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51-626: Midhurst Brickworks is a former brickworks situated to the south-west of Midhurst , West Sussex in England. The works were sited close to the (now closed) Midhurst Common railway station on the Midhurst to Petersfield ( L.S.W.R. ) railway line. The works were established in 1913, on land owned by the Cowdray Estate , and closed in 1985. From 1938, the company traded as Midhurst Whites after their main product, white bricks made of sand and lime, which

102-457: A Lancashire boiler . Cloke had hoped to acquire a contract to supply bricks to London County Council but the contract failed to mature and eventually Cloke was forced to sell off a stock of 4 million bricks made especially for the expected London contract to a local builder for £1 per 1000; these were used in the construction of new homes at Park Crescent in Midhurst. The company now concentrated on

153-481: A German-made Bernhardi press, with eight single moulds which produced 1200 bricks per hour. The moulded bricks were then loaded onto bogies for transfer to the autoclaves . Each of the six autoclaves could contain 13 bogies. Steam was then applied from the Lancashire boiler which provided saturated steam up to 160 lbs. per sq. inch . This process lasted 12 hours, following which the finished bricks would be taken on

204-504: A controlling interest in the well-known Paxman diesel engine company of Colchester in Essex . In the later stages of the war, Paxman built 4,000 diesel engines that powered all the British-built tank landing craft (LCT) on D-Day . It supplied diesel engines for British Rail locomotives in the 1960s. From 1954 to 1964 the company's Managing Director was Geoffrey Bone who had been part of

255-417: A failure. Shortly after this, Cloke died from thrombosis . To handle the expanded production, new storage sheds were erected close to the railway station, with Southern Railway providing 150 special truck containers to transport the bricks without further handling. Production continued throughout World War II, with the company acquiring War Office contracts, including Thorney Island RAF Station . By 1945,

306-451: A few specialty suppliers. Large industrial brickworks supply clay from a quarry, moving it by conveyor belt or truck / lorry to the main factory, although it may be stockpiled outside before entering the machinery. When the clay enters the preparation plant (Clay Prep) it is crushed, and mixed with water and other additives which may include breeze, a very fine anthracite that aids firing. This process, also known as pugmilling , improves

357-455: A few years other makers were selling similar vehicles that weighed only 3/4 ton and cost around £120–200 – and never reached the hoped-for production volumes. About 1,500 were made between 1919 and 1924, two of which are still retained by Siemens on the Lincoln site. One is fully restored in running/driving condition, while the second example is still awaiting attention. The R-H car was developed by

408-720: A full eight years before Rudolph Diesel 's engine was produced commercially. Ruston built oil and diesel engines in sizes from a few HP up to large industrial engines. Several R&H engines are on display at the Anson Engine Museum at Poynton , Manchester and also at Internal Fire - Museum of Power , Tanygroes near Cardigan. The company also diversified into the manufacture of petrol engines, again from around 1.5 hp upwards, some of these designs were later manufactured under licence by The Wolseley Sheep Shearing Machine Company . The firm were builders of steam engines and portable steam engines for many years, mainly for

459-452: A kiln, to give them their final hardness and appearance. In the mid-nineteenth century the development of automated brickmaking machines such as the Bradley & Craven Ltd "Stiff-Plastic Brickmaking Machine" revolutionised the brick-manufacturing process. As of 2016 , one of the largest single brickworks site in the world able to manufacture one million bricks per day stands on the banks of

510-660: A new type of power plant using waste sewage gas that powered eight turbines at Britain's biggest sewage works at the Northern Outfall Sewer at Beckton in East London . This was an 18,000 horsepower combined heat and power plant. The company pioneered combined heat and power schemes. The company began this technology in Cortemaggiore , Emilia-Romagna in 1956 at the Agip (Azienda Generale Italiana Petroli) oil refinery. By

561-525: A number of four and six-coupled tank locomotives , one of which was sent to the Paris Exhibition in 1867 . In 1868 it built five 0-6-0 tank engines for the Great Eastern Railway to the design of Samuel Waite Johnson . Three of these were converted to crane tanks, two of which lasted until 1952, aged eighty-four. Among the company's output were sixteen for Argentina and some for T. A. Walker,

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612-508: Is best known as a manufacturer of narrow and standard gauge diesel locomotives and also of steam shovels . Other products included cars , steam locomotives and a range of internal combustion engines , and later gas turbines . It is now a subsidiary of Siemens . Proctor & Burton was established in 1840, operating as millwrights and engineers. It became Ruston, Proctor and Company in 1857 when Joseph Ruston joined them, acquiring limited liability status in 1899. From 1866 it built

663-551: The Queen's Award for Enterprise : International Trade (Export) in 1977, 1978 and 1982. The large Singer factory in Clydebank , which employed 11,000 people, was notably powered by Rustons turbines. The King Faisal Specialist Hospital was installed with a CHP unit in 1975. Whitehall in London is heated and has its electricity from a CHP unit built in the late 1990s. In 1940 R&H bought

714-419: The 1950s onwards. In the 1960s it was Europe's leading supplier of land-based gas turbines. It introduced Dry Low Emission (DLE) combustion technology in the mid-1990s becoming market leaders. The initiation of the production and design of gas turbines was largely due to Bob Feilden CBE (1917–2004) who joined the company in 1946. Gas turbines were first produced in 1952. The Beevor Foundry on Beevor Street

765-527: The GEC group of companies in Lincoln (including Dormans) survived the 1970s. The company actually expanded during this difficult time, helped by the fact that 80% of its engines were exported and the North Sea oil industry was rapidly expanding at this time, which required portable electricity generation and heating. The original Ruston works (Waterside South, Lincoln) focused on Gas Turbine manufacture from 1967 becoming

816-546: The Lincoln plant: Until the late 1960s, it produced Thermax boilers. The boiler business was sold for £1.75m to Cochrane & Co of Annan, Dumfries and Galloway in October 1968, that was bought by John Thompson of Wolverhampton four months later. It was bought by Clarke Chapman in 1970. In 1957, it was the first company to fit a main Royal Navy ship ( HMS Cumberland ) with a (experimental) gas turbine. In 1959, it opened

867-513: The Lincoln site becoming a feeder plant. The plant was taken over by William Sinclair Horticulture , who ceased using it in 2015. The building was demolished in 2019. The Vulcan Foundry in Newton-le-Willows in Merseyside was known as Ruston Diesels (formerly Ruston Paxman Diesels) until 2002. It was taken over by MAN Diesel on 12 June 2000. Rustons – in its various incarnations –

918-813: The Lincoln subsidiary was known as EGT (European Gas Turbines). In 2003, Alstom sold its gas turbine division (in Lincoln and Franche-Comté ) to Siemens . The site of the former headquarters at Thorngate House, on the opposite side of the A15 , was redeveloped as residential flats. When owned by GEC in the late 1960s and early 1970s, many (if not the vast majority) of Lincoln engineering firms did not survive difficult financial conditions. This included Clayton Dewandre, (that made vacuum and air-pressure brake servos and associated equipment for commercial vehicles). WH Dorman had been bought by English Electric in 1961 and took over an old R&H factory on Beevor Street. Dormans would be bought by Perkins in 1993, then closed in 1995. Only

969-587: The Midhurst Conservation Area draft plan described the bricks as "not attractive", preferring traditional red bricks. The bricks were used in the light wells of Battersea Power Station , and at Broadcasting House and the headquarters of the Royal Institute of British Architects . Brickworks Most brickworks have some or all of the following: Bricks were originally made by hand, and that practice continues in developing countries and with

1020-569: The Power Jets team, and whose father Victor Bone was Managing Director of R&H from 1944 until his death. It was due to Geoffrey Bone that Bob Feilden was recruited for R&H who subsequently formed the gas turbine manufacturing operations. In 1934 the company had formed Aveling-Barford from two companies Aveling & Porter of Kent and Barford & Perkins of Peterborough, using a former site of R&H. The company closed its Grantham diesel-engine factory in 1963. In November 1966, R&H

1071-635: The Swan River in Perth in Western Australia . Zigzag brick kilns are recommended over traditional brick kilns because they consume less coal. In the past, clay was often transported from the quarry to the brickworks by narrow gauge railway or aerial ropeway . Ruston (engine builder) Ruston & Hornsby was an industrial equipment manufacturer in Lincoln, England founded in 1918. The company

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1122-590: The agricultural market; however, they also created steam rollers which were used for making roads and owned by contractors and councils. In the First World War, the company made around 2,750 aeroplanes and 3,000 aero engines . The 1,000th Sopwith Camel (B7380), built at the plant in 1917, was named the Wings of Horus . The company built around 1,600 Sopwith Camels, 250 Sopwith 1½ Strutters , and 200 Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2s . The company, as Ruston & Proctor,

1173-504: The bricks was extracted from a sand pit close to the works on Midhurst Common. Following the First World War, the brickworks were closed until, in 1925, the works were sold to Robert Dunning and Eli Searle, who had acquired the Cocking Lime Works the previous year. Dunning was a brick-maker from Wales, who upgraded the plant at Midhurst and Cocking, enabling the lime works to produce a fine ground lime for use in brick-making. In 1926,

1224-528: The brickworks and lime works, now trading as the Midhurst Brick & Lime Co. Ltd., were acquired by Benjamin Cloke for £6,000. Cloke embarked on a major expansion programme, both at Cocking and Midhurst. At the brickworks, a 25.9 m (85 ft) high chimney was erected and £30,000 was spent on new plant, including an excavator and locomotive, two Sutcliffe Duplex brick presses, two new 160 psi autoclaves and

1275-755: The chief engineer, Edward Boughton, who joined the company in 1916 after helping to develop the tank . Later he would start the Automotive Products Group (APG) in Leamington Spa in 1920 which made Borg & Beck clutches, Lockheed hydraulic brakes, and Purolator fuel filters . In September 1944, when the German Wehrmacht OB West headquarters at Saint-Germain-en-Laye (near Paris ) were captured, previously commanded by Field Marshal Günther von Kluge (from 2 July 1944), they were found to be powered by Ruston diesel engines. It built

1326-465: The company attempted to diversify and one outcome was the Ruston-Hornsby car. Two versions were made, a 15.9 hp with a Dorman 2614 cc engine and a larger 20 hp model with 3308 cc engine of their own manufacture. The cars were, however, very heavy, being built on a 9-inch chassis , and extremely expensive – the cheapest was around £440 and the most expensive nearly £1,000, and within

1377-465: The company had a stockpile of 8 million bricks. Following the closure of the railway in 1964, transport switched to the road. At the same time, the company expanded the works, crossing over the former railbed to open a new sand pit. The works was closed in 1985. The sand for the bricks was extracted from pits on Midhurst Common, close to the brickworks. The sand was extracted by a Ruston steam navvy and loaded into small wagons to be towed by engine to

1428-443: The consistency, firing qualities, texture, and colour of the brick. From here, the processed clay can either be extruded into a continuous strip and cut with wires, or be put into moulds or presses (also referred to as forming ) to form the clay into its final shape. After the forming or cutting, the bricks must be dried - in the open air, in drying sheds, or in special drying kilns. The dried bricks must then be fired or "burnt" in

1479-631: The contractor building the Manchester Ship Canal . During the First World War , Ruston assisted in the war effort , producing some of the first tanks and a number of aircraft, notably the Sopwith Camel . On 11 September 1918, Ruston, Proctor and Company merged with Richard Hornsby & Sons of Grantham to become Ruston and Hornsby Ltd (R&H). Hornsby was the world leader in heavy oil engines , having been building them since 1891,

1530-406: The designs for the houses, which were built between April 1919 and September 1920. The vision for the new suburb included a technical institute, church and schools. After running into financial difficulties the development was sold in 1925 to Swanpool Garden Suburb Ltd, a private company, but only 113 of the planned 2–3000 houses had been constructed and no more were built. After the First World War

1581-454: The disused pits. The lower level had a complex arrangement of tracks connecting the kilns to the two storage sheds and also to the goods shed at the LSWR station. In 1964, two locomotives worked on this level. The most heavily used locomotive was a Hudson "Go-Go" petrol/paraffin locomotive built in 1932, works No.HT45913. The outside frames of this locomotive covered the wheels and reached almost to

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1632-682: The first gas turbine to burn North Sea gas , for the Eastern Gas Board in Watford . In 1981 it won an order to power the Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhgorod pipeline (Trans-Siberian Pipeline). Research work was done in conjunction with the University of Sussex and with Cranfield University in the 1980s, where extensive development was undertaken of the combustion chamber and of the gallery to the turbine. Industrial Gas Turbines of note manufactured at

1683-530: The first prototype of the Valiant tank in 1944. The Grantham site built the Matilda II tank. Ruston & Hornsby was a major producer of small and medium diesel engines for land and marine applications. The company began to build diesel locomotives in 1931 (and continued up until 1967). It was a pioneer and major developer in the industrial application of small (up to 10,000 kW) heavy duty gas turbines from

1734-554: The ground. This engine is now on display at the Amberley Museum Railway . The second locomotive on this level was a 4-wheel Simplex petrol locomotive, works number 6023. The middle level served the active sand pits, transporting material to the kilns. This level was operated by another 4-wheel Simplex petrol locomotive, works number 8981, now at the Old Kiln Light Railway . The upper level carried waste back from

1785-611: The head office of Ruston Gas Turbines. Napier Turbochargers , that had been owned by English Electric since 1942, moved to the site from Liverpool. With the change of ownership in 1989 the name was changed to European Gas Turbines Ltd. Following a spell as Alstom Gas Turbines Ltd, the company is now known as Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery Ltd. The design and research centre in Lincoln opened in May 1957. Siemens announced in September 2009 that Gas Turbine packaging operations were to move abroad with

1836-616: The kiln to reclaim disused pits. A third Simplex petrol locomotive, works number 6035, operated this level. This locomotive is now at the Apedale Valley Light Railway in Staffordshire . The Midhurst White brick suffered from excessive weathering especially in coastal areas, and as a result houses built with them needed to be rendered . The bricks did, however, have a much greater compressive strength than ordinary "red" bricks and could bear heavy loads without fracture. In 2012,

1887-589: The late 1960s, Ruston & Hornsby CHP units were installed in Australia, Germany, the US, South America, and the Middle East. In the 1970s, these CHP schemes were not as well developed as today because electricity companies were not interested in developing a market that would provide direct competition to themselves. CHP schemes were then known as total energy schemes , which comprised exhaust heat recovery . The company won

1938-570: The lime works at Cocking . In 1935, Cloke introduced the Midhurst White facing brick, as a cheap substitute for glazed brick especially for internal areas. He embarked on an extensive advertising programme, spending £3,000, offering the new white bricks at £5 per thousand against £30 for the traditional glazed bricks. The advertisement claimed that "the texture resists the chemical erosion of atmospheric acids and gives no hold for smoky deposits. Midhurst Whites remain fresh and beautiful—giving back

1989-418: The manufacture of sand-lime bricks, in which damp sand and slaked lime (8% of the content) were mixed before being poured into moulds and heated under pressure in an autoclave. The autoclaves were about 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) in diameter and 12 m (39 ft) long with a railway track built in to enable the bricks to be inserted into the autoclave on a bogie wagon. The fine-ground lime came from

2040-490: The manufacturing plant. There the sand would be screened before being conveyed into one of two Polysius mixing drums, to be mixed with chalk, which had been delivered from Cocking in 1 cwt sacks, and water. The mixing process lasted about 30 minutes after which the slaked mixture would be transferred through an edge runner mill to the brick presses. There were two Sutcliffe duplex presses which exerted 100 ton pressure on each pair of moulds producing 2800 bricks per hour, and

2091-408: The sunlight year after year." The company was soon highly profitable, generating a weekly profit in excess of £1,000 and the company was renamed as Midhurst Whites in 1938. At the same time, Benjamin Cloke decided on a flotation of the company's shares. This was not a success, but fortunately Cloke had retained a substantial holding of the company's shares, thus preventing the flotation from being

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2142-406: The works railway system either to storage sheds or to the railway goods depot. The works had a network of three railway lines, built to a gauge of 2 ft 6 in ( 762 mm ). The system operated on three levels: the lower level, connecting the kilns to the storage sheds and railway station; the middle level, to the sand pits; and the upper level, which took waste back from the kiln to

2193-616: Was a subsidiary of a larger company. It became known as the Ruston Turbine Division of English Electric Diesels. Following the acquisition by English Electric the production of large Ruston engines was moved to the English Electric Vulcan Foundry factory in Newton-le-Willows . The production of the smaller engine range was moved to Stafford where it became a part of the Dorman Diesel range. Turbine technology

2244-404: Was concentrated in Lincoln with Napier turbochargers moving from Liverpool to Lincoln in 1967. In 1969 the Lincoln site became Ruston Gas Turbines. The name was then changed to European Gas Turbines in 1989 following the merger of GEC and Alcatel Alsthom . Later this business was sold to Siemens . The gas turbine business is still in the old Ruston factory in the centre of Lincoln. R&H

2295-668: Was concurrently President of the IMechE from 1984 to 1985 and also President of the International Council on Combustion Engines from 1973 to 1977. He was Managing Director from 1971 to 1983 and developed the W layout for gas turbine power stations that were used as emergency generating stations for the National Grid , also known as peaking power plants . These had to be developed due to prolonged electricity blackouts in south-east England in 1961 caused by cascading failure . It built

2346-633: Was included in the purchase of English Electric by the General Electric Company (GEC) in 1968. By the end of 1969 the Lincoln subsidiary company was known as Ruston Gas Turbines. The Ruston Paxman diesels division became known as Ruston Diesels, and moved to the former English Electric diesel works. The former Power Jets plant at Whetstone became a research plant for the gas turbine division of GEC. GEC then merged its heavy engineering division with Alsthom of France, becoming part of GEC-Alsthom in 1989, which changed its name to Alstom in 1998, when

2397-600: Was inspired to create a garden suburb in Lincoln – the Swanpool Garden Suburb . His vision was to provide affordable houses for his workers, with easy access to healthy outdoor recreation, such as a pleasure ground, cricket ground and swimming baths. Ruston purchased 25 acres of the Boultham Hall estate and established the Swanpool Co-operative Society. Architects Hennell and James of London created

2448-706: Was obtained from the Cocking Lime Works , 5 km (3 mi) south. The works were established in 1913 by S. Pearson & Son, a firm controlled by the Cowdray family, on land owned by Lord Cowdray . S. Pearson & Son traded as public works engineers and had been involved in the construction of Dover Docks , the Blackwall Tunnel , the East River Tunnels in New York and Vera Cruz Docks in Mexico. Initially, sand for

2499-680: Was opened in 1950 by General Sir William Joseph Slim (later Field Marshal William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim ), and claimed to be the biggest foundry in Europe. In the 1950s, it was producing one turbine a fortnight. The company sold its 1,000th gas turbine in July 1977. It won the MacRobert Award in December 1983 for the Tornado gas turbine. The company's Cambridge -educated Egyptian chairman, Dr Waheeb Rizk OBE,

2550-592: Was purchased by English Electric . Robert Inskip, 2nd Viscount Caldecote became Chairman of the company. Subsidiaries of R&H included Bergius-Kelvin of Glasgow , Davey, Paxman & Co of Colchester (now owned by MAN Energy Solutions ) and Alfred Wiseman Gears in Grantham . Up to that point, the company had been listed on the London Stock Exchange . This formed Britain's second largest diesel engine group, second to Hawker-Lister . From that moment on it

2601-647: Was the largest British builder of aero-engines in the war, and built the largest bomb of the war. One of the directors, Frederick Howard Livens, had a son who was an army officer on the front line. Captain William Howard Livens was sent to Lincoln, where he developed the Livens Projector and the Livens Large Gallery Flame Projector . Neighbouring manufacturer Clayton & Shuttleworth also built planes. In 1919, Colonel J.S. Ruston

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