Nutrition International , formerly the Micronutrient Initiative ( MI ), is an international not for profit agency based in Canada that works to eliminate vitamin and mineral deficiencies in developing countries . Although often only required by the body in very small amounts, vitamin and minerals – also known as micronutrients – support an array of critical biological functions including growth, immune function and eye function, as well as foetal development of the brain, the nervous system, and the skeletal system. Micronutrient deficiency is a form of malnutrition and is a recognized health problem in many developing countries. Globally, more than two billion people live with vitamin and mineral deficiencies.
30-615: In 1990, leaders attending the World Summit for Children set the goal of virtually eliminating micronutrient deficiencies. In 1992, Micronutrient Initiative was established as a secretariat within the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, to support progress toward that goal. In 1993 IDRC recruited an executive director for the secretariat and transferred 2–3 of its staff to
60-575: A UN conference had set a broad agenda for a wide range of goals in health, education, nutrition and human rights . The main result of the World Summit was the joint signing of a World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children and a Plan of Action comprising a detailed set of child-related human development goals for the year 2000. The World Summit set the stage for a decade of high level commitment on issues concerning children around
90-755: A consensus candidate. A suitable candidate, Boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt, was agreed upon in November 1991 , and Pérez de Cuéllar's second term as secretary-general concluded, as scheduled, on 31 December 1991. Pérez de Cuéllar ran unsuccessfully against Alberto Fujimori for president of Peru in 1995 ; following Fujimori's resignation over corruption charges, he served as prime minister and foreign minister from November 2000 until July 2001. After Alejandro Toledo 's election as president in 2001 , he went to Paris as Peru's ambassador to France, retiring in 2004. In 1997, Pérez de Cuéllar published his memoir Pilgrimage for Peace in which he recounted his years at
120-467: A couple of weeks before the Summit was held. There were 27 total goals established. The main objective was to improve child health and survival. The goals can be divided into six categories: health , survival , women's health , nutrition , education and protection . These goals were put into action from 1990-2000. After the ten-year period, world leaders would meet again to review the progress made during
150-525: A rentier family of Spanish descent with ancestry from Cuéllar . His father, whose ancestors had migrated from Spain in the 16th century, died when he was 4. He attended Colegio San Agustín , learned French from a governess and earned a law degree from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru in 1943. Pérez de Cuéllar joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1940 first as an intern,
180-715: A son, Francisco, and a daughter, Águeda Cristina. He was a member of the Peruvian delegation to the first session of the United Nations General Assembly , which convened in London in 1946, and of the delegations to the 25th through 30th sessions of the Assembly. In 1971, he was appointed permanent representative of Peru to the UN and led his country's delegation in the Assembly until 1975. In 1973 and 1974, he represented Peru in
210-498: Is credited with playing a pioneering role in engaging corporations and trade associations at both the global and national level in partnerships to improve nutrition. The staff of Nutrition International includes scientists, nutritionists , and policy and development experts. In addition to its headquarters in Ottawa, the organization has offices in Ethiopia , Kenya , Nigeria , Senegal , Afghanistan , Bangladesh , India , Indonesia ,
240-582: The Philippines and Pakistan . World Summit for Children The United Nations World Summit for Children was held in the United Nations Headquarters in New York City on 29–30 September 1990. The summit had the then-largest-ever gathering of heads of state and government to commit to a set of goals to improve the well-being of children worldwide by the year 2000. It was the first time
270-740: The UN Security Council , serving as its president at the time of the Cypriot coup d'état in July 1974. On 18 September 1975, he was appointed Special Representative of the Secretary-General in Cyprus ;– a post he held until December 1977, when he rejoined Peru's foreign service. Also in 1975, Pérez de Cuéllar divorced his first wife and married Marcela Temple Seminario (1933–2013), with whom he had no children. On 27 February 1979, he
300-753: The conflict in Western Sahara , the war between Croatian forces seeking independence and the Yugoslav People's Army (as well as the local Serb forces), and the Cyprus issue . In 1986 he presided over an international arbitration committee that ruled on the Rainbow Warrior incident between New Zealand and France. In 1983, he initiated the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) to unite countries to pursue sustainable development . During
330-466: The Children" uses data taken from 135 countries and is based on reviews conducted at the national level. It was the most comprehensive study of what was happening to the world’s children at that time. "We the Children" is a statistical representation of the minimal progress made in the decade. The report states, “The world has fallen short of achieving most of the goals of the World Summit for Children". Few of
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#1733093855184360-599: The UN. He served as Permanent Delegate of Peru to UNESCO until 2004. Pérez de Cuéllar celebrated his 100th birthday in January 2020 and received congratulations from the United Nations on his 100 years of life. He was the first UN secretary-general to become a centenarian. Pérez de Cuéllar died at his home in Lima on 4 March 2020 two months after he turned 100. He received several honorary degrees from universities, such as
390-622: The United Nations ; he was unanimously re-elected for a second term in October 1986. During his two terms as secretary-general, he led mediations between the United Kingdom and Argentina in the aftermath of the Falklands War and promoted the efforts of the Contadora group to bring peace and stability to Central America. He also interceded in the negotiations for the independence of Namibia ,
420-612: The build-up to the Gulf War , he convinced US president George H. W. Bush to send his secretary of state James Baker to negotiate with Iraqi deputy prime minister Tariq Aziz in Geneva. Shortly before the end of his second term, he rejected an unofficial request by members of the Security Council to reconsider his earlier decision not to run for a third term, shortened to two years, as a search for his successor had not, as of then, yielded
450-472: The decade. There were nine health goals established. The high point of the Summit was the joint signing of the World Declaration on the Survival, Protection, and Development of Children and a Plan of Action on September 30, 1990. The World Declaration on the Survival, Protection, and Development of Children served as a written commitment to children worldwide. It summarizes the reason for the Summit and
480-584: The diplomatic service itself in 1944, serving after that as a 3rd Secretary at Peru's embassy in France, where he met and married his first wife, Yvette Roberts-Darricau (1922–2013), in 1947. He also held posts in Britain, Bolivia and Brazil, and later served as ambassador to Switzerland from 1964 to 1966, the Soviet Union and Poland from 1969 to 1971, and Venezuela from 1977 to 1979. From his first marriage, he had
510-486: The distribution of multi-micronutrient powders, the fortification of staple foods such as wheat flour with vitamin A , iron and folic acid , and dietary supplementation with vitamin A, iron, zinc , and folic acid. Since 1997, with funding support from the Government of Canada, Nutrition International has provided more than eight billion doses of vitamin A for use by UNICEF and national governments. Nutrition International
540-553: The event. In attendance were heads of state from 72 different countries, as well as representatives from 87 other nations. The Summit agenda was highly endorsed by three main organizations- the World Health Assembly , Education for All (led by UNESCO) and the United Nations Children's Fund ( UNICEF ) Executive Board. UNICEF was the main contributor. Every year following the Summit, it conducted progress reports on
570-607: The fact that documents emerging from UN conferences are policy documents rather than legal instruments or binding treaties, but it also remarks that the Special Session on Children will set the direction for international policy with respect to children for the next decade. Javier P%C3%A9rez de Cu%C3%A9llar Javier Felipe Ricardo Pérez de Cuéllar de la Guerra ( / ˈ p ɛr ɛ s d ə ˈ k w eɪ j ɑːr / PERR -ess də KWAY -yar , Spanish: [xaˈβjeɾ ˈpeɾes ðe ˈkweʝaɾ] ; 19 January 1920 – 4 March 2020)
600-415: The goals established could be labeled as successes, others showed progress, but the majority were not met. "We the Children" places the blame to meet goals on financial barriers. Critics note that in many United Nations conferences, goals are ever set but never met, and that commitments on paper are rarely translated into actions. The Canadian Medical Association Journal attributes the lack of progress to
630-457: The goals established. The Plan of Action is a supplement to the World Declaration. It outlines how goals are to be met. The World Declaration of the Survival, Protection, and Development of Children is subdivided into five categories: The Challenge, The Opportunity, The Task, The Commitment, and The Next Step. The Plan of Action is a framework for more specific national and international undertakings. It addresses every goal individually to ensure
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#1733093855184660-452: The highest political level, to goals and strategies for ensuring the survival, protection and development of children as key elements in the socio-economic development of all countries and human society". The United Nations Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar adopted the project and gave the Summit the support of the UNICEF and other UN organizations. A total 159 governments were invited to
690-575: The implementation of Summit goals and released them through its many publications. The World Summit for Children was held at a moment when the world was just beginning to demonstrate united interest in children's survival and development. A year prior the Convention on the Rights of the Child was adopted. It is a human rights treaty focused directly on the rights of children . The document had entered into force just
720-572: The implementation of the Declaration of the World Summit for Children. It also concentrates on the follow-up and monitoring of the progression towards accomplishing each goal. The primary responsibility for the implementation of all goals was given to National Governments. Each country agreed to develop strategies through National Programs of Action to make sure these 27 global goals could become national realities. A total of 155 countries developed National Programs of Action. The Special Session on Children
750-531: The more important events was the Celebration of Leadership for Children held on May 9. The event encompassed a sense of unity and created a festive nature for the Session, but the real reason for the gathering was not forgotten. The World Summit stands out from any other United Nations gathering because of its soundly set goals and its systematic follow up procedure. The Secretary-General’s report on children, titled "We
780-841: The new organization. Venkatesh Mannar took over in June 1994 as the executive director. Until 2000, MI was governed by a steering committee composed of the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the IDRC, UNICEF , The World Bank , and USAID . In 2000, MI became an independent not-for-profit organization. Joel Spicer became president in February 2014. In 2017, the organization formally rebranded to Nutrition International to more accurately reflect their expanding scope, reach, and impact. The organization advocates for, and provides funding and technical assistance for salt iodisation ,
810-561: The world and it set the stage for a series of UN conferences throughout the 1990s on population, environment, food, human rights , social development and women's rights . The Summit was proposed in 1989 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney of Canada , President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt , President Moussa Traoré of Mali , President Carlos Salinas de Gortari of Mexico , Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto of Pakistan , and Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson of Sweden . These six leaders worked together "to bring attention and promote commitment, at
840-556: Was a Peruvian diplomat and politician who served as the fifth secretary-general of the United Nations from 1982 to 1991. He later served as prime minister of Peru from 2000 to 2001. Pérez de Cuéllar was a member of the Club of Madrid , a group of former heads of state and government, and the Inter-American Dialogue . Pérez de Cuéllar was born on 19 January 1920 in Lima , Peru , to
870-549: Was a meeting the UN General Assembly held May 8–10, 2002. It was held to review the progress made for children in the decade since the 1990 World Summit for Children. It also served as a method to renew the commitments made in 1990, and to make a pledge for specific actions for the coming decade. In total about 70 Heads of State and/or Government attended the Session. Children from all around the world where invited to attend. They participated in numerous supporting events. One of
900-545: Was appointed UN under-secretary-general for Special Political Affairs. From April 1981, he also acted as the Secretary-General's personal representative on the situation in Afghanistan ; he visited Pakistan and Afghanistan in April and August of that year to continue negotiations initiated by the Secretary-General some months earlier. In December 1981, Pérez de Cuéllar was selected to succeed Kurt Waldheim as Secretary-General of
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