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54-534: Mgahinga Gorilla National Park is located in the Virunga Mountains and encompasses three inactive volcanoes, namely Mount Muhabura , Mount Gahinga , and Mount Sabyinyo . In altitude the national park ranges from 2,227 to 4,127 m (7,306 to 13,540 ft) and is part of the Nile River watershed area. It is contiguous with Rwanda's Volcanoes National Park and the southern sector of Virunga National Park in

108-469: A peace process? Not really. Or more precisely: We don't know yet. The agreement is more a statement of principles than a concrete action plan." Separately, negotiations between the Congolese government and rebel leaders continued in neighboring Uganda. Ugandan Vice President Edward Ssekandi said the discussions had been productive thus far. Joseph Kabila said negotiations would continue, but added that time

162-702: A political party in exchange for the release of its imprisoned members. On 4 April 2012, it was reported that Bosco Ntaganda and 300 loyal troops defected from the DRC and clashed with government forces in the Rutshuru region north of Goma . According to M23 spokesman Vianney Kazarma, the defection was due to Joseph Kabila 's cheating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo general election, 2011 . Jason Stearns reported on 4 May 2012 that Colonel Sultani Makenga had joined

216-660: A region that has suffered so much, this is obviously a significant positive step in the right direction." On 6 November 2013, the 23 March rebels fled the country. The next day, the rebels surrendered at Mgahinga Gorilla National Park in Uganda as about 1,500 fighters, believed to be most of the force were held after surrendering in Kisoro by the borders, this included Sultani Makenga . M23's surrender has sparked many questions of legal accountability for military leaders, such as Makenga, but also for lower level combatants and other parties to

270-502: A statement that read: "The chief of general staff and the commanders of all major units are requested to prepare troops for disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration on terms to be agreed with the government of Congo." Government spokesman Laurent Mende said that many rebel fighters were surrendering and that Congo was ready to pursue peace talks. The U.S. special envoy for the African Great Lakes region said from Pretoria: "In

324-576: A statement that they would cease their offensive if the government agreed to holding peace talks with them. The United Nations condemned rebel attacks in the region after an Indian peacekeeper was killed in the fighting. On 8 July, the rebels captured Rutshuru, 70 kilometers north of Goma, the capital of North Kivu province. By 10 July, they were 40 kilometers from the city of Goma. Witnesses said rebels appeared to be taking towns and villages with ease, with government troops usually melting away. The towns of Rubare and Ntamugenga had also reportedly fallen to

378-519: A statement, European Union leaders Catherine Ashton and Andris Piebalgs called the agreement and appointment of a UN envoy "important steps" in the peace process and commended the spirit of "good neighborliness" demonstrated. However, regional analyst Theodore Trefon said the agreement was not a long-term solution. "You're not going to be able to impose peace from above or the outside on people who don't want peace", he remarked. On his blog about Congo, Jason Stearns agrees writing "So are we back in

432-475: A timeframe did not appear to have been agreed upon. However, a DRC military spokesman claimed that M23 had refused to abandon Goma and said: "They have refused to leave the city of Goma. This is a declaration of war, and we intend to resume combat." Nevertheless, the next day the situation appeared to ease, with M23 agreeing to a withdrawal from captured territory, with the intention of eventually leaving Goma and returning to their original positions before they took

486-506: Is Uganda's smallest national park, receiving one of the fewest annual visitor numbers of any national park in Uganda. Popular tourist activities include mountain gorilla tracking, golden monkey tracking, volcano hiking, nature walks including to the gorge platform, bird watching and meeting the Batwa community. Tourists visiting Mgahinga Gorilla National Park make a 9 hours drive from Kampala to reach

540-648: Is a branch of the Albertine Rift Mountains , which border the western branch of the East African Rift . They are located between Lake Edward and Lake Kivu . The name "Virunga" is an English version of the Kinyarwanda word ibirunga , which means "volcanoes". The mountain range consists of eight major volcanoes. Most of them are dormant, except Mount Nyiragongo 3,462 metres (11,358 ft) and Mount Nyamuragira 3,063 metres (10,049 ft), both in

594-585: Is allied with Bosco Ntaganda, have killed ten men and two others were hospitalized. M23 has denied that it is hit by dissent. In March 2013, the United Nations Security Council authorized the deployment of an intervention brigade within MONUSCO to carry out targeted offensive operations, with or without the Congolese national army , against armed groups that threaten peace in eastern DRC. The brigade

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648-468: Is based in North Kivu and is made up of a total of 3,069 peacekeepers. It is tasked with neutralizing armed groups, reducing the threat posed to State authority and civilian security and make space for stabilization activities. In May 2013, fighting continued for the first time in six months as M23 attacked the government's forces north of Goma. At least 15 rebels and four government soldiers were killed in

702-460: Is located between Mount Karisimbi and Mount Bisoke . 01°25′45″S 29°32′54″E  /  1.42917°S 29.54833°E  / -1.42917; 29.54833 M23 rebellion Congolese government victory [REDACTED]   Democratic Republic of the Congo [REDACTED] MONUSCO March 23 Movement Alleged support: [REDACTED] 200 killed [REDACTED] 3 killed Other major events The M23 rebellion

756-739: The Democratic Republic of the Congo . The park is about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) by road south of the town of Kisoro and approximately 55 kilometres (34 mi) by road west of Kabale , the largest city in the sub-region. The area experiences two wet rainy seasons: February to May; and September to December. The average monthly rainfall varies from 250 mm (9.8 in) in October to 10 mm (0.39 in) in July. The national park encompasses bamboo forest, Albertine Rift montane forests , Ruwenzori-Virunga montane moorlands with tree heath , and an alpine zone at higher altitudes. Primates present in

810-497: The United Nations , consists of two principal parts. First, it calls on the DRC to implement security reforms, work to strengthen its government, and increase cooperation with its neighbors. Second, it calls on neighboring countries to help structurally reform certain DRC organizations, but to otherwise refrain from interfering with DRC internal affairs. It also opens the possibility of a UN intervention brigade being established in

864-591: The Albertine Rift's endemic birds , the following were recorded in the national park during surveys in 2004: handsome spurfowl , dusky crimson-wing , red-throated alethe , Kivu ground thrush , Rwenzori turaco , Rwenzori batis , Rwenzori double-collared sunbird , collared apalis , mountain masked apalis , Archer's ground robin , stripe-breasted tit , blue-headed sunbird , regal sunbird , strange weaver , montane nightjar , red-faced woodland warbler and Grauer's swamp warbler . Mgahinga Gorilla National Park

918-539: The Congo (MONUSCO). Mutineers formed a rebel group called the March 23 Movement (M23), also known as the Congolese Revolutionary Army. It was composed of former members of the rebel CNDP, and allegedly sponsored by the government of the neighbouring states of Rwanda and Uganda . On 20 November 2012, M23 rebels took control of Goma , a North Kivu provincial capital with a population of one million people. By

972-602: The Congolese army captured two towns from M23 rebels: Kiwanja and Buhumba, both of which are in the Rutshuru area of North Kivu province, near the Rwandan border. In October 2013, Congo told the UN that the movement was virtually finished after being pushed back from its key position at Mount Hehu and Rumanagabo , north of Goma, to an enclave near Rwanda. Congo also re-captured Kiwanja and Rutshuru and discovered mass graves. On 30 October,

1026-469: The Congolese government open peace talks, or face an escalation of fighting. M23 forces began an assault against army positions in Goma on 19 November, sending mortar shells and machine gun fire into the city which was still being defended by the government army. M23 spokesman Lt. Col. Vianney Kazarma said "Fighting is already taking place on the streets of Goma this morning." The DRC government spokesman confirmed

1080-624: The Court. On 25 February, disagreement between factions of the M23 about how to react to the peace agreement led to violence. M23's political leader, Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero , was sacked. In a statement signed by M23's military leader, Sultani Makenga , he was accused of treason because of "financial embezzlement, divisions, ethnic hatred, deceit and political immaturity". Makenga declared himself interim leader and clashes between those loyal to Sultani Makenga and those loyal to Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero, who

1134-596: The DRC. Recent eruptions occurred in 2006, 2010 and May 2021. Mount Karisimbi is the highest volcano at 4,507 metres (14,787 ft). The oldest mountain is Mount Sabyinyo , which rises 3,634 metres (11,923 ft) above sea level. The Virunga Mountains are home of the endangered mountain gorilla , listed on the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species due to habitat loss , poaching , disease, and war (Butynski et al. 2003). The Karisoke Research Center , founded by Dian Fossey to observe gorillas in their native habitat,

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1188-427: The M23 appeared to be well equipped with night vision equipment and 120mm mortars. On 18 November, it was reported that Congolese troops and the administration were leaving Goma in a hurry as M23 was at the gates of the city. The North Kivu governor left on a boat en route to South Kivu. The United Nations troops did not react when the rebels bypassed their camp on the road to Goma. The following day, M23 demanded that

1242-525: The M23 movement and its military leader Sultani Makenga , which had recently forced Ntaganda's forces to flee the DRC into Rwanda. Though Rwanda was not a signatory to the Rome Statute , the media speculated it would be forced to turn him over to the ICC. The U.S. also had listed him on its War Crimes Rewards Programme. On 22 March, he was detained by the ICC. Four days later, he made his first appearance in front of

1296-465: The M23. Stearns commented that this "is a significant development, since Makenga was the second highest ranking CNDP officer behind Ntaganda in the Amani Leo structure as the deputy commander of South Kivu." On 6 July 2012, M23 attacked and took the town of Bunagana less than a kilometer from the border with Uganda . Some 600 DRC troops fled across the border and took refuge in Uganda. The rebels issued

1350-519: The accord will usher in "an era of peace and stability" for Africa's Great Lakes region, but cautioned that the agreement "only the beginning of a comprehensive approach that will require sustained engagement." He also said that a special envoy would be deployed in Congo in the near future. United States ambassador to the United Nations, Susan Rice said she welcomes the deal and called on the Congolese government to continue working towards peace. In

1404-550: The airport. M23 was reported to have captured the Goma International Airport . Though other reports claimed that UN forces retained control of the airport, with Lt. Gen. Chander Prakash , commander of UN forces in the area claiming that M23 attacked the peacekeepers but were repelled. M23 forces moved in two columns past Sake , eventually capturing most of Goma as well as a nearby border post with Rwanda . Some government soldiers took off their uniforms before fleeing

1458-469: The attack helicopters, despite the heavy weapons, the FARDC [national army] has let the town fall into our hands." Reuters reports on the scene confirmed that heavily armed M23 soldiers were present and walking through the city unchallenged, and that the UN peacekeepers present were not resisting the M23 advance through the city. Some residents came onto the streets to greet the rebel takeover. After guards of

1512-660: The border town of Bunagana but failed. A few months later, with a much larger force, the rebels of the M23 movement renewed their attack and captured Bunagana. In April 2012, former National Congress for the Defence of the People (CNDP) soldiers mutinied against the DRC government and the peacekeeping contingent of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of

1566-470: The city. By late morning, Congolese government troops had been forced back to the west of the city, with many abandoning their positions and withdrawing westwards from Goma entirely. Rebels marched into the centre without a shot being fired as the government army fled and UN peacekeepers stood down. Local police surrendered their posts and weapons without resistance. M23 made a statement later on announcing: "The town of Goma fell at 11:33 local time, despite

1620-414: The city. On 1 December, M23 rebels pulled out of Goma, later under Congolese army control. On 24 February 2013, leaders of 11 African nations signed an agreement designed to bring peace to the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Among the signers were Rwanda and Uganda , both of whom had been accused of aiding the rebellion, a charge the nations deny. The deal, which was brokered by

1674-402: The claim saying, "We have yet to stop this attack; they have not taken Goma yet." Congolese army units were reported to be holding defensive positions in the city centre and the airport armed with tanks and machine guns. M23 forces entered the city proper on 20 November, advancing on foot up the main road towards the city centre. Heavy bursts of small arms fire could be heard in the city and near

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1728-510: The end of November that year, the conflict had forced more than 140,000 people to flee their homes, according to the U.N. refugee agency, in addition to the refugees already forced from their homes by previous rounds of fighting in the region. After repelling an ill-organized government counterattack and making some further gains, M23 agreed to withdraw from Goma on their own and left the city in early December. On 24 February 2013, eleven African nations signed an agreement designed to bring peace to

1782-670: The facilitator of the Kampala peace talks to immediately put in place a mechanism to monitor the ceasefire." Despite the calls, the army accused the rebels of bombing Bunagana. Army spokesman Olivier Hamuli said: "This is not fighting, it is bombs launched by M23 targeting the population of Bunagana. They are targeting civilians." Conversely, the rebels said that they were attacked with heavy weapons. Radio Okapi reported that four civilians were killed and 10 others were wounded in Bunagana on 4 November. UN, EU and AU envoys urged both sides not to undo

1836-575: The fighting on 20 May as both sides traded artillery fire in the town of Mutaho near Goma after rebels tried to retake it from the government, which had recently seized it from them. Clashes once again broke out in July 2013, as M23 fought back against what it said was an army assault involving aircraft and artillery. Government forces used heavy weapons against the rebels in the town of Muja, just north of Goma. A government spokesman claimed that 120 M23 members were killed, and 10 army soldiers were killed. The claim could not be independently verified. During

1890-400: The first town seized by the rebels in 2012 was stormed by UN-backed Congolese troops as the rebels abandoned Bunagana. Following Uganda's calls for a ceasefire on 1 November and government shelling the next day, as well as a new offensive on 3 November in the hills around the border with Uganda and Rwanda, M23 leader Bertrand Bisimwa called to "immediately end hostilities" and that "we call on

1944-459: The local prison fled Goma, along with the national army, more than a thousand criminal prisoners escaped through a hole in the prison wall. The rebels ordered civil servants back to work, warning they will not tolerate corruption, and allowed the UN troops to continue to patrol the streets. DR Congo president Joseph Kabila urged the city's people to "resist" the group's takeover. UN spokesman Eduardo del Buey said peacekeepers "cannot substitute" for

1998-458: The national army, adding that the 1,500 UN troops in Goma held their fire because they did not want to risk civilian lives. UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon criticized M23 for alleged human rights violations during the takeover, including destruction of property, "intimidation of journalists", and the abduction of women and children. Noting that the First Congo War had begun with fighting in

2052-667: The national park include mountain gorilla ( Gorilla beringei beringei ) with around 30 individuals split between one habituated and two unhabituated groups, and golden monkey ( Cercopithecus kandti ), an Albertine Rift Endemic whose range is now restricted to the Virungas and one other forest in Rwanda . The checklist of 76 mammal species includes black-and-white colobus , leopard , African bush elephant , giant forest hog , bushpig , buffalo, Cape bushbuck , black-fronted duiker , and several varieties of rodents , bats and small predators. Of

2106-653: The national park's borders in the early 1990s. In November 2013, the M23 Movement , a Congolese rebel group, surrendered in the park after being defeated by the Congolese Army in the M23 rebellion . Virunga Mountains The Virunga Mountains (also known as Mufumbiro ) are a chain of volcanoes in East Africa , in the area where Rwanda , the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and Uganda meet. The mountain range

2160-548: The other for the outbreak of hostilities. Government forces claimed M23 rebels suffered 110 dead, a claim the rebels denied. Government forces reportedly used tanks and helicopters in the fighting, which saw rebels advance closer to Goma nevertheless. On 15 November, MONUSCO helicopter gunships were deployed to support government forces as they fought to hold off a rebel attack south of Kibumba, flying 17 sorties and firing more than 500 rockets and missiles. The combined army and UN assault killed approximately 64 M23 fighters. However,

2214-484: The park. The park is also connected by daily domestic flights from Entebbe International Airport and on to Kihihi Airstrip, which land at Kisoro Airport . Mgahinga Gorilla National Park was established in 1991 in an area that used to be a game reserve between the 1930s and 1950, but was partly converted to crop fields in lower altitudes. Biological surveys were initiated in 1989, wire traps destroyed, rangers trained and trees planted. Settlers were relocated to areas outside

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2268-526: The progress made in peace talks and that M23 should renounce its rebellion and the army should hold off from further military action. The next day, following the two-week UN-backed offensive the government claimed to have defeated the rebels, as the group said it is ending its rebellion and would disarm and demobilise its forces in order to pursue a political solution. The announcement came hours after its fighters were driven out of its last two strongholds of Tshanzu and Runyoni at about 3:00. Bisimiwa issued

2322-402: The rebel ranks. The troops continued raping local civilian women and girls in a systematic way for three days, resulting in international outrage. The "UN condemned the atrocity as "horrifying" in its scale and systematic nature." The American Bar Association's office in Goma has identified 1,014 victims, but the UN had a final list of about 126. The DRC Army prosecuted officers in 2014 in what

2376-489: The rebels resumed their offensive the next day and in larger numbers; their advance put them within 18 miles of Goma. The army retreated under heavy fire to the southern outskirts of Kibumba after being forced back by the rebels, according to the provincial governor. The government army began to regroup around the nearby town of Kilimanyoka after the retreat. Later rebels claimed to have seized control of Kibumba but said they had no plans on attacking Goma. A UN spokesman told that

2430-479: The rebels. On 20 July, M23 and government forces exchanged heavy weapons fire around Kibumba and Rugari, forcing thousands of civilians to flee towards Goma . UN helicopter gunships were seen headed towards the front line. The security situation in eastern Congo was described as rapidly becoming worse. Fighting broke out again in November 2012, with reports of heavy gunfire and explosions near Goma. Both sides blamed

2484-401: The rebels. Thousands of hungry and demoralized government soldiers fled back in disarray to the town of Minova , around 50 km from Goma. They got drunk and reportedly began raping, looting and threatening civilians; the allegations were confirmed by an UN source for The Guardian , which described them as "angry and paranoid", and contrasted their appearance to the apparent discipline in

2538-445: The region. Several African countries have discussed contributing troops to an intervention force, which, if formed, would supplement the 17,000 UN military personnel already working in the area. The M23 rebels were not represented in the deal's negotiations or at the signing. M23 spokesperson Bertrand Bisimwa said he had not read the agreement but hoped it would not reignite fighting. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said he hopes

2592-432: The region. In October 2013, Congo told the UN that the M23 movement was virtually finished after being pushed back to a small area near Rwanda. On 7 November 2013, following significant defeats to a UN-backed government offensive, M23 troops crossed into Uganda and surrendered. In March 2009, National Congress for the Defence of the People (CNDP) rebels signed a peace treaty with the government, in which it agreed to become

2646-671: The same fighting government's forces were accused by the UN of mistreatment of M23 detainees and desecration of corpses of M23 combatants. On 24 July 2013 the government's Mil Mi-24 gunships, piloted by Ukrainian soldiers from high altitudes, inflicted heavy civilian casualties near the village of Rumangabo. On 30 July, the group were given a 48-hour ultimatum by the U.N. to leave the Goma area or face "use of force." Between 21 and 29 August, heavy fighting outside Goma left 57 rebels, 10–23 government soldiers, 14 civilians and one Tanzanian U.N. peacekeeper dead. 720 government soldiers and 10 U.N. peacekeepers were also wounded. In late October,

2700-487: The same region, the New York Times described Goma's takeover as "raising serious questions about the stability of Congo as a whole." Almost 3,000 members of the Congolese army and police forces switched sides in Goma on 20 November and joined the rebellion as M23 continued its advance, seizing control of the town of Sake and stating that it intends to overthrow the national government. M23 forces began advancing towards

2754-401: The town of Bukavu , capital of South Kivu state on 21 November. They announced their next intended target after Bukavu as the city of Kisangani , the capital of Orientale Province. Government forces, despite having withdrawn from Sake, launched a counterattack to retake the city on 22 November leading to heavy clashes with M23 forces there. The surprise counterattack was badly beaten by

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2808-634: Was an armed conflict in North Kivu , Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), that occurred between the March 23 Movement and government forces between 4 April 2012 and 7 November 2013. It ended when a peace agreement was made among eleven African nations, and the M23 troops surrendered in Uganda. The rebellion was part of continued fighting in the region after the formal end of the Second Congo War in 2003. The conflict reignited in late 2021 after rebel "general" Sultani Makenga and 100 rebel fighters attacked

2862-521: Was called the Minova Trial, the largest rape trial in DRC history. Only a few junior officers were convicted. There has been insufficient financial support for the women who were victimized, and insufficient protection for them in the years since. According to the chief of Uganda People's Defence Force , M23 leader met with him and agreed to let him mediate, which resulted in M23 agreeing to withdrawing their forces from Goma and Sake in principle, although

2916-573: Was running out to reach an agreement, citing the 15 March deadline for the talks. On 18 March 2013, Bosco Ntaganda turned himself in to the U.S. embassy in Kigali , Rwanda, where he requested transfer to the International Criminal Court in The Hague . Though the reasons for his surrender are unknown it was speculated that he was either pressured to do so by Rwanda or feared infighting within

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