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56-458: Middlehaven is the oldest part of Middlesbrough , North Yorkshire , England. It is directly south of the River Tees , and north of the current town centre, separated from it by the railway and A66 . The area has had waves of regeneration since post-war devastation. It currently includes, from west to east: a manufacturing and industrial sector, Boho Zone developments (residential and commercial),

112-558: A capacity of up to 600. The venue is run by Middlesbrough Council and is funded, in part, by Arts Council England as a National Portfolio Organisation specialising in music. It was refurbished with the assistance of the National Lottery Heritage Fund and reopened in 2018. The Middlesbrough Theatre (formerly the Little Theatre) is in the suburb of Linthorpe . It was designed by architects Elder & De Pierro and

168-528: A cinema, a golf shop and a gym. Captain Cook Square, with the Future High Streets Fund, transitioned from majority retail sector to having a hospitality sector; mini-golf, indoor go-kart track, e-sport venue and bowling alley. Industry in the town was once dominated by steelmaking, shipbuilding and chemical industries. Since the late 20th century and into the 21st century, the demise of much of

224-472: A decade of opening, and needed expanding. From 1839–42 under William Cubitt and George Turnbull's plans, the dock was expanded, and formally opened on the 12 May 1842. The dock was designed to have a 80 feet (24 m) entrance channel from the River Tees to the 1:4.4 rectangular dock. The dock was expanded multiple times, growing from 9 acres (0.036 km) in 1869 to 25 acres (0.10 km) in 1902. 769,000 long tons (781,000 t) of goods went through

280-526: A healthy musical heritage. A number of bands and musicians hail from the area, including Paul Rodgers , Chris Rea , and Micky Moody . Middlesbrough Town Hall is the pre-eminent theatre venue in Middlesbrough. It has two concert halls: the first is a classic Victorian concert hall with a proscenium stage and seating 1,190; the second, under the main hall, is called the Middlesbrough Crypt and has

336-456: A lone bomber dropped 13 bombs between South Bank Road and the South Steel plant. More bombing occurred throughout the course of the war, with the railway station put out of action for two weeks in 1942. By the end of the war over 200 buildings had been damaged or destroyed within the Middlesbrough area. Areas of early and mid-Victorian housing were demolished and much of central Middlesbrough

392-585: A year. Temperatures range from mild summer highs in July and August typically around 21 °C (70 °F), to winter lows in December and January falling to around 0 °C (32 °F). Seasonal variations are small and both the mild summers and cool winters are far removed from the average climates of the latitude (54.5°N). This is mainly due to the British Isles being a relatively small land mass surrounded by water,

448-586: Is near the Riverside Stadium and the Parkway Centre is in Coulby Newham. Cleveland retail park (South Bank) and the retail part of Teesside Park (between Thornaby and Middlesbrough) are on the council's outskirts. The leisure part of Teesside Park is in the council area, including a cinema and bowling alley. Middlesbrough Leisure Park is located at the eastern edge of the town centre: it has restaurants,

504-731: Is one of the Tree Cities of the World . The town centre is approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) from the coast, 7 miles (11 km) from Roseberry Topping in the North York Moors National Park and 25 miles (40 km) from the Yorkshire Dales National Park . Middlesbrough is within the Teesside , which is centred around the River Tees ; it includes nearby towns such as Stockton and Redcar . The following list shows

560-538: The Cleveland non-metropolitan county until its abolition and in 1996 , the Borough of Middlesbrough became a unitary authority of North Yorkshire . In 2011, a local enterprise partnership was formed from the former Cleveland boroughs and the borough of Darlington called Tees Valley , in 2016 the area appointed a combined authority mayor. The Middlesbrough constituency is represented by Andy McDonald for Labour in

616-622: The Conservative Party , who won the seat from Labour in the 2017 general election . Prior to Clarke's election, the seat had always been Labour since it was created in 1997. Different constituencies have historically covered the town: Middlesbrough is south of the River Tees with nature reserves and heavy industry on the opposite bank. Some open spaces in the town are off the B1380 road (Ladgate Lane): Sandy Flatts, Middlesbrough Municipal Golf Course, Stewart Park and Ormesby Hall 's grounds. It

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672-510: The Esk Valley Line and Durham Coast Line to provide a faster and more frequent service across the North East of England . In the initial phases the services would have been heavy rail mostly along existing alignments with new additional infrastructure and rollingstock. The later phase would have introduced tram-trains to allow street running and further heavy rail extensions. As part of

728-579: The Old Town Hall , the Transporter Bridge , Middlesbrough College , docks, and the Riverside Stadium . The term St Hilda's for the area relates to the former priory , founded by Hilda of Whitby (the first mention of the town) and later also former church as named after the saint. The railway, and the much later-built A66, separating the area from the rest of the town created the term Over

784-581: The River Tees , Middlesbrough forms part of the Teesside built-up area and the Tees Valley . It is located 41 miles (66 km) south of Newcastle upon Tyne , 43 miles (69 km) north of York , 66 miles (106 km) north-west of Leeds , and 217 miles (349 km) north of London . With a population of 148,215 recorded in 2021 , Middlesbrough is one of the largest settlements in North East England . A hamlet surrounded by rural farmland until

840-486: The ceremonial county of North Yorkshire. Since 2016, Middlesbrough has had a representative seat on the Tees Valley Combined Authority (TVCA). Middlesbrough started as a Benedictine priory on the south bank of the River Tees , its name possibly derived from it being midway between the holy sites of Durham and Whitby . The earliest recorded form of Middlesbrough's name is "Mydilsburgh". Some believe

896-444: The 1950s flats with a suburban housing estate. In the regeneration, St. Hilda's church was demolished. In 2004, the homes were mostly vacant and plans were announced to demolish the estate, relocating the remaining 300 residents. In the following years, the site was levelled as new developments began in the area, and the area became known as Middlehaven. The original dock for the 1830 Port Darlington development became too small within

952-468: The Border for the area. The name Middlehaven is a back formation from Middlesbrough, combining "Middle" with " haven ": the haven relates to Middlesbrough Dock. The area formed what was the original town centre of Middlesbrough after its foundation around 1830, and was originally known as St. Hilda's after the parish church of the same name. The district was eventually separated from the southward expansion of

1008-523: The House of Commons. He was elected in a by-election held on 29 November 2012 following the death of previous Member of Parliament Sir Stuart Bell , who was the MP since 1983. Middlesbrough has been a traditionally safe Labour seat. The first Conservative MP for Middlesbrough was Sir Samuel Alexander Sadler , elected in 1900. The Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland constituency is represented by Simon Clarke of

1064-540: The River Tees to find a suitable new site downriver of Stockton on which to place new coal staithes . As a result, in 1829, he and a group of Quaker businessmen bought the Middlesbrough farmstead and associated estate, some 527 acres (213 ha) of land, and established the Middlesbrough Estate Company. Through the company, the investors set about a new coal port development (designed by John Harris ) on

1120-529: The area in 2006 and the remaining companies are now members of the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC). The Middlesbrough Mela is an annual, multi-cultural festival attracting an audience of up to 40,000 to enjoy a mix of live music, food, craft and fashion stalls. It began in Middlesbrough's Central Gardens, now Centre Square, and is either held there or in Albert Park. Middlesbrough also has

1176-403: The area today. The expansion of Middlesbrough southwards, eastwards and westwards continued throughout the 20th century absorbing villages such as Linthorpe , Acklam , Ormesby , Marton and Nunthorpe and continues to the present day. The local authority is Middlesbrough Council , a unitary authority . Middlesbrough also forms part of the Tees Valley Combined Authority . Middlesbrough

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1232-556: The area; for example, Ormesby , Stainsby and Tollesby were once separate villages that belonged to Vikings called Orm, Steinn and Toll that are now areas of Middlesbrough were recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. In 1801, Middlesbrough was a small farming township with a population of just 25. From 1829 onwards it experienced rapid growth. In 1828, the influential Quaker banker, coal mine owner and Stockton and Darlington Railway (S&DR) shareholder Joseph Pease sailed up

1288-435: The borough covered the civil parish of Middlesbrough and parts of the parishes of Linthorpe (where the old township had been made a separate parish in 1866), Marton , Normanby , Ormesby and West Acklam. The Local Government Act 1894 said that parishes could no longer straddle borough boundaries, and so the parish of Middlesbrough was enlarged to cover the whole borough. The borough was further enlarged in 1913, taking in

1344-622: The church of St. Hilda of Middleburg to Whitby. Up until its closure on the Dissolution of the Monasteries by Henry VIII in 1537, the church was maintained by 12  Benedictine monks, many of whom became vicars, or rectors, of various places in Cleveland. After the Angles , the area became home to Viking settlers. Names of Viking origin (with the suffix by meaning village ) are abundant in

1400-569: The concept is a train-tram – a mainline train adapted to run on-street in an urban tramway, also known as the Zwickau Model . The tram-train often is a type of interurban  — that is, they link separate towns or cities, according to George W. Hilton and John F. Due's definition. Most tram-trains are standard gauge , which facilitates sharing track with main-line trains. Exceptions include Alicante Tram and Nordhausen , which are metre gauge . Tram-train vehicles are dual-equipped to suit

1456-536: The dock in 1978, while the wider ports in the area (under the jurisdiction of Tees and Hartlepool Harbour Police ) handled 33,000,000 long tons (34,000,000 t). The dock was unable to compete, and closed in 1980. In 1994, the training ship Tovarisch was impounded at the dock for being unseaworthy. While moored, the ship was crewed by cadets from the Kherson State Maritime Academy (with crews replaced twice yearly). The Ukrainian sailors played in

1512-478: The estate covering approximately 779 acres. Steel, petrochemical, agribulks, manufacturing, engineering and high street commerce operations are all supported through Teesport, in addition to the renewable energy sector, in both production and assembly facilities. In 1875, Bolckow, Vaughan & Co opened the Cleveland Steelworks in Middlesbrough, beginning the transition from iron production to steel and, by

1568-462: The expansion of the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1830, Middlesbrough experienced booms in heavy industry during the 19th century. The town experienced deindustrialisation beginning in the late 20th century. Part of Yorkshire since before the Domesday Book , Middlesbrough became a town with a municipal borough in 1853. When Yorkshire was split into its ancient ridings in 1889, Middlesbrough

1624-485: The heavy industry in the area, newer technologies (such as the digital sector) have emerged. Middlesbrough also remains a stronghold for engineering based manufacturing and engineering contract service businesses. To help support this, the new TeesAMP advanced manufacturing park is designed to accommodate businesses associated with advanced manufacturing and emerging technologies. Announced in September 2020, TeesAMP will be

1680-462: The infamous SS Mont-Blanc , the steamship which caused the 1917 Halifax Explosion in Canada. The area is still home to the nearby large Wilton International industrial site which until 1995 was largely owned by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). The fragmentation of that company led to smaller manufacturing units being owned by multinational organisations. The last part of ICI itself completely left

1736-402: The land. Middlehaven has since had new buildings built there including Middlesbrough College and Middlesbrough FC's Riverside Stadium amongst others. Also situated at Middlehaven is the "Boho" zone, offering office space to the area's business and to attract new companies, and also "Bohouse", housing. Some of the street names from the original grid-iron street plan of the town still exist in

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1792-715: The local five-a-side football league during this time. The ship left on 29 August 1999 for restoration in Wilhelmshaven , Germany, under funding from the Tall Ships Friends charity and the Ukrainian government . Starting in 2006, Middlehaven was mentioned within the Tees Valley Metro scheme as a possible new station to better serve the Riverside Stadium . This was a plan to upgrade the Tees Valley Line and sections of

1848-507: The location of the UK's first hydrogen transport centre. Teesport , owned by PD Ports , is a major contributor to the economy of Middlesbrough and the port owners have their offices in the town. The port is 1 mile (2 km) from the North Sea and 4 miles (6 km) east of Middlesbrough, on the River Tees . In 2019 it handled over 4,350 vessels each year and around 27 million tonnes of cargo with

1904-416: The mid-1870s Middlesbrough was producing one third of the entire nation's Pig Iron output. It was during this time Middlesbrough earned the nickname "Ironopolis". On 21 January 1853, Middlesbrough received its Royal Charter of Incorporation , giving the town the right to have a mayor, aldermen and councillors. Henry Bolckow became mayor, in 1853. In the latter half of the 19th century, Old Middlesbrough

1960-592: The mild south-westerly Gulf Stream air that dominates the British Isles, and the propensity for cloud cover to limit temperature extremes. In nearby Scandinavia , more than ten degrees further north, there are coastal Bothnian climates with warmer summers than Middlesbrough; and winters in Middlesbrough can be less cold than those at lower latitudes in mainland Europe. Middlesbrough has four shopping centres accessible from Linthorpe road: Cleveland Centre , Hill Street, Captain Cook Square and Dundas. Gateway Retail Park

2016-542: The name means "middle fortress", as it was midway between the two religious houses of Durham and Whitby; others state that it is an Old English personal name ( Midele or Myhailf ) combined with burgh meaning town. In 686, a monastic cell was consecrated by St. Cuthbert at the request of St. Hilda , Abbess of Whitby . The cell evolved into Middlesbrough Priory . The manor of Middlesburgh belonged to Whitby Abbey and Gisborough Priory . Robert Bruce, Lord of Cleveland and Annandale , granted and confirmed, in 1119,

2072-584: The needs of both tram and train operating modes, with support for multiple electrification voltages if required and safety equipment such as train stops and other railway signalling equipment. The Karlsruhe and Saarbrücken systems use " PZB " or "Indusi" automatic train protection , so that if the driver passes a signal at a stop the emergency brakes are applied. The idea is not new; in the early 20th century, interurban streetcar lines often operated on dedicated rights-of-way between towns, while running on street trackage in town. The first interurban to emerge in

2128-608: The new "Bell Hopper" system of closed blast furnaces developed at the Ebbw Vale works. The new system and nearby abundant supply of Ironstone in the Eston Hills in 1850, made the works a success with the area becoming known as the "Iron-smelting centre of the world" and Bolckow, Vaughan & Co., Ltd the largest company in existence at the time. By 1851, Middlesbrough's population had grown from 40 people in 1829 to 7,600. Pig iron production rose tenfold between 1851 and 1856 and by

2184-523: The port meant it soon became overwhelmed by the volume of imports and exports, and in 1839 work started on a dock to the east of Middlesbrough. The first water for the dock was let in on 19 March 1842, while the formal opening took place on 12 May 1842. Iron dominated the Tees area since 1841 when Henry Bolckow in partnership with John Vaughan , founded the Vulcan iron foundry and rolling mill . Vaughan introduced

2240-459: The project was ultimately shelved. Several stations eventually got their improvements and there is a possibility of improved rollingstock and services in the future which may affect Marske. Middlesbrough Middlesbrough ( / ˈ m ɪ d əl z b r ə / MID -əlz-brə ), colloquially known as Boro , is a port town in North Yorkshire , England. Lying to the south of

2296-593: The rest of Linthorpe and the North Ormesby area from the parish of Ormesby. In 1932 it gained West Acklam and smaller parts from other parishes when the Middlesbrough Rural District was abolished. In the latter half of the 20th century, Middlesbrough was affected by three reforms: in 1968 , Middlesbrough became part of the Teesside County Borough ; in 1974 , it became the county town of

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2352-588: The same area was made a municipal borough . The borough boundaries were extended in 1858, 1866 and 1887. When elected county councils were created in 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888 , Middlesbrough was considered large enough to provide its own county-level services and so it became a county borough , independent from the new North Riding County Council , whilst remaining part of the North Riding of Yorkshire for ceremonial purposes. By this time,

2408-412: The scheme, Markse station would have received improved service to Darlington and Saltburn (1–2 to 4 trains per hour) and new rollingstock. While never concrete or included in detailed plans, there was also mention of street-running trams being run within Middlesbrough town centre which may have ran throughout Middlehaven. However, due to a change in government in 2010 and the 2008 financial crisis ,

2464-468: The second half of the 19th century (fuelled by the iron and steel industry), the population reaching 90,000 by the dawn of the 20th century. Middlesbrough was the first major British town and industrial target to be bombed during the Second World War . The steel making capacity and railways for carrying steel products were obvious targets. The Luftwaffe first bombed the town on 25 May 1940, when

2520-506: The southern banks of the Tees. The first coal shipping staithes at the port (known as "Port Darlington") were constructed with a settlement to the east established on the site of Middlesbrough farm as labour for the port, taking on the farm's name as it developed into a village. The port was linked to the S&;DR on 27 December 1830 via a branch that extended to an area just north of the current Middlesbrough railway station. The success of

2576-443: The town by the railway in 1846. The Old Town Hall was completed at that time. By the 1930s, the area had become slums, with overcrowding and high crime, and demolitions begun despite protests from residents. Later, in the 1950s, the clearance continued with sweeping demolitions, and the replacement of the remaining homes by low-rise flat blocks. Once again, beginning in 1969, there was another wave of demolition, this time replacing

2632-598: The turn of the century, the area had become one of the major steel centres in the country and possibly the world. In 1900, Bolckow, Vaughan & Co had become the largest producer of steel in Great Britain. In 1914, Dorman Long , another major steel producer from Middlesbrough, became the largest company in Britain, employing a workforce of over 20,000, and by 1929 it was the dominant steel producer on Teesside after taking over Bolckow, Vaughan & Co and acquiring its assets. It

2688-615: The wards that correspond to the Middlesbrough built-up area ; those in bold have civil parishes. Middlesbrough has an oceanic climate typical for the United Kingdom. Being sheltered from prevailing south-westerly winds by the Lake District and Pennines to the west, and the Cleveland Hills to the south, Middlesbrough is in one of the relatively dry parts of the country, receiving on average 574 millimetres (22.6 inches) of rain

2744-457: Was created in 1744, also covering the neighbouring township of Linthorpe , and the curacy of Middlesbrough gradually came to be treated as a civil parish . After construction of the modern town began in 1830, there was a need for more urban forms of local government. In 1841 a body of improvement commissioners was set up covering the township of Middlesbrough and part of the township of Linthorpe. The commissioners were superseded in 1853 when

2800-400: Was demolished to make way for the road. Middlesbrough F.C.'s modern Riverside Stadium opened on 26 August 1995 next to Middlesbrough Dock. The club moved from their previous home in the town for 92 years, Ayresome Park . The original St.Hilda's area of Middlesbrough, after decades of decline and clearance, was given a new name of Middlehaven in 1986 on investment proposals to build on

2856-493: Was historically a township in the ancient parish of West Acklam in the Langbaurgh Wapentake (also known as Cleveland ) of the North Riding of Yorkshire . After the dissolution of the monastery in 1539 the former Middlesbrough Priory was used as a chapel of ease to West Acklam for a time, but by about 1660 the building had been demolished. Despite having no church building, a perpetual curacy of Middlesbrough

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2912-528: Was large enough to become a county borough , independent from the then new North Riding County Council . In 1968, the Borough of Middlesbrough was merged into the County Borough of Teesside . Six years later in 1974, a borough with the town's name was re-established within the new county of Cleveland . The new county was abolished in 1996, and since then the town's borough has had unitary authority status within

2968-647: Was possibly the largest steel producer in Britain at the time. The steel components of the Sydney Harbour Bridge (1932) were engineered and fabricated by Dorman Long of Middlesbrough. The company was also responsible for the New Tyne Bridge in Newcastle . Several large shipyards also lined the Tees, including the Sir Raylton Dixon & Company , which produced hundreds of steam freighters including

3024-408: Was redeveloped. Heavy industry was relocated to areas of land better suited to the needs of modern technology. Middlesbrough itself began to take on a completely different look. Post war industrial to contemporary un-industrial Middlesbrough has changed the town, multiple buildings replaced and roads built. The A66 road was built through the town in the 1980s; Middlesbrough's Royal Exchange building

3080-439: Was starting to decline and was overshadowed by developments built around the new town hall , south of the original town hall . On 15 August 1867, a Reform Bill was passed, making Middlesbrough a new parliamentary borough, Bolckow was elected member for Middlesbrough the following year. In 1900, Bolckow, Vaughan & Co had become the largest producer of steel in Great Britain. The town's rapid expansion continued throughout

3136-879: Was the first purpose designed theatre to be erected in post-war England when it was opened on 22 October 1957 by Sir John Gielgud . Tram-train The modern tram-train concept was pioneered by the German city of Karlsruhe in the late 1980s, resulting in the creation of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn . This concept is often referred to as the Karlsruhe model , and it has since been adopted in other cities such as Mulhouse in France and in Kassel , Nordhausen and Saarbrücken in Germany. An inversion of

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