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110-448: Theories on how to constrain, limit or enable this participation vary. Accordingly, there is no one dominant theory of how to go about authoring legislation with this approach. There are a wide array of projects and movements which are working on building open-source governance systems. Many left-libertarian and radical centrist organizations around the globe have begun advocating open-source governance and its related political ideas as

220-477: A capitalist philosophy that defends strong private property rights; and socialist libertarianism , an anti-capitalist philosophy that opposes the concentration of wealth . By the turn of the 21st century, some analytic philosophers had also adopted the label of "left-libertarianism". This contemporary model of left-libertarianism, associated mainly with Peter Vallentyne and Hillel Steiner , distinguishes itself from right-libertarianism in its advocacy of

330-498: A leadership review ballot regarding Paul's continued status as leader. Several days later, Paul told a press conference she was surprised by the review, and that it was unnecessary since she had previously announced her intention to resign. Paul's protracted departure was due to continued legal conflict between Paul and the Green Party's leadership, with Paul negotiating compensation for legal fees incurred due to arbitration following

440-542: A left libertarian . In 2015 he said: In contrast to right-libertarianism and libertarian socialism, left-libertarianism holds that individuals should have no exclusive right to the exploitation of natural resources , instead advocating for an equitable distribution of resources, while also insisting on the protection of personal property rights. Contemporary left-libertarian scholars such as David Ellerman , Michael Otsuka , Hillel Steiner , Peter Vallentyne and Philippe Van Parijs root an economic egalitarianism in

550-437: A "central codebase" in the form of a set of policies that are maintained in a public registry and that are infinitely reproducible . " Distributions " of this policy-base are released (periodically or dynamically) for use in localities, which can apply "patches" to customize them for their own use. Localities are also able to cease subscribing to the central policy-base and "fork" it or adopt someone else's policy-base. In effect,

660-504: A "longer period before launching a permanent leadership contest, and then a short leadership race." In a press conference about a week after their appointment, Kuttner said they wanted to start the process of regrowth and to heal the party. The party had released a report indicating that it was threatened with insolvency, and was considering closing its office in Ottawa. The party had lost 499 monthly donors since July 2021, and 6,259 members in

770-483: A Green Party candidate. As Parliament was dissolved for the election at the time of Núñez-Melo's change in affiliation, he was never formally recorded as a Green MP. Ultimately, May was re-elected in the riding of Saanich—Gulf Islands while both Hyer and Núñez-Melo were defeated, leaving May as the only member in the House. In March 2018, Green Party leader Elizabeth May appointed journalist and broadcaster Jo-Ann Roberts as

880-455: A Green member of Parliament. The decision to step down came as a promise to May's daughter. A leadership election was held on 3 October 2020, and Toronto -based lawyer and activist Annamie Paul was elected to succeed Elizabeth May as Green Party leader. At the time, Annamie Paul had been described as a centrist . Paul ran in the 2020 Toronto Centre federal by-election , where she placed second. On 10 June 2021, Jenica Atwin crossed

990-505: A blog post on the Green Party's website criticizing the actions of Hamas during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict . In his article, "Why Gaza Makes Me Sad", Estrin talked about Hamas' "desire to obliterate" the State of Israel and how the terrorist group uses children as human shields. Estrin's blog post was subsequently deleted by the party, with many party seniors and decision makers, including Elizabeth May, distancing themselves from Estrin, with

1100-469: A deep policy renewal effort in conjunction with its leadership race in 2006. While candidates in that race, notably Carolyn Bennett , Stéphane Dion and Michael Ignatieff , all made efforts to facilitate web-threaded policy-driven conversations between supporters, all failed to create lateral relationships and thus also failed to contribute much to the policy renewal effort. Numerous very different projects related to open-source governance collaborate under

1210-486: A deputy leader along with environmentalist Daniel Green of Montreal. Roberts ran as Green Party candidate in a Victoria, British Columbia, riding during the 2015 federal election and finished second. On 6 May 2019, Paul Manly became the second MP elected under the party's banner, after winning a by-election in Nanaimo—Ladysmith . On 19 August 2019, a former NDP and briefly Independent MP Pierre Nantel joined

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1320-504: A distinct ideological tradition, due to its fundamental rejection of the state . In contrast to individualist tendencies , social anarchism rejects private property and market relations, which they believe will be eliminated with the abolition of the state. Social anarchism, originally associated with the libertarianism of Joseph Déjacque , has historically encompassed collectivist anarchism , anarchist communism and anarcho-syndicalism ; each of which became influential tendencies in

1430-533: A hundred national Green party entities worldwide and the ability to co-ordinate policy among provincial and municipal equivalents within Canada, it was in a good position to maintain just such a central repository of policy, despite being legally separate from those other entities. Open-source governance differs from previous open-government initiatives in its broader emphasis on collaborative processes. After all... ...simply publishing snapshots of government information

1540-464: A large majority of the party calling on him to resign. On 5 August, Estrin resigned, criticizing the party for betraying their commitment to values of inclusivity and open public discourse. Elizabeth May accepted the resignation of Estrin, stating that he was not forced to resign, but did so of his own volition. May has said that the problem with his statements were the "confusion" they caused because they differed from party lines, but confirmed that Estrin

1650-484: A leader by is their performance." A member of the Greens' federal council: Louise Comeau, stepped down following the internal turmoil, citing "[the] stress and anxiety of those meetings affected [her] physical and mental health", with regards to negotiations surrounding Paul's departure. May theorized Paul wished to negotiate a severance package before her departure as Green leader. On October 28, 2021, Green members received

1760-496: A plain wiki, incorporating semantic tags, levels of control or scoring to mediate disputes – however this always risks empowering a clique of moderators more than would be the case given their trust position within the democratic entity – a parallel to the common wiki problem of official vandalism by persons entrusted with power by owners or publishers (so-called "sysop vandalism" or "administrative censorship"). Some advocates of these approaches, by analogy to software code, argue for

1870-466: A possible legal action. Dana Miller, who served in the party's shadow cabinet with responsibility for human-rights issues, made public her earlier complaints that the party has violated election law and its own constitution and has also asked for an Elections Canada investigation. Miller had been expelled from the party after filing a complaint within the party in April. Some opponents of Harris's leadership of

1980-406: A previous attempt to remove Paul as leader. Paul officially resigned on November 10, 2021, as voting in the review was ongoing. Her resignation took effect on November 14, 2021 upon its acceptance by the party's federal council. On November 24, Amita Kuttner was appointed interim leader. Appointed at the age of 30, Kuttner was the youngest person to lead a federal political party, as well as

2090-590: A reformist alternative to current governance systems. Often, these groups have their origins in decentralized structures such as the Internet and place particular importance on the need for anonymity to protect an individual's right to free speech in democratic systems. Opinions vary, however, not least because the principles behind open-source government are still very loosely defined. In practice, several applications have evolved and been used by democratic institutions: Some models are significantly more sophisticated than

2200-469: A result of ongoing divisions over Joan Russow's refusal to endorse the Green candidate in an earlier St. John's West by-election. (The candidate in question supported the seal hunt and mining development, as most locals did.) This caused much uncertainty and friction between Newfoundland's Terra Nova Green Party Association and the Green Party leader as the party gradually adapted to the realities of functioning as

2310-479: A seat in the House of Commons through a byelection and the proposed constitutional amendment was not voted upon due to disagreement within the party. On July 9, 2024, Jonathan Pedneault resigned as deputy leader, citing personal reasons. May committed to remaining party leader through the next federal election , expected in 2025. The Green Party officially rejects the traditional left–right political spectrum , describing it as "something of an anachronism". Instead,

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2420-606: A statement instead. An internal report of the Green Party obtained by The Globe and Mail stated: "there is systemic racism at the governance level of the party, which needs to be, but is not being, addressed". Former leader Jim Harris was critical of Paul's statements on her experiences of racism within the Green Party and dismissed the existence of issues of systemic racism within the party, stating: "When she doesn"t get her way, she calls racism. Now, racism, sexism, and violent metaphors like 'walking over shards of glass' and 'spitting up blood' get headlines, but what we have to judge

2530-436: A true national party rather than a disorganized federation of local activists. The conflicts left Russow isolated and alienated from most members of the party. Volunteer efforts were substantially absorbed in provincial campaigns between 2001 and 2003, and the federal party became dormant between elections, as was typical in the past. Chris Bradshaw served the party as interim leader from 2001 to February 2003. During his term,

2640-583: A universal basic income must be large enough to maintain individual independence regardless of the market value of resources because people in contemporary society have been denied direct access to enough resources with which they could otherwise maintain their existence in the absence of interference by people who control access to resources. In its oldest form, "left-libertarianism" was used synonymously with social anarchism . Although social anarchism and other forms of left-libertarianism share similar roots and concerns, social anarchism has distinguished itself as

2750-523: Is a federal political party in Canada, founded in 1983 with a focus on green politics . The Green Party is currently the fifth largest party in the House of Commons by seat count. It elected its first member of Parliament (MP), leader Elizabeth May , in the 2011 election , winning in the Saanich—Gulf Islands . In the 2019 election , the party expanded its caucus to three. In the 2021 election ,

2860-447: Is a political philosophy and type of libertarianism that stresses both individual freedom and social equality . Left-libertarianism represents several related yet distinct approaches to political and social theory . Its classical usage refers to anti-authoritarian varieties of left-wing politics such as anarchism , especially social anarchism . While right-libertarianism is widely seen as synonymous with libertarianism in

2970-467: Is a dynamic, collaborative effort between government and its citizens". Audrey reported that the motivation for her work was personal uncertainty about the nature and accuracy of models, estimates and assumptions used to prepare policies released with the 2014 Australian Federal Government Budget, and whether and to what extent their real world impact is assessed following implementation. A white paper on "Evaluating Government Policies using Open Source Models"

3080-484: Is a tension between the left-libertarian inheritance and demands of pragmatism. For example, Margit Mayer and John Ely describe the German Greens as "remain[ing] connected to the left-libertarian movement milieus in the topics it addresses, its political style, and the omnipresence of movement discourse" while also pursuing practical strategies for party power. A new wave of left libertarian movement parties emerged from

3190-572: Is deeply rooted in the fact that the limits to growth requires a radical global and societal redistribution of the Earth’s limited resources." In 2019, the Green Party under Elizabeth May ran on a campaign slogan of "Not Left. Not Right. Forward Together." The party is noted as having a wide range of internal factions; the 2020 leadership election saw both self-described moderate and eco-socialist candidates. Writing in Maclean's , Anne Kingston described

3300-474: Is enough to generate full private property rights , and they maintain that natural resources should be held in an egalitarian manner, either unowned or owned collectively . Those left-libertarians who are more lenient towards private property support different property norms and theories, such as usufruct or under the condition that recompense is offered to the local or even global community . Like other forms of libertarianism, left-libertarian views on

3410-555: Is not a top–down theory but a set of best practices from citizen journalism , participatory democracy and deliberative democracy , informed by e-democracy and netroots experiments, applying argumentation framework for issue-based argument as they evolved in academic and military use through the 1980s to present. Some variants of it draw on the theory of scientific method and market methods , including prediction markets and anticipatory democracy . Its advocates often engage in legal lobbying and advocacy to directly change laws in

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3520-541: Is not enough to make it open. The "Imagine Halifax" (IH) project was designed to create a citizens' forum for elections in Halifax, Nova Scotia in fall 2004. Founded by Angela Bischoff, the widow of Tooker Gomberg , a notable advocate of combining direct action with open politics methods, IH brought a few dozen activists together to compile a platform (using live meetings and email and seedwiki followup). When it became clear that candidates could not all endorse all elements of

3630-616: Is often described by political scientists as left-libertarian. In the wake of the new social movements (especially the ecology and anti-nuclear movements) of the 1970s and 1980s, many left libertarian parties (sometimes called movement parties ) were formed, including green parties, which maintained a relationship with these social movements. Political scientists Santos and Mercea argue that, in recent years, "the rise of movement parties across Europe has disrupted traditional notions of party politics and opened up new avenues for citizen engagement and political mobilisation. Movement parties are

3740-401: Is used as an umbrella concept, gathering different strands of anti-authoritarian forms of socialism , stressing both anti-capitalist and anti-statist views, as well as the need to build a society based on voluntary forms of cooperation. Presently, such movements also often articulate strong criticism of what are seen as other forms of oppression, such as sexism, racism and homophobia, thus making

3850-611: The Alliance of the Libertarian Left and the subsequent Center for a Stateless Society . Drawing from the views of American individualist anarchists such as Benjamin Tucker and Lysander Spooner , left-wing market anarchists defend the use of free markets and private property, which they consider to have an "essential coordinating role" in society. Free-market anti-capitalists hold market intervention responsible for capitalist control of

3960-516: The Carson–Long left-libertarianism school typically endorse the labor-based property rights that contemporary left-libertarians reject, but they hold that implementing such rights would have radical rather than conservative consequences. Left-libertarians of this school hold that it is illegitimate for anyone to claim private ownership of natural resources to the detriment of others. These left-libertarians support some form of income redistribution on

4070-756: The Green Progressive Accord and GroenLinks in the Netherlands as coming out of the New Left and emphasizing spontaneous self-organisation, participatory democracy, decentralization and voluntarism, being contrasted to the bureaucratic or statist approach. Similarly, political scientist Ariadne Vromen has described the Australian Greens as having a "clear left-libertarian ideological base." Examples of left libertarian parties given by Kitschelt and Hellemans in 1990 were Agalev and Ecolo ; Kittschelt's term

4180-638: The Levellers , Diggers and the Chartists " ), the political definition of the term "libertarian" (from the French : libertaire ) was coined by the French anarchist communist Joseph Déjacque in 1857, whereafter libertarianism became synonymous with anarchism . The term was widely used by anarchists until the 1970s, when libertarianism first started to be associated with a radical free market philosophy, particularly in

4290-449: The Russian and Spanish Revolutions . The contemporary left-libertarian Murray Bookchin advocated for the replacement of the state with a libertarian communist society , which he saw as a decentralized confederation of municipalities , in which decisions would be made by direct democracy . Bookchin was also harshly critical of individualist anarchism, which he held responsible for

4400-574: The alterglobalisation and anti-austerity movements from the late 1990s. In Portugal , the Left Bloc emerged in the late 1990s from the anti-austerity movement, and is inspired by the libertarian left. Greece’s Synaspismos and its successor Syriza came from a similar background. In Turkey, Ufuk Uras of the Party of the Greens and the Left Future identifies as a left-libertarian.Ufuk Uras identifies as

4510-437: The egalitarian distribution of natural resources. Other left-libertarians believe that neither claiming nor mixing one's labor with natural resources is enough to generate full private property rights and maintain that natural resources ought to be held in an egalitarian manner, either unowned or owned collectively . Political scientist Peter Mclaverty notes it has been argued that socialist values are incompatible with

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4620-686: The means of production , a situation they believe will be solved by the introduction of free competition. Building on Tucker's ideas, Kevin Carson has also defended the labor theory of value and occupancy-and-use land ownership , although not all free-market anti-capitalists agree with these positions. Like social anarchists and unlike many right-libertarians, left-wing market anarchists are opposed to capitalism and other forms of oppression such as racism and sexism ; they consider this anti-oppression politics to be an integral part of left-libertarianism. The green movement, especially its more left-wing factions,

4730-664: The social ownership and equitable distribution of natural resources , while also upholding the libertarian principle of self-ownership . While all libertarians begin with a conception of personal autonomy from which they argue in favor of civil liberties and a reduction or elimination of the state, left-libertarianism encompasses those libertarian beliefs that claim the Earth's natural resources belong to everyone in an egalitarian manner, either unowned or owned collectively. Left-libertarians generally uphold self-ownership and oppose strong private property rights, instead supporting

4840-578: The 1990 Canadian Greens conference in Montreal. Soon after, Canada's constitutional problems interfered; as a result, many Quebec candidates abandoned the Greens in favour of a Quebec sovereigntist party, the Bloc Québécois . There were only six Green candidates from Quebec in the 1993 election. In the spring of 1996, although the hopes of electing a representative to the BC legislature proved premature, Andy Shadrack in

4950-448: The 1997 leadership race, surpassing Ontario's Jim Harris (39%) and Rachelle Small (8%). Immediately upon attaining the leadership, Russow was plunged into a federal general election. Russow's campaign in 1997 set a number of important precedents. The 1997 federal election was the first campaign in which the Greens conducted a national leader's tour, presented a national platform and a bilingual campaign. Previous campaigns, due in part to

5060-472: The Atlantic provinces, issued a joint press release declaring that they were running on a common platform. It called for a transition to a non-nuclear, conserver society. Although they ran as independents, they unofficially used the name "Small Party" as part of their declaration of unity, a reference to the " small is beautiful " philosophy of E. F. Schumacher . This was the most substantial early attempt to answer

5170-436: The Green Party as a factor in her departure. The Green federal council subsequently passed a motion calling for Paul to repudiate Zatzman for his statements towards Atwin and other Green MPs, of which Paul refused to act on. Following Atwin's defection, the remaining two Green MPs, Elizabeth May and Paul Manly, reaffirmed their commitment to their party and expressed their disappointment, stating "the attack against Ms. Atwin by

5280-421: The Green Party believes that "voters in modern democracies [are] divided on lines … more to do with 'insiders' and 'outsiders.'" According to co-founder and former leader Trevor Hancock, "the perennial left vs. right squabbling about who gets to control and benefit from the ever-expanding pie is to completely miss the point; the pie cannot continue to expand, indeed it must contract … the struggle for social justice

5390-540: The Green Party during the Parliament's summer recess. During the 2019 federal election , both May and Manly were re-elected while Jenica Atwin was elected in her New Brunswick riding of Fredericton , making her the third elected Green MP in the federal parliament, and the first Green MP outside of British Columbia . During the 2021 federal election , Mike Morrice was elected in Kitchener Centre , becoming

5500-410: The Green Party formed the rival Peace and Ecology Party, which presumably disbanded after he stepped down as leader. A leadership vote was held at the party's August 2006 convention. On 24 April 2006, Jim Harris announced his intention not to stand for re-election as party leader. Three candidates officially entered the leadership race: David Chernushenko , Elizabeth May , and Jim Fannon. May won

5610-477: The Green party leader's chief spokesperson on May 14 created the conditions that led to this crisis". In the 2021 election , the party's share of the vote fell to its lowest amount in 21 years. As well, the Green Party ran candidates in only 252 of the country's 338 ridings; limited resources and staff layoffs hampered any attempt at a co-ordinated countrywide campaign, which also lacked a national director during all five weeks of election campaigning. A week after

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5720-648: The United States has become associated with classical liberalism and minarchism , with right-libertarianism being more known than left-libertarianism, political usage of the term libertarianism until then was associated exclusively with anti-capitalism , libertarian socialism , and social anarchism; in most parts of the world, such an association still predominates. Left-libertarians are skeptical of, or fully against, private ownership of natural resources, arguing, in contrast to right-libertarians, that neither claiming nor mixing one's labor with natural resources

5830-501: The United States , left-libertarianism is the predominant form of libertarianism in Europe. In the United States, left-libertarianism is the term used for the left wing of the libertarian movement , including the political positions associated with academic philosophers Hillel Steiner , Philippe Van Parijs , and Peter Vallentyne that combine self-ownership with an egalitarian approach to natural resources . Although libertarianism in

5940-536: The United States . The oldest, traditional, definition of "left-libertarianism" used it synonymously with social anarchism . Seeking to distinguish themselves from the new generation of free-market libertarians, social anarchists began referring to themselves as "left-libertarians", while the new adoptees of the term became known as " right-libertarians ". This usage is also applied to libertarian socialists such as William Morris or Fenner Brockway and libertarian Marxists such as Cornelius Castoriadis . At

6050-597: The [radical left libertarian movements] become less disruptive and violent, in favor of tactical pragmatism and conventional forms of protest". Alongside social anarchists, left-wing proponents of free-market economics have associated themselves with left-libertarianism, also partly influenced by the New Left. This post-classical definition has been used synonymously with the free-market anti-capitalism ( a.k.a. left-wing market anarchism) advocated by Kevin Carson , Gary Chartier , and Charles W. Johnson , who together formed

6160-420: The actual standing law and institutions of a jurisdiction. There is also far more focus on compiling actual positions taken by real entities than developing theoretical "best" answers or "solutions". One example, DiscourseDB , simply lists articles pro and con a given position without organizing their argument or evidence in any way. While some interpret it as an example of "open-source politics", open politics

6270-513: The alternative cultures and movements that arose out of the new social movements from the 1960s onwards, such as those involved in squatting and militant anti-fascism . For example, in a comparative study of left libertarianism in Sweden and Poland, Piotrowski and Wennerhag state that activists from anarchist, autonomist, and anarcho-syndicalist groups, whose political orientations include both libertarian Marxist and anarchist perspectives,… are

6380-552: The basis for the further development of the left libertarian perspective." Most left-libertarians of this tradition support some form of economic rent redistribution on the grounds that each individual is entitled to an equal share of natural resources and argue for the desirability of state social welfare programs. Scholars representing this school of left-libertarianism often understand their position in contrast to right-libertarians, who maintain that there are no fair share constraints on use or appropriation that individuals have

6490-417: The call for an ecologically oriented Canadian political party. A key organizer (and one of the candidates) was Elizabeth May , who later became leader of the Greens in 2006. The Green Party of Canada was founded at a conference held at Carleton University in Ottawa in 1983. Under its first leader, Trevor Hancock , the party ran 60 candidates in the 1984 Canadian federal election . The Quebec wing hosted

6600-448: The classical liberal concepts of self-ownership and land appropriation, combined with geoist or physiocratic views regarding the ownership of land and natural resources (e.g. those of Henry George and John Locke ). Their intellectual forebears include Henry George , Thomas Paine , and Herbert Spencer . Classical economists such as Henry George, John Stuart Mill , the early writings of Herbert Spencer, among others, "provided

6710-547: The concept of self-ownership when this concept is considered "the core feature of libertarianism" and socialism is defined as holding "that we are social beings, that society should be organised, and individuals should act, so as to promote the common good, that we should strive to achieve social equality and promote democracy, community and solidarity." However, political philosopher Nicholas Vrousalis has also argued that "property rights [...] do not pass judgment as to what rights individuals have to their own person [...] [and] to

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6820-418: The current leadership model into a co-leadership model, with Jonathan Pedneault being her co-leader. May ran with Pedneault in the leadership race, and Pedneault served as the deputy leader of the party. In February 2024, party members were to vote on motions which, if passed, would have amended the party's constitution to implement a co-leadership model. However, Pednault was unsuccessful in his attempt to win

6930-409: The election, Paul announced her intention to resign as leader. According to reporting by The Tyee , Paul confronted the federal council following her statement to intend to resign. She allegedly asked the council “How many of you think I resigned today?” and following her statement with "Well, I didn't. I just started the process of my resignation." Paul allegedly told Elizabeth May "not to talk to

7040-521: The environment – for example, supporting labour rights and poppy legalization in Afghanistan . On 30 August 2008, Vancouver area MP Blair Wilson became the first-ever Green member of Parliament, after sitting for nearly a year of the 39th Canadian Parliament as an independent . He had been a Liberal MP but stepped down voluntarily from the caucus earlier in the Parliament after anonymous allegations of campaign finance irregularities, most of which he

7150-453: The external world" and that "the nineteenth-century egalitarian libertarians were not misguided in thinking that a thoroughly libertarian form of communism is possible at the level of principle." Other left-libertarians make a libertarian reading of progressive and social-democratic economics to advocate a universal basic income . Building on Michael Otsuka 's conception of "robust libertarian self-ownership", Karl Widerquist argues that

7260-565: The failure of left-libertarianism to take a prominent place in public discourse. In 1960s Germany, the libertarian left was a dominant current in the extra-parliamentary opposition, " Außerparlamentarische Opposition " (ApO). The punk scene provoked an expansion of the libertarian left: "a broader 'libertarian left' influence can be discerned in punk and post-punk's engagement with gender relations, sexuality, consumerism, imperialism and so forth". Northern Europe saw an upsurge in radical left-libertarian activism, squatting and urban unrest at

7370-562: The few Greens worldwide to be elected in a federal, single-seat election. On 13 December 2013, Thunder Bay—Superior North MP Bruce Hyer , who had left the New Democratic Party (NDP) in 2012 to sit as an independent after breaking party lines to vote in favour of a repeal of the Long Gun Registry , joined the party, resulting in a record two-member caucus in Parliament. In August 2014, party president-elect Paul Estrin published

7480-412: The first transgender person and person of East Asian heritage . The party's constitution required a leadership election to select a permanent leader to begin within six months of the appointment of an interim leader, and conclude within two years of their appointment. Kuttner had said that they did not wish to be the permanent leader. In December 2021, Kuttner said that they believed there should be

7590-515: The first Green MP elected in Ontario , and second Green MP outside of British Columbia, as well the former leader May was re-elected. However, Manly was defeated in Nanaimo—Ladysmith. In addition, Atwin won re-election as a Liberal candidate. On 4 November 2019, May announced she would be stepping down as leader of the Green Party of Canada. May continued to act as parliamentary leader and sit as

7700-695: The floor, leaving the Green caucus to join the Liberal caucus. This came shortly after a public rift over the Israeli–Palestinian conflict . Atwin had criticized party leader Paul's statement on the matter following Israeli airstrikes as "inadequate", which in turn prompted an advisor to Paul, Noah Zatzman, to vow to replace Atwin with a " Zionist " candidate. In a Facebook post, Zatzman stated: "We will work to defeat you and bring in progressive climate champions who are antifa and pro LGBT and pro indigenous sovereignty and Zionists!!!!!” Atwin cited "distractions" in

7810-465: The government stems from emergent cooperation and self-correction among members of a community. As the policies are put into practice in a number of localities, problems and issues are identified and solved, and where appropriate communicated back to the core. These goals for instance were cited often during the Green Party of Canada 's experiments with open-political-platform development. As one of over

7920-458: The grounds of a claim by each individual to be entitled to an equal share of natural resources. Unappropriated natural resources are either unowned or owned in common and private appropriation is only legitimate if everyone can appropriate an equal amount or if private appropriation is taxed to compensate those who are excluded from natural resources. Green Party of Canada The Green Party of Canada ( French : Parti vert du Canada )

8030-479: The interior of the province received over 11% of the vote. Overall, the party's proportion of the popular vote surged to a new high. Shadrack was also the most popular Green candidate in the 1997 federal election, scoring over 6% of the popular vote in West Kootenay—Okanagan . British Columbia's Joan Russow became leader of the Green Party of Canada on 13 April 1997. Russow won 52% of the ballots cast in

8140-457: The labor movement (in particular during the late 19th and early 20th century) and the "new left" or "new social movements" of the 1960s and onwards. Within these movement families, the groups we analyze here have often been thought to constitute the "radical flank" (cf. Haines 2013). According to sociologist Jennifer Carlson , left-libertarianism is one of the three main branches of libertarian political philosophy, alongside right-libertarianism ,

8250-532: The leadership with 65% of the vote on the first ballot. On 22 October 2006, Elizabeth May announced she would run in the federal by-election to be held on 27 November 2006, in London North Centre , Ontario . She finished second behind the Liberal candidate, but garnered 26% of the popular vote. Even though they had never held a seat yet, Elizabeth May's Green Party began to receive more mainstream media attention on other party policy not directly related to

8360-405: The leadership, defeated John Grogan of Valemount , British Columbia, and Jason Crummey. Crummey was originally from Newfoundland and involved with Newfoundland and Labrador Terra Nova Greens. During the 2004 federal election , the Green Party of Canada became the fourth federal political party ever to run candidates in all the ridings. When the ballots were counted, the Green Party secured 4.3% of

8470-481: The media" regarding her exit, but May ignored her request and stated that Paul was "creating chaos". May, talking with The Tyee , stated that Paul was resistant to leave the building, and continued to control the party's communications. She cited an instance of an associate of Paul blocking Lorraine Rekmans, an Indigenous woman, from making a statement regarding the National Day for Truth and Reconciliation, and writing

8580-422: The movements potential allies to a wider section of movement cultures. The anarchist ideology and movement are firmly rooted within this broad ideational category, together with other branches of left-libertarianism such as council communism, anarcho-syndicalism or autonomism. The term "radical left-libertarian movements" (RLLMs) is used by many political scientists to refer to anarchists, autonomists and others in

8690-446: The only federally funded party to increase its total vote tally over 2006, attracting nearly 280,000 new votes. However, the party failed to elect a candidate. Some prominent Green Party members blamed the public discussion of strategic voting and the media's misrepresentation of May's comments during the election campaign for the failure of some promising candidates to reach Election Canada's 10% reimbursement threshold, as well as reducing

8800-419: The party as an "ideological hybrid", combining left-leaning views on social issues and welfare with a right-leaning embrace of market solutions and tax shifting; in another article, Matt Gurney concurred with that description, but also said that "in practice" the Greens are "simply another centre-left party". Other political commentators, such as Andrew Coyne , Chantal Hébert and Heather Mallick , identify

8910-554: The party as being on the left. The Green Party of Canada is founded on six key principles that were adopted at the 2002 convention of the Global Greens . These principles are: Source: *May and Jonathan Pedneault ran in the 2022 leadership election as "co-leaders" but a constitutional amendment to allow for co-leadership was never passed and May solely had the title of leader. Pedneault served as deputy leader until he resigned on July 9, 2024. The position of parliamentary leader

9020-449: The party ended its sharing of office and staff with the Ontario party, establishing its own office in the national capital of Ottawa. Russow left the party in 2001 and later criticized the Green Party for not following their policies. She re-joined the party in 2020 to support Dimitri Lascaris' campaign for the Green Party leadership . In February 2003, Jim Harris , in his second bid for

9130-465: The party fell to two seats. Elizabeth May was the party leader from 2006 to 2019, and again from 19 November 2022 to present. The deputy leader has been Rainbow Eyes since 2024. The Green Party is founded on six principles, including ecological wisdom , non-violence , social justice , sustainability , participatory democracy , and respect for diversity. About two months before the 1980 federal election, eleven candidates, mostly from ridings in

9240-516: The party's federal funding based on popular vote. On 11 August 2010, 74% of Green Party members voted to hold a leadership review after the next election , instead of in August 2010, which was when May's four-year term as leader was set to end. On 2 May 2011 , May became the first elected Green Party MP to sit in the House of Commons. She won the riding of Saanich—Gulf Islands in coastal British Columbia . In winning her seat, May also became one of

9350-411: The party's few resources and, in part, to the party's constitutional straitjacket, had been characterized by policy and spokespeople operating, at best, province-by-province and, at worst, riding-by-riding. In her own riding of Victoria , Russow received just shy of 3000 votes and 6% of the popular vote. In 1998, the party adopted a rule that forbids membership in any other federal political party. This

9460-430: The party's virtual general meeting about a week earlier. On September 11, 2022, the president of the party, Lorraine Rekmans, announced her resignation. She was very critical of the party and the candidates in the ongoing leadership race, stating "The dream is dead." She was succeeded as party president by Ian Soutar. On November 19, 2022, Elizabeth May was elected leader of the party once again, promising to convert

9570-430: The platform, it was then turned into questions for candidates in the election. The best ideas from candidates were combined with the best from activists – the final scores reflected a combination of convergence and originality. In contrast to most such questionnaires, it was easier for candidates to excel by contributing original thought than by simply agreeing. One high scorer, Andrew Younger , had not been involved with

9680-400: The popular vote, thereby surpassing the 2% threshold required for party financing under new Elections Canada rules. Momentum continued to build around the Green Party of Canada and in the 2006 federal election the Green Party again ran 308 candidates and increased its share of the popular vote to 4.5%, once again securing federal financing as a result. The party's 2006 election campaign

9790-417: The power to appropriate unowned things by claiming them (usually by mixing their labor with them) and deny any other conditions or considerations are relevant and that there is no justification for the state to redistribute resources to the needy or to overcome market failures . A number of left-libertarians of this school argue for the desirability of some state social welfare programs. Left-libertarians of

9900-450: The primary status of economic issues, and argue that "the predominance of markets and bureaucracies must be rolled back in favor of social solidarity relations and participatory institutions". He posits that the strong commitment to direct participation leads to the weakness (or even absence) of formal structurel, centralized organization, leadership and hierarchy, and "a sometimes chaotic ‘assembly’ organizational style (as best illustrated by

10010-554: The principal actors within the radical left-libertarian movement in the countries of our study. All of these groups are based on ideologies that express anti-capitalist, anti-authoritarian/anti-state, anti-racist/antifascist and pro-direct/participatory democracy stances from a radical left-libertarian standpoint (Katsiaficas 1997; Curran 2006; Romanos 2013). Historically, such movement activism can be connected to those ideologies and strategies that emerged within two broader "movement families" (cf. della Porta and Rucht 1995, 230 ff.): namely,

10120-490: The project originally but was elected and appeared on TV with project leader Martin Willison . The project had not only changed its original goal from a partisan platform to a citizen questionnaire, but it had recruited a previously uninvolved candidate to its cause during the election. A key output of this effort was a glossary of about 100 keywords relevant to municipal laws. The 2004–05 Green Party of Canada Living Platform

10230-548: The reflection of a wider socio-political transformation of increasing interconnection between electoral and non-electoral politics". For them, green/left-libertarian movement parties "embody a generational gap in political participation, as they utilise both electoral and non-electoral engagement to express their post-industrial demands... [Their] voters tend to be younger and more educated and engage more in online political activities." According to Herbert Kitschelt , left libertarian parties are "post-materialist" in that they reject

10340-468: The same time as social anarchists began using the term to distinguish themselves from free-market libertarians, some of the advocates of free market economics that were associated with the New Left , including Roy Childs and Samuel Konkin , also began referring to themselves as "left-libertarians" in order to highlight themselves as the left-wing of the new free-market libertarian movement. As anti-capitalist advocates of free-market economics, they used

10450-410: The same time. Kuttner acknowledged internal conflict over Annamie Paul's leadership had affected donations. The report also blamed negotiations concerning Annamie Paul's departure as leader of the party for significant legal costs. In a December 2021 media interview, Kuttner said that the party's financial position was getting "back on track" and was "turning around" pointing to fundraising including at

10560-538: The state range from minarchism , which argues for a decentralised and limited government , to anarchism , which advocates for the state to be abolished entirely. Libertarianism is a philosophy that advocates for freedom , whether political , economical or metaphysical . Although older political movements have been identified as libertarian (for example, Marxist historian E.P. Thompson argued in 1979 that "the English left-libertarian tradition can be traced back to

10670-597: The term "left-libertarian" in order to distinguish themselves from the right-wing advocates of libertarian capitalism. Left libertarianism is defined a little differently by many European political scientists, in a usage introduced by Herbert Kitschelt in 1989. Left libertarian parties emphasise notions of internal party democracy and bottom-up participation. Green parties and radical left parties are often grouped together as "left-libertarian" parties by political scientists. For political scientists Jan Jämte and Adrienne Sörbom, The term radical left-libertarianism

10780-575: The turn of the 1980s. From this point until the late 2010s, "the main tendency in radical left activism shifted from party-based Marxism-Leninism to network-based, direct-action activism based on libertarian socialist ideals… shifting [in this period] from direct-action networks that engaged in a variety of political issue—anti-fascism, anti-imperialism, feminism, animal rights, etc.—to more 'conventional' networks of organizations and initiatives through which activists intervened in local politics and neighborhood and workplace conflicts. The same period also saw

10890-498: The umbrella of the Metagovernment project; Metagovernment uses the term "collaborative governance", most of which are building platforms of open-source governance. Future Melbourne is a wiki-based collaborative environment for developing Melbourne's 10-year plan. During public consultation periods, it enables the public to edit the plan with the same editing rights as city personnel and councilors. The New Zealand Police Act Review

11000-738: The water-balloon attack on Foreign Minister Joshka Fischer at the 1999 congress of the German Greens)." For example, between 1984 and 1986, ecologists worked together with anarchists and libertarians in Greece's Green Alternative Movement . while the Dutch GroenLinks moved from socialism to left libertarianism in the early 1990s. Political scientists see European political parties such as Ecolo and Groen in Belgium, Alliance 90/The Greens in Germany, or

11110-483: The way of the broader application of the technology, e.g. opposing political libel cases in Canada, fighting libel chill generally, and calling for clarification of privacy and human rights law especially as they relate to citizen journalism. They are less focused on tools although the semantic mediawiki and tikiwiki platforms seem to be generally favored above all others. Left-libertarianism Left-libertarianism , also known as left-wing libertarianism ,

11220-401: Was a much more planned and designed effort at open politics. As it prepared itself for an electoral breakthrough in the 2004 federal election , the Green Party of Canada began to compile citizen, member and expert opinions in preparation of its platform. During the election, it gathered input even from Internet trolls including supporters of other parties, with no major problems: anonymity

11330-549: Was a wiki used to solicit public commentary during the public consultation period of the acts review. At linux.conf.au on January 14, 2015, in Auckland , New Zealand , Australian Audrey Lobo-Pulo presented Evaluating Government Policies Using Open Source Models , agitating for government policy related knowledge, data and analysis to be freely available to everyone to use, modify and distribute without restriction — "a parallel universe where public policy development and analysis

11440-611: Was applied to the Green Party of England and Wales in 2008; examples given by Santos and Mercea more recently are Denmark 's Alternativet , Germany's Bündis 90/Die Grünen, in Hungary LMP – Hungary's Green Party and Dialogue – The Greens' Party , and the UK's Green Party, Scottish Greens and Sinn Fein . Such parties attempt to apply left-libertarian ideas to a more pragmatic system of democratic governance as opposed to contemporary individualist or socialist libertarianism. Typically, there

11550-444: Was disrupted by allegations made by Matthew Pollesell, the party's former assistant national organizer, that Harris had not filed a proper accounting of money spent during his 2004 leadership campaign, as required by law. Pollesell issued a request that Elections Canada investigate. Pollesell and another former party member, Gretchen Schwarz, were subsequently warned by the party's legal counsel to retract allegations they had made or face

11660-501: Was indeed a "true Green". In the lead up to the federal election on 19 October 2015 , José Núñez-Melo joined the Green Party. Núñez-Melo, first elected in 2011 as a New Democrat in the riding of Laval , was barred by the NDP from seeking re-nomination after he publicly criticized the nomination process; after the dropping of the writ, Núñez-Melo announced he would run for re-election in Vimy as

11770-569: Was intended to prevent the party from being taken over. A small number of Greens who advocate the more cooperative approach to legislation objected to the rule not to hold cross-memberships, a tool they occasionally employed. Since its inception, the party has been developing as an organization, expanding its membership and improving its showing at the polls. In the 2000 federal election , the party fielded 111 candidates, up from 78 in 1997. Candidates were not run in Newfoundland and Labrador , as

11880-441: Was later cleared after a 9-month investigation by Elections Canada . Wilson had joined the Green Party during Parliament's summer recess and never sat in the House of Commons as a Green MP. After initial opposition from three of the four major political parties, May was invited to the leaders' debates, a first for the party. In the 2008 federal election , the party increased its share of the popular vote by 2.33% (to 6.80%), being

11990-553: Was released on September 10, 2015. The open-politics theory, a narrow application of open-source governance, combines aspects of the free software and open-content movements, promoting decision-making methods claimed to be more open, less antagonistic, and more capable of determining what is in the public interest with respect to public policy issues. It takes special care for instance to deal with equity differences, geographic constraints, defamation versus free political speech, accountability to persons affected by decisions, and

12100-502: Was respected and, if they were within the terms of use, comments remained intact. Despite, or perhaps because of, its early success, it was derailed by Jim Harris , the party's leader, when he discovered that it was a threat to his status as a party boss . The Living Platform split off as another service entirely out of GPC control and eventually evolved into OpenPolitics.ca and a service to promote wiki usage among citizens and political groups. The Liberal Party of Canada also attempted

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