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91-712: There are two types of member classification within the Michigan Farm Bureau. Members are either associate members or regular members. Associate members are those who have obtained membership because they are sympathetic to the cause of the Michigan Farm Bureau, or because they would like to receive the benefits associated with a membership (such as Farm Bureau Insurance ). Regular members are those who are involved with agriculture. Regular members are typically active farmers, but they can also be retired farmers, greenhouse operators, or landholders who lease their land for agricultural activities. The Michigan Farm Bureau provides

182-463: A 12-year-old, 3,000-pound female dancing elephant named Rajje (alternately reported as Raji and Little Rajjee, among other variations) rebelled against her trainer during a performance in a shopping-center circus near what was then Logan Street and Holmes Road in Lansing, and escaped into the streets, aggravated by the frenzied pursuit of nearly 4,000 local residents. The incident ended with the shooting of

273-608: A Midwestern humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb/Dfa ) that is influenced by the Great Lakes , and is part of USDA Hardiness zone 5b. Winters are cold with moderate to heavy snowfall, while summers are very warm and humid. The monthly daily average temperature in July is 71.5 °F (21.9 °C), while the same figure for January is 23.4 °F (−4.8 °C); the annual mean is 48.21 °F (9.01 °C). On average, temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32.2 °C) on 8.8 days of

364-460: A cattle feed supplement and then sent to a Michigan Farm Bureau Services feed mill in Battle Creek, Michigan. By the time the mix-up was discovered a year later, contaminated livestock feed had been sent to hundreds of farms. About 500 contaminated farms were quarantined. The state of Michigan killed thousands of animals and destroyed tons of animal feed and dairy products to keep the chemical out of

455-424: A church and a public and academic square. 16 men bought plots in the nonexistent city, and upon reaching the area later that year found they were the victims of the scam. Many in the group, disappointed and now without funds to move on again, opted to stay and ended up settling around what is now metropolitan Lansing. The story has persisted due to a 1904 newspaper article, which cited a memoir told by Daniel W. Buck,

546-513: A consensus because of constant political wrangling, the Michigan House of Representatives privately chose the Township of Lansing out of frustration. When announced, many present openly laughed that such an insignificant settlement was now Michigan's capital. Two months later, Governor William L. Greenly signed into law the act of the legislature making Lansing Township the state capital. With

637-449: A crofter's dwelling thereon. A crofter is one who has tenure and use of the land, typically as a tenant farmer , especially in rural areas. Smallholder farms, also known as small-scale farms, encompass a diverse array of agricultural operations, varying from those owning the land they cultivate to those who do not. These farmers, often family-oriented, rely significantly on family labor to meet production needs, with women contributing

728-477: A growing season of 149 days. The average window for measurable snow (≥0.1 in or 0.25 cm) is November 4 through April 6. See or edit raw graph data . As of the 2010 census , there were 114,297 people, 48,450 households, and 26,234 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,174.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,225.8/km ). There were 54,181 housing units at an average density of 1,505.0 per square mile (581.1/km ). The racial makeup of

819-421: A high output per worker , some small-scale, sustainable, polyculture farmers can produce more food per acre of land. Small farms have some economic advantages. Farmers support the local economy of their communities. An American study showed that small farms with incomes of $ 100,000 or less spend almost 95 percent of their farm-related expenses within their local communities. The same study took into comparison

910-615: A higher percentage of the retail price , although they will spend more time selling the same amounts of product, which is an opportunity cost . Because smallholding farms frequently require less industrial inputs and can be an important way to improve food security in less-developed contexts, addressing the productivity and financial sustainability of small holders is an international development priority and measured by indicator 2.3 of Sustainable Development Goal 2 . The International Fund for Agricultural Development has an ongoing program for Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture. During

1001-505: A lesser extent along Kalamazoo Street. It is anchored by Frandor Shopping Center on the very eastern edge of the eastside. The Westside, roughly located north, west, and south of the Grand River as it curves through the city, is sometimes regarded as the city's most socio-economically diverse section. This side also contains Lansing's downtown area, though this neighborhood is often included as an area all its own. Outside downtown, this side

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1092-646: A range of roles including buying crops, providing seed, and acting as financial institutions. In low-income countries, women make up 43 percent of smallholding agricultural labor but produce 60–80 percent of food crops. In India, there is five sizes classification for smallholders. These are 'marginal' less than 1 hectare ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 acres), 'small' between 1 and 2 hectares ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 and 5 acres), 'semi medium' between 2 and 4 hectares (5 and 10 acres), 'medium' between 4 and 10 hectares (9.9 and 24.7 acres), 'large' above 10 hectares (25 acres). If we use 4 hectares (10 acres) (marginal + small + medium) as

1183-608: A respected Lansing mayor and son of one of the early pioneers. His story was cited in Michigan pioneer papers and retold in newspaper articles multiple times in the decades that followed. His characterization of the city as being born from a "land scam" was incorrect, though his story had some elements of truth as well. The brothers were William and Jerry Ford. Although they were originally from New York, they were well-respected businessmen who hailed from Jackson and were instrumental during its earliest years. In 1836, they bought 290 acres in

1274-837: A substantial portion of farm labor. The agricultural work on smallholder farms predominantly involves family members, with occasional hired labor, particularly during peak seasons. However, the productivity per hectare tends to increase with higher involvement of family members in farm activities. In addition to farm-related duties, women on smallholder farms often shoulder responsibilities such as collecting fuel and water and engaging in low-value, small-scale trading activities. Many smallholder farms supplement their income through off-farm work, crucial for sustaining livelihoods, particularly during agricultural downturns like droughts. Engaging in off-farm employment also serves to build social capital and resilience within these communities. Having multiple sources of income or employment opportunities off

1365-451: A threshold, 94.3% of holdings are small and these constitute 65.2% of all farmland. The bulk of India's hungry and poor people are constituted of smallholder farmers and landless people. 78% country's farmers own less than 2 hectares (5 acres), which constitutes 33% of total farmland but at the same time, they produce 41% of the country's food grains. 20% of the world's poor live in India, although

1456-563: A tributary of the Red Cedar, flows northward through the southeastern part of the city. There are two lakes in the area, Park Lake and Lake Lansing , both northeast of the city. Lake Lansing is approximately 500 acres (2.0 km ) in size and is a summer favorite for swimmers, boaters, and fishermen. Michigan State University Sailing Club and the Lansing Sailing Club are located on Lake Lansing, where sailing regattas are hosted throughout

1547-431: A variety of benefits and services to its members, but the most important functions for regular members are (state and federal) lobbying activities and programs and services to educate members on current agricultural issues: political, environmental or otherwise. Other services, such as long distance telephone service, health insurance and many others, are available to both regular and associate members. The headquarters of

1638-495: Is a longstanding concern among some segments of the agricultural community. Others view these changes as inevitable, and even necessary to maintain the efficiency and competitiveness of the sector. Farm typology analysis by the USDA Economic Research Service divides the small family farm category into five groups: Many farmers are upset by their inability to fix the new types of high-tech farm equipment. This

1729-540: Is due mostly to companies using intellectual property law to prevent farmers from having the legal right to fix their equipment (or gain access to the information to allow them to do it). This has encouraged groups such as Open Source Ecology and Farm Hack to begin to make open-source agricultural machinery. The debate concerning the role of small farms within the European Union is ongoing. The European Commission states that more than three-quarters of farm holdings in

1820-450: Is grown and raised," and is funded by checkoff funds from the USDA and corporate sponsors including Monsanto and DuPont . The Michigan Farm Bureau was formed as an initial response to the tax situation in the early 1900s. The motor car was changing the dynamics of transportation, and Michigan's residents demanded new and improved roads for their vehicles. The state legislature determined that

1911-651: Is grown by smallholders. These farmers rely on cocoa for up to 60 to 90 per cent of their income. Similar trends in supply chains exist in other crops like coffee , palm oil , and bananas. In other markets, small scale agriculture can increase food system investment in small holders improving food security. Today, some companies try to include smallholdings into their value chain , providing seed, feed, or fertilizer to improve production. Because smallholding farms frequently require less industrial inputs and can be an important way to improve food security and sustainable food systems in less-developed contexts, addressing

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2002-613: Is home to Michigan State University , a public research university with an enrollment of more than 50,000. The area features two medical schools , one veterinary school, two nursing schools , and two law schools . It is the site of the Michigan State Capitol , the state Supreme Court , the Court of Appeals , a federal court , the Library of Michigan and Historical Center, and headquarters of four national insurance companies. Lansing

2093-468: Is lack of detailed, context-specific information on what climate change portends to smallholder farmers in different and widely varying agroecological environments and socio-economic realities, and what management strategies they are employing to deal with these impacts. Especially for smallholders working in commodity crops, climate change introduces an increasing amount of variability to farmer economic viability; for example, coffee production globally

2184-565: Is largely a collection of residential neighborhoods and is served by only one other commercial area along Saginaw Street. However, it also includes a small part of the Old Town Commercial Association. The Northwestside, generally located north of the Grand River, with the city limits defining its north and western borders, is physically the smallest side of the city. This part of the city includes moderate-density residential areas and some green areas. North of Grand River Avenue,

2275-464: Is the capital of the U.S. state of Michigan and the most populous city in Ingham County . It is mostly in the county, although portions of the city extend west into Eaton County and north into Clinton County . The 2020 census placed the city's population at 112,644, making it the sixth most populous city in Michigan . The population of its metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was 541,297 at

2366-533: Is the largest area of the city by both physical size and population, it has often been regarded by Southside citizens as Lansing's most overlooked and forgotten area, as most of Lansing's attention in recent decades has been put into the revitalization of the city's historic core located mostly on small parts of both the East and Westside. The middle of the Southside—South-Central Lansing—contains

2457-460: Is the largest one on human chemical contamination in the world. Michigan Farm Bureau came under criticism in 2014 for its stance on changes to regulations related to the Michigan Right to Farm Act, with small farm rights advocates asserting that MFB is supporting regulations that harm small farms and favor agribusiness . Lansing, Michigan Lansing ( / ˈ l æ n s ɪ ŋ / )

2548-400: Is the only U.S. state capital (among the 47 located in counties) that is not also a county seat . The seat of government of Ingham County is Mason , but the county maintains some offices in Lansing. The first recorded person of European descent to travel through the area that is now Lansing was British fur trader Hugh Heward and his French-Canadian team on April 24, 1790, while canoeing

2639-628: Is under increased threat, and smallholders in East Africa, such as in the Ugandan , Tanzanian or Kenyan industries, are rapidly losing both viable coffee land and productivity of plants. In some cases, smallholders are an important source of deforestation . For example, smallholders are an important component of the oil palm industry of Southeast Asia, contributing 40% of the production. Because such farmers are less able to access financing than larger businesses, they are unable to fund methods to increase

2730-572: The Grand River . The land that was to become Lansing was surveyed as "Township 4 North Range 2 West" in February 1827 in what was then dense forest. It was the last of the county's townships to be surveyed, and the land was not offered for sale until October 1830. There would be no roads to this area for decades to come. Historians have lamented the persistence of a myth about Lansing's founding. The incorrect story of Lansing's beginnings states that in

2821-664: The US Secretary of Agriculture . A 1997 study by the United States Small Farms Commission defined small farms as those with less than $ 250,000 in gross receipts annually on which day-to-day labor and management are provided by the farmer and/or the farm family that owns the production, or owns or leases the productive assets. In 2000, such farms accounted for about 90% of the more than 2.1 million U.S. farms, but only about 40% of U.S. farm production. The concentration of production on fewer and larger operations

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2912-555: The food system . The Gratiot Landfill in Gratiot County, Michigan , has 269,000 pounds of PBB buried, in addition to animals. But people across the state of Michigan were already contaminated, mostly at low levels. Residents of quarantined farms had the highest levels of the chemical and formed the base of 4,000 participants for the Michigan Long-Term PBB Study, now transferred to Georgia due to lack of funds. The study

3003-487: The "Village of Michigan". On February 16, 1842, Alaiedon township was split into the townships of Lansing, Delhi and Meridian (originally suggested as "Genoa") based on a petition submitted in December 1841 by Henry North, Roswell Everett and Zalmon Holmes. Henry North proposed the name "Lansing" for the township at the request of his father, who wanted it named after their old town of Lansing, New York . On February 15, 1859,

3094-400: The 2020 census, the third largest in the state after metropolitan Detroit and Grand Rapids . It was named the new state capital of Michigan in 1847, ten years after Michigan became a state. The Lansing metropolitan area , colloquially referred to as "Mid-Michigan", is an important center for educational, cultural, governmental, commercial, and industrial functions. Neighboring East Lansing

3185-451: The City of Lansing, and does not include the 0.18 square miles (0.47 km ) of the combined Hawk Island County Park and adjacent Soldan Dog Park operated by Ingham County within the city of Lansing. All together then, 3.55 square miles (9.2 km ) of the city (or approximately 10%) is publicly administered open space. The city's downtown is dominated by state government buildings, especially

3276-527: The Eastside, Westside, Northwestside, and Southside. Each section contains a diverse array of neighborhoods. The Eastside, located east of the Grand River and north of the Red Cedar River, is the most ethnically diverse side of Lansing, with foreign-born citizens making up more of its population than any other side in the city. The Eastside's commercial districts are located mainly along Michigan Avenue, and to

3367-621: The Michigan Farm Bureau Family of Companies is located in Lansing, Michigan . The current president of Michigan Farm Bureau is Carl Bednarski. The Michigan Farm Bureau calls itself a grassroots organization, with its agricultural members meeting once per year to create and vote on policy, which guides the direction of the organization for the next year. Each member of the Michigan Farm Bureau belongs to an independently operated county Farm Bureau. There are 67 county Farm Bureaus within

3458-619: The Old Everett Area. This location once contained the Everett School District and was annexed into the city in 1948. Unincorporated areas adjacent to Lansing include parts of Lansing Charter Township , such as the unincorporated community of Edgemont Park , as well as parts of Delta Charter Township , such as the unincorporated community of Waverly . Though they are not part of the City of Lansing, these unincorporated communities often use Lansing mailing addresses. Lansing has

3549-561: The Pixie-Eared Elephant" in continuity with the ambush of Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow in his introduction to a 1968 biography of the outlaws. Then teenage Lansing residents who had goaded the elephant later on recalled the incident with sober regret in a local newspaper retrospective in 2011. Lansing is the centerpiece of a region of Michigan known as Mid-Michigan . According to the United States Census Bureau ,

3640-522: The State Capitol; but downtown has also experienced recent growth in new restaurants, retail stores and residential developments. Downtown Lansing had a historic city market that was one of the oldest continuously operating farmers' markets in the United States, until it closed in 2019. Downriver and north of downtown is historic Old Town Lansing with many architecturally significant buildings dating to

3731-424: The age of 18 living with them, 35.8% were married couples living together, 17.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.7% were non-families. 33.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65  years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 3.08. In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.8% under

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3822-474: The age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 32.7% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 9.7% who were 65  years of age or older. The median age was 31  years. For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.9 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 34,833, and the median income for a family was $ 41,283. Males had a median income of $ 32,648 versus $ 27,051 for females. The per capita income for

3913-487: The ages of 18 and 24; 30.2% were from 25 to 44; 23.8% were from 45 to 64; and 9.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female. As of the 2000 census , there were 119,128 people, 49,505 households, and 28,366 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,399.0 inhabitants per square mile (1,312.4/km ). There were 53,159 housing units at an average density of 1,516.8 per square mile (585.6/km ). The racial makeup of

4004-453: The announcement that Lansing Township had been made the capital, the small settlement quickly transformed into the seat of state government. Within months after it became the capital city, further individual settlements began to develop around it, along three key points along the Grand River in the township: The collection of original settlements ("Upper Town", "Lower Town" and "Middle Town") had for some years been collectively referred to as

4095-413: The best way to fund road improvements was through a tax levied on owners of land touching roadways. Because Michigan's farmers owned more land than most citizens, the tax became a burden on their lifestyle. After its formation, the Michigan Farm Bureau successfully lobbied for shifting this tax from land owners to purchasers of gasoline. In early 1973, the flame retardant PBB was accidentally mixed with

4186-739: The case in the Global North , the reverse happened: they got smaller and more numerous. Several definitions of small farm have been formulated in legislation. In 1977 the US Congress , via the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977 , defined a small farm as one with sales under $ 20,000. At the time these comprised 70% of farms in the US. The Act sponsored additional research on small farming operations by US land grant universities and their extension services and mandated that an annual report on these activities be issued by

4277-430: The city has a total area of 36.68 square miles (95.00 km ), of which 36.05 square miles (93.37 km ) is land and 0.63 square miles (1.63 km ) is water. This figure includes two 425 Agreements with Alaiedon Township and Meridian Township, and the four 425 Agreements with Delta Township since 2000. Since the 2010 census, the city has entered into two additional 425 Agreements. The first agreement consisted of

4368-494: The city in 1813, but these events led to the dire need to have the center of government relocated further away from hostile British territory . There was also concern with Detroit's strong influence over Michigan politics, being the state's largest city as well as the capital city. During the multi-day session to determine a new location for the state capital, many cities, including Ann Arbor , Marshall , and Jackson , lobbied hard to win this designation. Unable to publicly reach

4459-590: The city was $ 17,924. About 13.2% of families and 16.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 23.2% of those under age 18 and 9.0% of those age 65 or over. Small farm A smallholding or smallholder is a small farm operating under a small-scale agriculture model. Definitions vary widely for what constitutes a smallholder or small-scale farm, including factors such as size, food production technique or technology, involvement of family in labor and economic impact. There are an estimated 500 million smallholder farms in developing countries of

4550-415: The city was 61.2% White (55.5% non-Hispanic White), 23.7% African American, 0.8% Native American, 3.7% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 4.3% from other races, and 6.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.5% of the population. Foreign-born residents made up 8.3% of the population. The median age in the city was 32.2 years. 24.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 12.3% were between

4641-491: The city was 65.28% White (61.4% non-Hispanic White), 21.91% African American, 0.80% Native American, 2.83% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 4.54% from other races, and 4.60% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.0% of the population. The city's foreign-born population stood at 5.9%. As of 2000, the city's population rose by 32,293 (27%) to 151,421 during the day due to the influx of workers. There were 49,505 households, out of which 30.0% had children under

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4732-574: The city's economy is diversified among government service, healthcare, manufacturing, insurance, banking, and education. In the late 1840s to early 1850s, the citizens of Lansing were unified against slavery, and the city became a secondary stop on the Underground Railroad , as one of the last steps of an escape route that led through Battle Creek, Schoolcraft and Cassopolis. From Lansing, the route led to Durand, and then to either Port Huron or Detroit. The Kerns Hotel fire on December 11, 1934,

4823-510: The city. The area is largely residential in nature (south of Mount Hope Road near the northern edge) and is served by numerous commercial strips along Cedar Street, Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard , Pennsylvania Avenue, and Waverly Road, which run north–south. The large Edgewood District is located in the southernmost part of the Southside and is sometimes referred to as South Lansing. Though it

4914-402: The country was self-sufficient in food production in 2002 due to the first Green Revolution started in the latter half of the twentieth century, numerous households lacked resources to purchase food. Holdings less than 2 ha contributed 41% of total food grain production in 1991 compared to 28% in 1971, which means a substantial increase, whereas medium holdings registered a mere 3% increase in

5005-455: The developed world as well. Small-scale agriculture is often in tension with industrial agriculture , which finds efficiencies by increasing outputs, monoculture , consolidating land under big agricultural operations, and economies of scale . Certain labor-intensive cash crops, such as cocoa production in Ghana or Côte d'Ivoire , rely heavily on smallholders; globally, as of 2008, 90% of cocoa

5096-540: The distinctions among farm sizes since the field's inception. Traditional agricultural economic theory considered small farms inefficient, a stance that began to be challenged in the 1950s. An overview of research published by the World Bank in 1998 indicated that the productivity of small farms often exceeded that of larger ones. A croft is a traditional Scottish term for a fenced or enclosed area of land, usually small and arable , and usually, but not always, with

5187-439: The economy. Diversification of crops in smallholder farms is one of the potential strategies in sustaining agricultural productivity, and copping with marketing risks. It is also a transitional step from subsistence to commercial agriculture. Age, education of household head, type of crops, cropping system, amount of credit, and irrigation facilities are some of the factors influencing diversification in smallholder farms. Along

5278-442: The elephant by Lansing police. Provoked by the growing crowd, Rajje's rampage took her through the men's wear, sporting goods and gift departments of a local Arlan's discount store before leading police on a two-mile chase in which she knocked down and injured a 67-year-old man, tried to move a car, and caused thousands of dollars in damage before being killed. Life Magazine quoted Rajje's trainer, William Pratt, as shouting at

5369-468: The fact that farms with incomes greater than $ 900,000 spend less than 20 percent of their farm-related expenses in the local economy. Small-scale agriculture often sells products directly to consumers. Disintermediation gives the farmer the profit that would otherwise go to the wholesaler, the distributor, and the supermarket. About two-thirds of the revenue is expended on product marketing. If farmers sell their products directly to consumers, they receive

5460-531: The far south side of Lansing along Northrup Street near the Cedar Street intersection, to 833 feet (254 m) to 805.5 feet (246 m) above sea level along the Grand River. The Grand River, the largest river in Michigan, flows through downtown Lansing, and the Red Cedar River, a tributary of the Grand, flows through the campus of Michigan State University to its confluence with the Grand in Lansing. Sycamore Creek ,

5551-490: The farm contributes to the economic stability of smallholder farming households. These off-farm income-generating activities offer a buffer against agricultural shocks and allow for a diversified livelihood strategy, providing families with increased financial security and access to essential resources. In many developing countries , smallholding is a small plot of land with low rental value, used to grow crops. By some estimates, there are 525 million smallholder farmers in

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5642-430: The farming sector was far less in 1990's when compared to previous decades. Kenya's smallholder means someone who owns, possess or produces agricultural products in small-scale . smallholder production accounts for 78 percent of total agricultural production and 70 percent of commercial production. Majority of the smallholder population work in farm sizes averaging 0.47 hectares (1 1 ⁄ 4 acres). This represents

5733-425: The global COVID-19 pandemic , and the attendant disruptions of food systems, their role has become more important. While the historical focus on smallholders has been increasing global food supply under climate change and the role played by smallholder communities, climate adaptation efforts are still hindered by lack of information on how smallholder farmers are experiencing and responding to climate change. There

5824-493: The last −20 °F (−29 °C) or colder reading occurred on February 27, 1994; the record low maximum is −4 °F (−20 °C) on January 22, 1883, while, conversely, the record high minimum is 78 °F (26 °C) on August 1, 2006, and July 18, 1942. Freezing temperatures in June are exceedingly rare and have not occurred in July or August since the 19th century; on average, they arrive on October 4 and depart on May 7, allowing

5915-430: The less successful Clarkmobile around 1903. Over the next decades, the city would be transformed into a major American industrial center for the manufacturing of automobiles and parts , among other industries. The city also continued to grow in area. By 1956, the city had grown to 15 square miles (39 km ), and doubled in size over the next decade to its current size of roughly 33 square miles (85 km ). Today,

6006-453: The main street of the side, lie warehouses and light industrial areas served by a major rail line that runs through Lansing. The most notable landmark of this side is Lansing's airport: Capital Region International Airport . The Southside, usually described as the neighborhoods located south of the Grand and Red Cedar rivers and the I-496 freeway, is physically the largest and most populous side of

6097-405: The mid-19th century. Directly south of downtown on the other side of I-496 along Washington Avenue lies " REO Town ", the birthplace of the automobile in the United States, is where Ransom Eli Olds built factories along Washington Avenue. Ransom Eli Olds ' home, which once overlooked the factories along Washington Avenue, was displaced by I-496. Lansing is generally divided into four sections:

6188-612: The next two decades with the completion of the railroads through the city, a plank road , and the completion of the current capitol building in 1878. Most of what is known as Lansing today is the result of the city becoming an industrial powerhouse which began with the founding of Olds Motor Vehicle Company in August 1897. The company went through many changes, including a buyout, between its founding to 1905 when founder Ransom E. Olds started his new REO Motor Car Company , which would last in Lansing for another 70 years. Olds would be joined by

6279-442: The northwest corner of Ingham County. They platted the land and hoped to build a community they named Biddle City, located south of the convergence of the Grand River and the Red Cedar River, in Lansing's present-day REO Town neighborhood. Biddle City's plat map included plans for a public square, church square and academy square. They sold 21 parcels of it — mostly to other Michiganders, not New Yorkers — and buyers understood that it

6370-516: The productivity and financial sustainability of smallholders is an international development priority and measured by indicator 2.3 of Sustainable Development Goal 2 . Additionally, since agriculture has such large impacts on climate change , Project Drawdown described "Sustainable Intensification for Smallholders" an important method for climate change mitigation . According to conventional theory, economies of scale allow agricultural productivity , in terms of inputs versus outputs, to rise as

6461-419: The productivity of their farms when yields decline, increasing their need to clear more land. Increasing productivity, especially amongst smallholder farms, is an important way to decrease the amount of land needed for farming and slow environmental degradation through processes like deforestation. The definition of a small farm has varied over time and by country. Agricultural economists have analyzed

6552-579: The same period and large holdings registered a decline from 51 to 35%. This signifies the importance of smallholders in the Green Revolution and the attainment of national food security. Smallholder families are becoming more vulnerable and more disadvantaged due to the expansion of international trade liberalisation. The needs and aspirations of small farmers must feature prominently in policies of market reform that seek to improve food and nutritional security. India's total increase rate of productivity across

6643-584: The scene, "Damn these people [...] They wouldn't leave her alone." The incident was widely reported, including a photospread in Life . While the Lansing State Journal coverage stressed the danger of the incident, the Detroit Free Press noted that witnesses cried out "Murderers! Murderers!" as police fired eight shots. Author Nelson Algren cites the injustice and sad end of the pursuit of "Raji,

6734-454: The settlement, having grown to nearly 3,000 and encompassing about seven square miles (18 km ) in area, was incorporated as a city, carving off a section of seven square miles from Lansing Township. The boundaries of the original city were Douglas Avenue to the north, Wood and Regent streets to the east, Mount Hope Avenue to the south, and Jenison Avenue to the west. These boundaries would remain until 1916. Lansing began to grow steadily over

6825-409: The size of the farm rises. Specialization has also been a major factor in increasing agricultural productivity, for example as commodity processing began to move off the farm in the 19th century, farmers could spend more effort on primary food production. Although numerous studies show that larger farms are more productive than smaller ones, some writers state that whilst conventional farming creates

6916-431: The state – some county Farm Bureau offices cover more than one county with lower population levels. Each County Farm Bureau has an annual meeting when policy for that county Farm Bureau is set. During that meeting, policy is also developed for the state and national levels. State and national policies passed by majority vote at the county annual meetings are then reviewed and modified by county Farm Bureau delegates at

7007-699: The state annual meeting. National policies passed by majority vote at the state annual meeting are then reviewed and modified by delegates at the American Farm Bureau Federation 's annual meeting. The Michigan Farm Bureau is a member organization of both the American Farm Bureau Federation and the U.S. Farmers and Ranchers Alliance , both headed by Bob Stallman. The USFRA is a lobbying organization "of more than 80 farmer and rancher-led organizations and agricultural partners representing virtually all aspects of agriculture, working to engage in dialogue with consumers who have questions about how today’s food

7098-531: The summer. The City of Lansing operates a total of 3.55 square miles (9.2 km ) of parkland, of which 2.80 square miles (7.3 km ) is parkland, 0.43 square miles (1.1 km ) are golflands, and 0.31 square miles (0.80 km ) are cemetery lands. However, this figure includes the Waverly Hills Golf Course and adjacent Michigan Avenue Park, whose 0.18 square miles (0.47 km ) are located within neighboring Lansing Township, but operated by

7189-655: The temporary 425 Agreements, Lansing administers 34.1 square miles (88 km ) total. Lansing is located in the south-central part of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan , where the Grand River meets the Red Cedar River . The city occupies most of what had formerly been part of Lansing Charter Township. It has also annexed adjacent tracts of land in Delta Charter Township and Windsor Township in Eaton County to

7280-725: The temporary transfer of 1,888.2 acres of Lansing Capital Region International Airport to the city from DeWitt Township in 2011. The second agreement consisted of the temporary transfer of 41 acres (17 ha) in Alaiedon Township for the expansion of the headquarters of Jackson National Life Insurance Company in 2013 bringing the area either fully or conditionally under control of the city to 39.69 square miles (102.80 km ). Under Michigan law, 425 Agreements are only temporary land sharing agreements and do not count as official annexations. The Census Bureau, however, for statistical purposes does count these as annexations. Not counting

7371-654: The upper and middle reaches of the Nduruma River in the Pangani River Basin, Tanzania, there is not enough water to go around. Smallholder farmers address inequities in land and water distribution by enforcing existing traditional local rules. Whilst larger estate farms may have governmental licences guaranteeing rights to the water, a study found that those large-scale farms which adhere to the traditional water rights structures fare better in terms of social reputation, which better ensures their access to water. Adhering to

7462-462: The vast majority of Kenya's rural poor population who depend on agriculture for their livelihood. Adverse risk events during the period 1980–2012 led to production losses in smallholder farms resulting in a drop in agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) of 2 percent or more. Increasing the productivity of smallholder farmers is encouraged due to its potential of improving food availability, increasing rural incomes, lowering poverty rates, and growing

7553-697: The water law in order to enforce their permits is less effective, as regional Tanzanian local governments generally attempt to avoid conflict with their populace. On a larger scale, however, existing traditional rules are ineffective in maintaining cooperation among users along the Nduruma River. In 1975, there were 4.2 million smallholder farming households in Thailand. In 2013, Thailand had 5.9 million smallholder farming households. The average area of these smallholdings had shrunk from 3.7 to 3.2 hectares ( 9 + 1 ⁄ 4 to 8 acres) over that period. Instead of farms getting larger and less numerous, as has been

7644-706: The west, Delhi Charter Township in Ingham County to the south, and in DeWitt Charter Township in Clinton County to the north. The city also controls three non-contiguous tracts of land through 425 Agreements (conditional land transfer agreements) with Meridian Charter Township, Delta Charter Township, and Alaiedon Township in Ingham County to the southeast. It is also located between the state's two largest cities, Detroit and Grand Rapids. Lansing elevations range between 890 feet (271 m) above sea level on

7735-479: The winter of 1835 and early 1836, two brothers from New York plotted the area now known as REO Town just south of downtown Lansing and named it "Biddle City". This land lay in a floodplain and was underwater during the majority of the year. Nevertheless, the brothers went back to Lansing, New York , to sell plots for the town that did not exist. They told the New Yorkers this new "city" had an area of 65 blocks,

7826-548: The world alone, supporting almost two billion people. Smallholdings are usually farms supporting a single family with a mixture of cash crops and subsistence farming . As a country becomes more affluent, smallholdings may not be self-sufficient. Still, they may be valued for providing supplemental sustenance, recreation, and general rural lifestyle appreciation (often as hobby farms ). As the sustainable food and local food movements grow in affluent countries, some of these smallholdings are gaining increased economic viability in

7917-542: The world. These farms vary in land sizes, production and labor intensities. The distribution of farm sizes depends on a number of agroecological and demographic conditions, as well as on economic and technological factors. Smallholders are critical to local and regional food systems, as well as livelihoods, and especially so during periods of food supply chain disruptions. Smallholders dominate production in certain key sectors such as coffee and cocoa. Various types of agribusinesses enterprises work with smallholding farmers in

8008-681: The year and drop to or below 0 °F (−17.8 °C) on 10.5 nights. Precipitation is generally greatest during summer but still frequent and significant in winter. Snowfall, which normally occurs from November to April, averages 51.1 inches (130 cm) per season, significantly less than areas to the west such as Grand Rapids as Lansing is relatively immune to lake-effect snows ; seasonal snowfall has historically ranged from 16.6 in (42 cm) in 1863−64 to 97.2 in (247 cm) in 1880−81. The highest and lowest officially recorded temperatures were 103 °F (39 °C) on July 6, 2012 , and −37 °F (−38 °C) on February 2, 1868, with

8099-474: Was from. The settlement of fewer than 20 people that would become the City of Lansing remained quiet until the winter of 1847. The state constitution required the capital be moved from Detroit to a more central and safer location in the state's interior in 1847; many were concerned about Detroit's proximity to British -controlled Canada , which had captured Detroit in the War of 1812 . The United States had recaptured

8190-534: Was not yet a real city. Unfortunately, Biddle City never took off. The financial Panic of 1837 forced the brothers to heavily mortgage the property, and the city never materialized. Biddle City was not Lansing's original name, nor a precursor to it, as the plat was located outside of Lansing's original city limits. Originally, all that existed was Lansing Township, named in 1842 by an early settler, Joseph E. North Sr., after Lansing in Tompkins County, NY, where he

8281-503: Was the deadliest in the city's history. Perhaps thirty-four people died in the fire, although the hotel register was also destroyed making an exact count impossible. On February 8, 1951, the Elliott-Larsen Building was intentionally set on fire by a state office employee. The following morning, the seventh floor collapsed down to the next level, which destroyed a large number of state historical records. On September 26, 1963,

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