach flower remedies , a herbal remedy promoted in folk medicine practices for its supposed effect on health. According to Cancer Research UK , "there

264-619: Is a title for a teacher of the Dharma in Tibetan Buddhism . The name is similar to the Sanskrit term guru , meaning "heavy one", endowed with qualities the student will eventually embody. The Tibetan word "lama" means "highest principle", and less literally "highest mother" or "highest father" to show close relationship between teacher and student. Historically, the term was used for venerated spiritual masters or heads of monasteries . Today

297-764: Is characterised by the canyons formed by three rivers flowing from north to south: the Shuiluo River , the Litang River , and the Yalong River that carves out a huge canyon before flowing into the Yangtze River . Muli County comprises 6 towns , 16 townships and 5 ethnic townships . Muli County has a population of more than 125,000. The inhabitants of Muli include many of China's minorities , predominantly Tibetan and Yi as well as Pumi and Naxi people. There are also some ethnic Mongol people who settled here after

330-548: Is famous for its gold producing rivers, which are still exploited on a small, non-industrial scale. Its broad expanses of forests were also heavily logged until a logging ban was introduced in 1999. Now most of the local economy is based on agriculture and livestock. Forests include hemlock, cypress, yellow cedars, as well as spruce and fir trees. Muli is also known for its azalea , rhododendron , and walnut plants. Lama Samding Dorje Phagmo Lama ( Tibetan : བླ་མ་ , Wylie : bla-ma , lit.   ' boss ' )

363-555: Is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer". Large, symmetrically shaped, and sometimes intricately carved walnut shells (mainly from J. hopeiensis ) are valued collectibles in China where they are rotated in hand as a plaything or as decoration. They are also an investment and status symbol , with some carvings having high monetary value if unique. Pairs of walnuts are sometimes sold in their green husks for

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396-467: Is present in other Germanic-language words for the same nut, such as: German Walnuss , Dutch walnoot , Danish valnød , and Swedish valnöt . Walnuts, like other tree nuts, must be processed and stored properly. Poor storage makes walnuts susceptible to insect and fungal mold infestations; the latter produces aflatoxin – a potent carcinogen . A batch that contains mold-infested walnuts should be entirely discarded. The ideal temperature for

429-510: The Daily Value , DV) of several dietary minerals , particularly manganese at 148% DV, along with significant amounts of B vitamins (table). Unlike most nuts, which are high in monounsaturated fatty acids , walnut oil is composed largely of polyunsaturated fatty acids (72% of total fats), particularly alpha-linolenic acid (14%) and linoleic acid (58%), although it does contain oleic acid as 13% of total fats (table source). In 2004,

462-585: The Vajrayana path of Tibetan Buddhism, the lama is often the tantric spiritual guide, the guru to the aspiring Buddhist yogi or yogini . As such, the lama will then appear as one of the Three Roots (a variant of the Three Jewels ), alongside the yidam and protector (who may be a dakini , dharmapala or other Buddhist deity figure). The mind of the lama is considered Buddha – one's highest potential,

495-632: The California black walnut (often used as a rootstock for commercial propagation of J. regia ), J. cinerea (butternuts), and J. major , the Arizona walnut. Other sources list J. californica californica as native to southern California, and Juglans californica hindsii , or just J. hindsii , as native to northern California; in at least one case, these are given as "geographic variants" instead of subspecies (Botanica). Numerous walnut cultivars have been developed commercially, which are nearly all hybrids of

528-604: The English walnut. During the Byzantine era , the walnut was also known by the name "royal nut". An article on walnut tree cultivation in Spain is included in Ibn al-'Awwam 's 12th-century Book on Agriculture . The wal element in the name is Germanic and means foreign , especially in the sense of Latin or non-Germanic . Compare, for example, Wales , Walloons , Wallachia . The wal element

561-453: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) provided a qualified health claim allowing products containing walnuts to state: "Supportive but not conclusive research shows that eating 1.5 ounces (43 g) per day of walnuts, as part of a low saturated fat and low cholesterol diet and not resulting in increased caloric intake, may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease ." At the same time,

594-575: The accident and the discontinuation of walnut shells as a cleaning agent. Commercially, crushed walnut shells are still used outside of aviation for low-abrasive, less-toxic cleaning and blasting applications. In the oil and gas industry, deep bed filters of ground walnut shell are used for "polishing" (filtering) oily contaminates from water. At least two companies, LitterMaid and Naturally Fresh, make cat litter from ground walnut shells. Advantages cited over conventional clay litter include environmental sustainability of using what would otherwise be

627-474: The agency refused to authorize the claim that "Diets including walnuts can reduce the risk of heart disease" and in 2010, it sent a warning letter to Diamond Foods stating there is "not sufficient evidence to identify a biologically active substance in walnuts that reduces the risk of coronary heart disease." In 2011, a scientific panel for the European Food Safety Authority recommended

660-485: The effect of walnut supplementation on blood pressure found insufficient evidence to support walnut consumption as a blood pressure-lowering strategy. As of 2021 , the relationship between walnut consumption and cognitive health is inconclusive. Walnut meats are available in two forms: in their shells or de-shelled. Due to processing, the meats may be whole, halved, or in smaller portions. All walnuts can be eaten on their own (raw, toasted, or pickled), or as part of

693-574: The ellagitannin, pedunculagin . Regiolone has been isolated with juglone, betulinic acid and sitosterol from the stem bark of J. regia . The three species of walnuts most commonly grown for their seeds are the Persian (or English) walnut ( J. regia ), originating from Iran, the black walnut ( J. nigra ) – native to eastern North America – and the Japanese walnut, also known as the heartnut ( J. ailantifolia ). Other species include J. californica ,

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726-581: The extended storage of walnuts is −3 to 0 °C (27 to 32 °F) with low humidity for industrial and home storage. However, such refrigeration technologies are unavailable in developing countries where walnuts are produced in large quantities; walnuts are best stored below 25 °C (77 °F) with low humidity. Temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) and humidity levels above 70 percent can lead to rapid and high spoilage losses. Above 75 percent humidity threshold, fungal molds that release aflatoxin can form. In 2022, world production of walnuts (in shell)

759-443: The lama's speech is dharma, and the lama's body is one's guide and companion on the way to enlightenment, meaning the lama is the perfect embodiment of the sangha. Another expression of lama can be expressed through the 3 Kayas. Walnut A walnut is the edible seed of any tree of the genus Juglans (family Juglandaceae ), particularly the Persian or English walnut, Juglans regia . They are accessory fruit because

792-424: The outer covering of the fruit is technically an involucre and thus not morphologically part of the carpel; this means it cannot be a drupe but is instead a drupe-like nut. After full ripening, the shell is discarded, and the kernel is eaten. Nuts of the eastern black walnut ( Juglans nigra ) and butternuts ( Juglans cinerea ) are less commonly consumed. Walnuts are the round, single-seed stone fruits of

825-449: The pacification expeditions of Kublai Khan in the 11th century. The main resources in Muli are hydro electric power from the rivers and a wide variety of plants used in traditional Chinese medicine , such as Chinese caterpillar fungus. The remote location and low population have allowed many protected species to survive here, including the white-lipped deer and stump-tailed macaque . Muli

858-425: The term lama has historically been erroneously applied to Tibetan monks in general. Similarly, Tibetan Buddhism was referred to as "Lamaism" by early western scholars and travelers who perhaps did not understand that what they were witnessing was a form of Buddhism; they may also have been unaware of the distinction between Tibetan Buddhism and Bön . The term Lamaism is now considered by some to be derogatory. In

891-523: The then unvisited regions of Mount Gongga and Yading . Joseph Rock wrote colourful accounts of his encounters with the eccentric lama ruler of Muli in National Geographic . These are said to have been the inspiration for the writer James Hilton and his novel Lost Horizon , about a remote monastery in the Himalayas . Muli county has an area of 13,252 km (5,117 sq mi). The county

924-528: The title can be used as an honorific title conferred on a monk , nun or a lay person (especially in the Nyingma , Kagyu and Sakya schools) advanced tantric practitioner to designate a level of spiritual attainment and authority to teach, or may be part of a title such as Dalai Lama or Panchen Lama applied to a lineage of reincarnate lamas ( Tulkus ). Perhaps due to misunderstandings by early western scholars attempting to understand Tibetan Buddhism,

957-468: The trio of Gelug Buddhist monasteries at old Muli, Kulu and Waerdje. These lamaseries were overthrown by the new Communist government of China in the 1950s and destroyed during the Cultural Revolution . The monastery at old Muli, 120 km (75 mi) north of the county seat, once housed more than 700 monks. It was originally built in the early Qing dynasty , took 12 years to build and

990-417: The walnut tree. They ripen between September and November in the northern hemisphere. The brown, wrinkly walnut shell is enclosed in a husk . Shells of walnuts available in commerce usually have two segments (but three or four-segment shells can also form). During the ripening process, the husk becomes brittle and the shell hard. The shell encloses the kernel or meat, which is usually in two halves separated by

1023-496: The western edge of the Litang River Valley at about 3000 metres altitude. The other monasteries are Kulu (now known as Kangwu ), which has been partially rebuilt, and Waerdje (now Wa’erzhai ) which is still in ruins. Muli was visited by the botanist and explorer Joseph Rock in the 1920s and 1930s. He befriended the then lama king, Chote Chaba , and used the monastery as a base for exploring and plant collecting in

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1056-516: Was 3.9 million tonnes , with China contributing 36% of the total (table). Other significant producers (in the order of decreasing harvest) were the United States, Iran , and Turkey . English walnuts without shells are 4% water, 15% protein , 65% fat, and 14% carbohydrates , including 7% dietary fiber (table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), walnuts provide 654 kilocalories (2,740 kJ) and rich contents (20% or more of

1089-513: Was completed in the 17th year of the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor , around 1600. It was modelled on important lamaseries in Tibet and is said to have contained an impressive golden statue of Maitreya over 10 metres high. Since 1987, Muli Monastery has been partly restored and now has about eighty young monks in residence. It is near a modern small town called Wachang , located high up on

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