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37-701: Rothstein was born 8 May 1961 in Denmark. He earned his PhD in 1993 and became a Lector at the University of Copenhagen in 2001. He has been on the board of the Danish Association for the History of Religions (DAHR) and the editorial boards of the publications Renner Studies on New Religions (Aarhus University Press) and Nye Religioner (Gyldendal). Rothstein has been called one of Denmark's top researchers in new religious movements , and has been credited with making them

74-411: A descriptive or expository voice that is not part of the narrative (i.e., non-diegetic ) accompanies the pictured or on-site presentation of events. The voice-over is read from a script and may be spoken by someone who appears elsewhere in the production or by a specialist voice actor . Synchronous dialogue, where the voice-over is narrating the action that is taking place at the same time, remains

111-429: A Postmodern World (2003) (co-editor with Reender Kranenborg ) and The Cambridge Companion to New Religious Movements (2012) (co-editor with Olav Hammer ). Rothstein and his wife, Mie, have two children. His brother, Klaus Rothstein  [ da ] , is a well known TV journalist. Lector Lector is Latin for one who reads, whether aloud or not. In modern languages it takes various forms, as either

148-424: A career in voice-overs. A computer, professional microphone, and an editing program, along with a studio to set up in, are all requirements to develop a professional voice-over. Careers in voice-over often allow people to work at home. To audition for a voice-over role, people often record a demo-reel, which is a compilation of someone's works in voice acting. A demo-reel is important to have for someone looking for

185-467: A development or a loan , such as English: lector , French : lecteur , Polish : lektor and Russian : лектор . It has various specialized uses. The title lector may be applied to lecturers and readers at some universities. There is also the title lector jubilate , which is an equivalent of Doctor of Divinity . In the teaching of modern languages at universities in the United Kingdom,

222-573: A fundamental scientific level. A religious reader is sometimes referred to as a lector . The lector proclaims the Scripture readings used in the Liturgy from the official liturgical book ( lectionary ). In Polish , lektor is also used to mean "off-screen reader" or "voice-over artist". A lektor is a (usually male) reader who provides the Polish voice-over on foreign-language programmes and films where

259-594: A hater of religion. Among books he has written or co-edited are: Belief Transformations: Some Aspects of the Relation between Science and Religion in Transcendental Meditation (TM) and the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) (1996), Secular Theories on Religion: Current Perspectives (2000) (co-author with Tim Jensen), New Age Religion and Globalization (2002), New Religions in

296-404: A job in voice acting because many auditions ask for one. To find casting auditions, there are many online websites that can allow people to sign up for auditions. For an audition, people should study the target audience, warm up and try to arrive early so they can prepare and have the best chance at getting the role. The audition is begun with slating. Slating is a practice where the person going for

333-401: A leading critic, historian, or by the production personnel themselves is often a prominent feature of the release of feature films or documentaries on DVDs . The commercial use of voice-over in television advertising has been popular since the beginning of radio broadcasting . In the early years, before effective sound recording and mixing, announcements were produced "live" and at-once in

370-557: A nationalist Christian project". He has called Lars Hedegaard "an assailant" ( Danish : en voldsmand ), leading to criticism from other free speech advocates. He has been described in a Christian periodical as "uncompromising [and] a wonderful, intelligent man who is both warm, caring and generous with praise for both colleagues and students" and by another commentator in the same publication as demonstrating "one-sided bile" and "hatred" in his utterances concerning Christianity. An opinion article in another newspaper likewise portrayed him as

407-499: A native speaker who assists with language skills may be called a lecteur/lectrice or Lektor/Lektorin . In Dutch higher education the title lector is used for the leader of a research group ( lectoraat ) at a university of applied sciences . The title is officially translated to professor in English. The lector has a comparable set of tasks as (higher ranked) full professors at a (research) university, albeit at an applied rather than

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444-474: A relatively short time to produce, since there is no need to synchronize the voices with the character's lip movements, which is compensated by the quieted original audio. When there is no speaking in the film for some time, the original sound is turned up. Recently, as more films are distributed with separate voice and noises-and-music tracks, some voice-over translations in Bulgaria are produced by only turning down

481-409: A significant increase in the use of voice-overs in commercials. Advertisers began to realize the impact of a strong, persuasive voice in selling products. This period also saw the growth of dubbing foreign films and shows, expanding the global reach of media content. With the advent of cable television and home video in the 1980s and 1990s, the demand for voice-over artists surged. The era was marked by

518-564: A studio with the entire cast, crew and, usually, orchestra. A corporate sponsor hired a producer, who hired writers and voice actors to perform comedy or drama. Manufacturers will often use a distinctive voice to help them with brand messaging, often retaining talent to a long-term exclusive contract. The industry expanded very rapidly with the advent of television in the 1950s, and the age of highly produced serial radio shows ended. The ability to record high-quality sound on magnetic tape also created opportunities. Digital recording , thanks to

555-540: A topic of scholarship. Another area of scholarly interest is indigenous religions ; he was the first researcher to describe the Penan people of Borneo . Rothstein has been involved in some conflicts in the media. In 2007 he was criticized after defending Ungdomshuset . In 2011 he was one of those criticizing the rephrasing of the mission of Denmark's state-owned broadcasting service, DR , to include promoting Christian values , which he called "a way of making us all hostages to

592-477: Is added in addition to any existing dialogue and is not to be confused with voice acting or the process of replacing dialogue with a translated version, the latter of which is called dubbing or revoicing. The voice-over industry has evolved significantly since its inception, paralleling developments in technology, entertainment, and advertising. It began in the early days of radio and has since expanded into various media including television, film, video games, and

629-443: Is commonly used on television programs as a language localization technique, as an alternative to full dub localization . In Bulgaria , multiple voice-over is also common, but each film (or episode) is normally voiced by three to six actors. The voice artists try to match the original voice and preserve the intonation . The main reason for the use of this type of translation is that unlike synchronized voice translation, it takes

666-425: Is considering designating the profession a form of " intangible cultural heritage ". The Montecristo brand of cigars derives its name for the fondness that cigar makers had for listening to The Count of Monte Cristo . Voice-over Voice-over (also known as off-camera or off-stage commentary ) is a production technique used in radio , television , filmmaking , theatre , and other media in which

703-445: Is likewise used to give voices and personalities to animated characters. Noteworthy and versatile voice actors include Mel Blanc , Daws Butler , Don Messick , Paul Frees , and June Foray . Charactering techniques in voice-overs are used to give personalities and voice to fictional characters. There has been some controversy with charactering techniques in voice-overs, particularly with white radio entertainers mimicking AAVE . In

740-520: Is often presented as a series of video clips of newsworthy events, with voice-over by the reporters describing the significance of the scenes being presented; these are interspersed with straight video of the news anchors describing stories for which video is not shown. Television networks such as The History Channel and the Discovery Channel make extensive use of voice-overs. On NBC , the television show Starting Over used Sylvia Villagran as

777-460: Is recounting details of a crime. Classic voice-overs in cinema history can be heard in Citizen Kane and The Naked City . Sometimes, voice-over can be used to aid continuity in edited versions of films, in order for the audience to gain a better understanding of what has gone on between scenes. This was done when the film Joan of Arc (1948) starring Ingrid Bergman turned out to be far from

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814-488: The voice-over translation technique is used. This is the standard localization technique on Polish television and (as an option) on many DVDs; full dubbing is generally reserved for children's material. Historically, lectors (known as lectores in Cuba) or readers in a cigar factory entertained workers by reading books or newspapers aloud, often left-wing publications, paid for by unions or by workers pooling their money. In

851-457: The 1980s, the British broadcasters Steve Wright and Kenny Everett used voice-over artists to create a virtual "posse" or studio crew who contributed to the programmes. It is believed that this principle was in play long before that time. The American radio broadcaster Howard Stern has also used voice-overs in this way. The voice-over has many applications in non-fiction as well. Television news

888-696: The United States, the custom was common in the cigar factories of Ybor City in Tampa but was discontinued after the Ybor City cigar makers' strike of 1931 . The practice apparently originated in Cuba. Lectores were introduced in 1865 to educate and relieve boredom among cigar workers. Lectores , and their reading material, are chosen by the workers of the cigar factory. Lectores often take on extra-official roles and formerly acted as "spurs to dissent". As of 2017 , UNESCO

925-763: The audition states their name and then says Take 1, Take 2, Take 3. After slating, the auditionee then reads the copy given to them by the casting team. In Herman Melville 's Moby Dick (1956), Ishmael ( Richard Basehart ) narrates the story, and he sometimes comments on the action in voice-over, as does Joe Gillis ( William Holden ) in Sunset Boulevard (1950) and Eric Erickson (William Holden) in The Counterfeit Traitor (1962); adult Pip ( John Mills ) in Great Expectations (1946) and Michael York in its 1974 television remake . Voice-over technique

962-401: The box-office and critical hit that was expected and it was edited down from 145 minutes to 100 minutes for its second run in theaters. The edited version, which circulated for years, used narration to conceal the fact that large chunks of the film had been cut out. In the full-length version, restored in 1998 and released on DVD in 2004, the voice-over narration is heard only at the beginning of

999-507: The fictional story to be a real news broadcast. The 1940s and 1950s are often referred to as the Golden Age of Radio. Voice actors like Mel Blanc, known for his work with Warner Bros. cartoons, became household names. This era also saw the transition from radio to television. Voice-over work expanded to include off-screen narration and character voices in television shows, particularly in animations and commercials. The 1960s and 1970s witnessed

1036-459: The film. Film noir is especially associated with the voice-over technique. The golden age of first-person narration was during the 1940s. Film noir typically used male voice-over narration but there are a few rare female voice-overs. In radio, voice-overs are an integral part of the creation of the radio program. The voice-over artist might be used to entice listeners of the station name or as characters to enhance or develop show content. During

1073-452: The industry. Voice-over websites and online casting services have made it easier for artists to find work and for producers to find talent. To become a voice actor, significant training is required. The important factors to being a voice actor are technique, genres, and work. It is recommended to hire an acting coach and voice coach to help hone skills for recording a voice-over. There are many pieces of equipment that are also required to start

1110-562: The internet. Voice-over work began in the 1920s with the advent of radio broadcasting. The industry was primarily driven by radio dramas, comedies, and serials. Actors like Orson Welles were among the pioneers, known for their work on radio shows such as "The Mercury Theatre on the Air." The most notable event of this era was the 1938 broadcast of "The War of the Worlds," directed and narrated by Welles, which famously caused panic among listeners who believed

1147-573: The late 1920s, radio started to stray away from reporting exclusively on musicals and sporting events; instead, radio began to create serial talk shows as well as shows with fictional story lines. Radio became the ideal medium for voice impersonations. In film, the filmmaker distributes the sound of a human voice (or voices) over images shown on the screen that may or may not be related to the words that are being spoken. Consequently, voice-overs are sometimes used to create ironic counterpoint. Also, sometimes they can be random voices not directly connected to

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1184-426: The legitimacy of how a voice sounds, specifically one of a voice-over. Advances in technology for sound recording have helped voice-overs reach that standard. These technological advances have increasingly diminished "the noise of the system...and thus reducing the distance perceived between the object and its representation." In some countries, such as Russia , Ukraine and Poland , voice-over provided by an artist

1221-453: The most common technique in voice-overs. Asynchronous, however, is also used in cinema. It is usually prerecorded and placed over the top of a film or video and commonly used in documentaries or news reports to explain information. Voice-overs are used in video games and on-hold messages, as well as for announcements and information at events and tourist destinations. It may also be read live for events such as award presentations. Voice-over

1258-525: The people seen on the screen. In works of fiction, the voice-over is often by a character reflecting on his or her past, or by a person external to the story who usually has a more complete knowledge of the events in the film than the other characters. Voice-overs are often used to create the effect of storytelling by a character/omniscient narrator . For example, in The Usual Suspects , the character of Roger "Verbal" Kint has voice-over segments as he

1295-441: The proliferation of PCs, smartphones (iOS and Android 5.0+), dedicated recording devices, free or inexpensive recording and editing software, and USB microphones of reasonable quality, and the increasing use of home studios, has revolutionized the industry. The sound recording industry uses the term "presence" as the standard of a good quality voice-over and is used for commercial purposes in particular. The term "presence" measures

1332-565: The rise of animated shows, video games, and the direct-to-video market. Voice actors like James Earl Jones, known for his work as the voice of Darth Vader in "Star Wars," and Frank Welker, known for his work in cartoons and films, became prominent. The turn of the millennium brought about drastic changes with the proliferation of the internet. Platforms like YouTube and the advent of podcasting opened up new avenues for voice-over work. Home recording technology and high-speed internet made it possible for voice-over artists to work remotely, democratizing

1369-532: The voice-over narrator to tell a story. Live sports broadcasts are usually shown as extensive voice-overs by sports commentators over video of the sporting event. Game shows formerly made extensive use of voice-overs to introduce contestants and describe available or awarded prizes, but this technique has diminished as shows have moved toward predominantly cash prizes. The most prolific have included Don Pardo , Johnny Olson , John Harlan , Jay Stewart , Gene Wood and Johnny Gilbert . Voice-over commentary by

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