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49-601: The constituency is composed of the following (as they existed on 1 December 2020): It comprises the following areas: Buckingham prior to 2024 Despite sharing the same first name and surname, the Conservative candidate and the Green candidate, both called Greg Smith, are not the same person. 51°47′N 0°53′W  /  51.78°N 0.88°W  / 51.78; -0.88 Buckingham (UK Parliament constituency) Buckingham ( / ˈ b ʌ k ɪ ŋ ə m / )

98-600: A candidate against Bercow in the next election, breaking the convention of major parties not opposing a Speaker , seemingly in response to Bercow's opposition to Prime Minister Boris Johnson 's handling of Brexit . However, Bercow announced in September 2019 that he would stand down as Speaker on either October 31 or at the next election, whichever occurred first. Gained Linslade and the Rural District of Wing from Aylesbury . The Urban District of Wolverton had succeeded

147-518: A large degree political. The speakership evolved into its modern form—in which the holder is an impartial and apolitical officer who does not belong to any party—only during the middle of the 19th century. Over 150 individuals have served as Speaker of the House of Commons. Their names are inscribed in gold leaf around the upper walls of Room C of the House of Commons Library . Betty Boothroyd , elected in 1992,

196-525: A large part of central Buckinghamshire , covering much of the Aylesbury Vale including the town of Buckingham , and some areas south of it, including Chequers , the official country residence of the Prime Minister since 1921. To the north, the remaining part of ceremonial Buckinghamshire forms two Borough of Milton Keynes constituencies ( Milton Keynes South and Milton Keynes North ). Further to

245-408: A party-line vote, Gully was chosen by 285 to 274. Although Gully proved his impartiality to the satisfaction of most of his opponents and was unanimously re-elected after the 1895 general election , the episode left many Unionists bitter. During that year's general election, Gully became one of the few speakers to be opposed in his own constituency, a sign of the bitterness of the time. It was not until

294-474: A time when partisan feelings were running high. The Conservatives and Liberal Unionists put forward Matthew White Ridley , a well-respected MP who had many years of experience, and hoped for a unanimous election as the previous speaker had been a Liberal. However, the Liberals decided to oppose him and nominated William Court Gully who had been an MP for only nine years and had been a relatively quiet presence. On

343-449: Is almost non-existent, it has been surmised that any vote was by count of head, but by the same token perhaps the lack of evidence of actual votes suggests that most decisions, at least of a general kind, were reached more through persuasion and the weight by status of the county MPs. In such a situation, the influence of the speaker should not be underestimated. Thomas More was the first speaker to go on to become Lord Chancellor . Until

392-413: Is used if a Speaker seeks a further term after a general election: no ballot is held, and the House immediately votes on a motion to re-elect the speaker. If this motion fails, candidates are nominated, and the House proceeds with voting (as described above). Upon the passage of the motion, the speaker-elect is expected to show reluctance at being chosen; they are customarily "dragged unwillingly" by MPs to

441-494: The Clerk of the House of Commons became temporary Chairman of the House. As the clerk is never a member, and therefore is not permitted to speak, he would silently stand and point at the member who was to speak. However, this procedure broke down at the election of a new Speaker in 1971 ( see below ) and had to be changed. Since that time, as recommended by a Select committee , the Father of

490-628: The House of Commons of England until 1707, then to the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and finally to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1801, reduced to one MP from 1868 by the Representation of the People Act 1867 . The Borough was abolished altogether by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 , and it was transformed into a large county division, formally named

539-512: The 17th century, members of the House of Commons often continued to view their speaker (correctly) as an agent of the Crown. As Parliament evolved, however, the speaker's position grew to involve more duties to the House than to the Crown; this was definitely true by the time of the English Civil War . This change is sometimes said to be reflected by an incident in 1642, when King Charles I entered

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588-432: The 1970s as a Deputy Speaker, on the other hand, she was addressed as "Mr Deputy Speaker". Eleanor Laing , who was a Deputy Speaker from 2013 to 2019 and again from 2020 to 2024, was addressed as "Madam Deputy Speaker". The speaker has traditionally been offered a life peerage in the House of Lords upon stepping down – even if ousted following a political scandal. This tradition was broken in 2020 when John Bercow became

637-675: The 2010 election but finished third behind the Buckinghamshire Campaign for Democracy founder, who previously founded the Pro-Euro Conservative Party . In both the 2015 and 2017 general elections, Bercow was challenged by only UKIP and the Green Party , with the addition of the independent candidate Scott Raven in the latter election. In September 2019 the Conservative Party announced their intention to stand

686-500: The Commons as and when it found it advantageous to do so, and the speakership was one means to make the Commons a more cohesive, defined and effective instrument of the king's government. Throughout the medieval and early modern period, every speaker was an MP for a county, reflecting the implicit position that such shire representatives were of greater standing in the house than the more numerous burgess (municipality) MPs. Although evidence

735-440: The Commons return to their chamber. If a speaker is chosen in the middle of a parliament due to a vacancy in the office, they must receive the royal approbation as described above but does not again lay claim to the Commons' rights and privileges. Though the election of a Speaker is normally non-partisan, there have been several controversial elections in history. For example, in 1895 , the sudden retirement of Arthur Peel came at

784-676: The Commons to the monarch , the House of Lords and other authorities. The official residence of the Speaker is the Speaker's House at the Palace of Westminster . The office of the speaker is almost as old as the Parliament itself. The earliest year for which a presiding officer has been identified is 1258, when Peter de Montfort presided over the Parliament held in Oxford. Early presiding officers were known by

833-459: The Commons' business, was recognised as valuable and took immediate root after 1376–1377. On 6 October 1399, John Cheyne of Beckford (Gloucester) was elected speaker. The powerful Archbishop of Canterbury , Thomas Arundel , is said to have voiced his fears of Cheyne's reputation as a critic of the Church. Eight days later, Cheyne resigned on grounds of ill-health, although he remained in favour with

882-487: The House (the member of the House with the longest period of unbroken service who is not a minister) becomes the presiding officer. Until 2001, the election of a Speaker was conducted as a routine matter of House of Commons business, as it used motions and amendments to elect . A member would move "That Mr(s) [X] do take the Chair of this House as Speaker", and following debate (which may have included an amendment to replace

931-465: The House in order to search for and arrest five members for high treason . When the King asked him if he knew of the location of these members, the speaker, William Lenthall , replied: "May it please your Majesty, I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak in this place but as the House is pleased to direct me, whose servant I am here." The development of Cabinet government under King William III in

980-508: The House of Commons is the presiding officer of the House of Commons , the lower house and primary chamber of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . The current speaker, Lindsay Hoyle , was elected Speaker on 4 November 2019, following the retirement of John Bercow . Hoyle began his first full parliamentary term in the role on 17 December 2019, having been unanimously re-elected after the 2019 general election . The speaker presides over

1029-408: The House re-elects speakers who desire to continue in office for more than one term. Theoretically, the House could vote against re-electing a Speaker, but such an event is contrary to historical convention. Charles Manners-Sutton, 1st Viscount Canterbury was the last Speaker who was not re-elected (this happened in 1835). The procedure for electing a Speaker has changed in recent years. Until 1971,

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1078-513: The House's debates, determining which members may speak and which amendments are selected for consideration. The speaker is also responsible for maintaining order during debate, and may punish members who break the rules of the House. By convention, the Speaker is strictly non-partisan; accordingly, a Speaker is expected to renounce all affiliation with their former political parties when taking office and afterwards. The speaker does not take part in debate or vote (except to break ties; and even then,

1127-632: The North or Buckingham Division of Buckinghamshire. It was one of three divisions formed from the undivided three-member Parliamentary County of Buckinghamshire , the other two being the Mid or Aylesbury Division and the Southern or Wycombe Division. In the twentieth century, the constituency was held by the Conservative Party for most of the time. However, Aidan Crawley , a Labour Party MP, served Buckingham from 1945 until 1951, and from 1964 until 1970, its Labour MP

1176-608: The Rural District of Stratford and Wolverton. The parts of the Rural District of Aylesbury and the (former) Rural District of Long Crendon were transferred to Aylesbury. Lost Linslade to South Bedfordshire ; the Urban District of Linslade had been merged with that of Leighton Buzzard to form the Urban District of Leighton-Linslade , which was included in the Administrative County of Bedfordshire . Rural areas to

1225-495: The candidate. Each member may nominate no more than one candidate. The House then votes by secret ballot ; an absolute majority (i.e. more than 50% of the votes cast) is required for victory. If no candidate wins a majority, then the individual with the fewest votes is eliminated, as are any other candidates who receive less than 5% of the votes cast, and as are any candidates who choose to withdraw. The House continues to vote, for several rounds if necessary, until one member receives

1274-822: The completion of the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies , the seat was be abolished for the 2024 general election , with its contents distributed three ways: 52°00′00″N 0°59′17″W  /  52.000°N 0.988°W  / 52.000; -0.988 Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom) King Charles III [REDACTED] William, Prince of Wales [REDACTED] Charles III ( King-in-Council ) [REDACTED] Starmer ministry ( L ) Keir Starmer ( L ) Angela Rayner ( L ) ( King-in-Parliament ) [REDACTED] Charles III [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The Lord Reed The Lord Hodge Andrew Bailey Monetary Policy Committee The Speaker of

1323-481: The constituency of Malcolm Rifkind , and Richmond in North Yorkshire , the constituency of William Hague . In 2009, Bercow was elected as Speaker of the House of Commons following the resignation of Michael Martin . There is an inconsistently followed convention, which is mostly kept by the major parties, not to oppose a Speaker at election. Nonetheless, UKIP's leader, Nigel Farage , stood against Bercow in

1372-464: The convention is that the speaker casts the tie-breaking vote according to Speaker Denison's rule which results either in further debate or a vote for the status quo). Aside from duties relating to presiding over the House, the speaker also performs administrative and procedural functions. In addition, they remain a constituency Member of Parliament (MP), are part of the Privy Council , and represent

1421-463: The debate occupied an entire parliamentary day. The House of Commons Procedure Committee then re-examined the means of electing a speaker and recommended a new system that came into effect in 2007 and was first used in June 2009, following the resignation of Michael Martin . Under the new system, candidates must be nominated by at least twelve members, of whom at least three must be of a different party from

1470-489: The execution was due to behaviour in subsequent offices. The speaker-elect must receive approbation by the sovereign before they may take office; this has only been refused once, in 1679, to Edward Seymour . On the day of the election, the speaker-elect leads the Commons to the Chamber of the House of Lords, where Lords Commissioners appointed by the Crown confirm him or her in the monarch's name. The speaker then requests "in

1519-490: The first Speaker in 230 years to step down and not be nominated for the Lords by the government. MPs elect the speaker from amongst their own ranks. The House must elect a Speaker at the beginning of each new parliamentary term after a general election , or after the death or resignation of the incumbent. Once elected, a Speaker continues in office until the dissolution of Parliament, unless they resign prior to this. Customarily,

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1568-415: The king and active in public life for a further 14 years. Although the officer was elected by the Commons at the start of each Parliament, with at least one contested election known, in 1420 ( Roger Hunt prevailing by a majority of just four votes), in practice the Crown was usually able to get whom it wanted. Whilst the principle of giving this spokesman personal immunity from recrimination as only being

1617-400: The late 17th century caused further change in the role of the speaker. Speakers were generally associated with the ministry, and often held other government offices. For example, Robert Harley served simultaneously as Speaker and as a Secretary of State between 1704 and 1705. The speaker between 1728 and 1761, Arthur Onslow , reduced ties with the government, though the office remained to

1666-471: The name and on behalf of the Commons of the United Kingdom, to lay claim, by humble petition to His Majesty, to all their ancient and undoubted rights and privileges, especially to freedom of speech in debate, to freedom from arrest, and to free access to His Majesty whenever occasion shall require." After the Lords Commissioners, on the behalf of the sovereign, confirm the Commons' rights and privileges,

1715-410: The name of the member on whom the speakership was to be conferred), a routine division of the House would resolve in favour of one candidate. There was, however, a considerable amount of behind-the-scenes lobbying before suitable candidates were agreed upon, and so it was very rare for a new speaker to be opposed. However, this system broke down in 2000 when twelve rival candidates declared for the job and

1764-492: The new Borough Constituency of Milton Keynes South West . No further changes. The District of Aylesbury Vale wards of Aston Clinton, Bierton, Brill, Buckingham North, Buckingham South, Cheddington, Eddlesborough, Great Brickhill, Great Horwood, Grendon Underwood, Haddenham, Hogshaw, Long Crendon, Luffield Abbey, Marsh Gibbon, Newton Longville, Oakley, Pitstone, Quainton, Steeple Claydon, Stewkley, Stone, Tingewick, Waddesdon, Wing, Wingrave, and Winslow. The Aston Clinton ward

1813-598: The newly created Milton Keynes constituency , where he was elected. The residual seat was won in 1983 by Conservative George Walden . Walden retired in 1997, and John Bercow won the following general elections in 2001, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2017. At the 2005 general election , this constituency had the Conservatives' highest numerical majority, although a higher share of the vote was achieved in Kensington and Chelsea in London ,

1862-574: The north and west of the town of Aylesbury transferred from the constituency thereof.  The area comprising the new District of Milton Keynes, except for Stony Stratford and Wolverton , formed the new constituency of Milton Keynes . For the 1992 general election , outside the normal cycle of periodic reviews by the Boundaries Commission, the Milton Keynes constituency was split in two, with Stony Stratford and Wolverton being included in

1911-409: The requisite majority. Then, the House votes on a formal motion to appoint the member in question to the speakership. (In the unlikely event that this motion fails, the House must hold a fresh series of ballots on all of the nominees.) If only one candidate is nominated, then no ballot is held, and the House proceeds directly to the motion to appoint the candidate to the speakership. A similar procedure

1960-457: The rules of Parliament as laid out in the official parliamentary rulebook, Erskine May . In 2019 Speaker John Bercow had significant influence in selecting which important amendments to legislation affecting Britain's exit from the European Union could be voted on, and later by not allowing the government to repeat a vote on the terms of exit, as the same motion may not be proposed twice in

2009-418: The same session of Parliament. Bercow was criticised for these interventions, but said that he was acting within his powers and enforcing clear rules in a non-partisan way. Until 1992, all speakers were men, and were always addressed in Parliament as "Mr Speaker", and their deputies as "Mr Deputy Speaker". Betty Boothroyd was, at her request, addressed as "Madam Speaker". When Betty Harvie Anderson served in

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2058-523: The speaker's bench. This custom has its roots in the speaker's original function of communicating the Commons' opinions to the monarch. Historically, the speaker, representing the House to the monarch, potentially faced the monarch's anger and therefore required some persuasion to accept the post. Contrary to an often repeated claim, no speaker has ever been executed for his actions in that capacity. Six former speakers were executed between 1471 and 1535 (sometimes many years after their terms); for five of these,

2107-488: The title parlour or prolocutor . The continuous history of the office of speaker is held to date from 1376 when Peter de la Mare spoke for the commons in the " Good Parliament " as they joined leading magnates in purging the chief ministers of the Crown and the most unpopular members of the king's household. Edward III was frail and in seclusion; his prestigious eldest son, Edward the Black Prince , terminally ill. It

2156-401: The voice of the whole body was quickly adopted and did enhance the Commons' role, the Crown found it useful to have one person with the authority to select and lead the lower house's business and responses to the Crown's agenda, much more often than not in the way the Crown wanted. Thus, Whig ideas of the Commons growing in authority as against royal power are somewhat simplistic; the Crown used

2205-544: Was a constituency that was last represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament by Greg Smith , a Conservative . The seat was abolished for the 2024 general election and largely replaced by the new constituencies Buckingham and Bletchley and Mid Buckinghamshire , with some areas transferred to Aylesbury . After its creation in 1542, the Parliamentary Borough of Buckingham sent two MPs to

2254-492: Was left to the next son, a furious John of Gaunt , to fight back. He arrested De la Mare and disgraced other leading critics. In the next, " Bad Parliament ", in 1377, a cowed Commons put forward Gaunt's steward, Thomas Hungerford , as their spokesman in retracting their predecessors' misdeeds of the previous year. Gaunt evidently wanted a "mirror-image" as his form of counter-coup and this notion, born in crisis, of one 'speaker', who quickly also became 'chairman' and organiser of

2303-407: Was the controversial publisher Robert Maxwell . Before the periodic review effected in 1983, the new town of Milton Keynes, including its older parts such as Bletchley and Fenny Stratford , was in the constituency. The 1983 review followed the previous national review in 1974 and recognised the large increase in voters in the constituency. The sitting Buckingham MP, William Benyon , stood for

2352-503: Was the first female speaker (the first woman to sit in the speaker's chair was Betty Harvie Anderson , a Deputy Speaker from 1970). Michael Martin , elected in 2000, was the first Catholic speaker since the Reformation . John Bercow , elected in 2009, was the first Jewish speaker. The speaker has significant influence on legislation, for example by selecting which amendments to a bill may be proposed, and by interpreting and enforcing

2401-489: Was transferred from Aylesbury. The District of Wycombe wards, including Princes Risborough , were transferred from Aylesbury, offset by the return of Aston Clinton . In April 2020, the Districts of Aylesbury Vale and Wycombe, as well as those of South Bucks and Chiltern were merged into the new unitary authority of Buckinghamshire Council . Accordingly, the current contents of the constituency are: The constituency covered

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