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73-421: Meru Betiri National Park has a varied topography reaching from a plain coast to highlands with an altitude of almost 1,200 metres (3,900 ft). The tallest mountains within the park are Mount Gamping (538 m), Mount Butak (609 m), Mount Sukamade Atas (801 m), Mount Gendong (840 m asl), Mount Mandilis (844 m) and Mount Betiri (1,192 m). The topography along the coast is generally hilly to mountainous. There are only

146-407: A dialect continuum from northern Banten in the extreme west of Java to Banyuwangi Regency in the eastern corner of the island. All Javanese dialects are more or less mutually intelligible . A table showing the number of native speakers in 1980, for the 22 Indonesian provinces (from the total of 27) in which more than 1% of the population spoke Javanese: According to the 1980 census, Javanese

219-420: A budget for monitoring the population of an eagle, Spizaetus bartelsi , and wild banteng, but not anything else. Ranger patrols regularly visit known budding sites, but do no active exploration for new ones -locals from surrounding villages indicated a number of sites unknown to science, when interviewed. The population was highly impacted by the 1994 tsunami which caused major habitat destruction throughout

292-619: A crime newscast). In later broadcasts, JTV offers programmes in the Central Javanese dialect (called by them basa kulonan , "the western language") and Madurese. The speakers of Suroboyoan dialect are well known for being proud of their distinctive dialect and consistently maintain it wherever they go. Javanese is spoken throughout Indonesia, neighboring Southeast Asian countries, the Netherlands, Suriname , New Caledonia , and other countries. The largest populations of speakers are found in

365-480: A darker reddish-brown, a more common colour among Rafflesia in general. This characteristic is often not clear in preserved herbarium specimens. It is only known from flowering individual plants seen at a number of locations in southeastern Java , until 2017 all of them in the Jember Regency . The first place it was collected was in 1902 at the forestry research station ( boschproefstation ) at low elevations on

438-675: A few sandy plain coasts, most of them located in the west, such as Rajegwesi Beach, Sukamade Beach, Permisan Beach, Meru Beach, and Bandealit Beach. Some rivers across Meru Betiri NP are the Sukamade River, a perennial river, the Permisan River, the Meru River, and the Sekar Pisang River which flows to the South coast. The Meru Betiri area is influenced by monsoon wind. From November to March,

511-552: A new Javanese language magazine, appeared in 2005 is not published in the Javanese heartlands, but in Jakarta. Since 2003, an East Java local television station ( JTV ) has broadcast some of its programmes in the Surabayan ( Suroboyoan ) dialect, including Pojok Kampung  [ id ] ("Village Corner", main newscast), Kuis RT/RW ("RT/RW Quiz"), and Pojok Perkoro ("Case Corner",

584-562: A number of clearly distinct status styles. Its closest relatives are the neighboring languages such as Sundanese , Madurese , and Balinese . Most speakers of Javanese also speak Indonesian for official and commercial purposes as well as a means to communicate with non-Javanese-speaking Indonesians . There are speakers of Javanese in Malaysia (concentrated in the West Coast part of the states of Selangor and Johor ) and Singapore . Javanese

657-422: A southeast Javan village not far from where Koorders discovered his first R. zollingeriana . Rafflesia species lack roots, stems and chlorophyll , and their leaves have been reduced to tiny scales. They are parasitic plants , deriving all their nutrition from their host species, which they invade by growing a mycelium -like net of foreign tissue within the roots or stems. R. zollingeriana likely only invades

730-466: A variety of other pronoun whose use varies depending on the dialect or level of speech. I You He, She, It panjenenganipun Modern Javanese usually employs SVO word order. However, Old Javanese sometimes had VSO and sometimes VOS word order. Even in Modern Javanese, archaic sentences using VSO structure can still be made. Examples: Both sentences mean: "He (S) comes (V) into (pp.)

803-559: Is a Malayo-Polynesian language of the Austronesian language family spoken primarily by the Javanese people from the central and eastern parts of the island of Java , Indonesia . There are also pockets of Javanese speakers on the northern coast of western Java. It is the native language of more than 68 million people. Javanese is the largest of the Austronesian languages in number of native speakers . It has several regional dialects and

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876-462: Is a species of flowering plant in the family Rafflesiaceae , native to Java . Of three species of Rafflesia known from Java this species has always been the most rare and restricted, it is only known from collection locales in Banyuwangi Regency , Jember Regency and Lumajang Regency , southern East Java . It was first scientifically collected in 1902 by Sijfert Hendrik Koorders on

949-538: Is a complex system of verb affixes to express differences of status in subject and object. However, in general the structure of Javanese sentences both Old and Modern can be described using the topic–comment model , without having to refer to conventional grammatical categories. The topic is the head of the sentence; the comment is the modifier. So the example sentence has a simpler description: Dhèwèké  = topic ; teka  = comment; ing karaton  = setting. Javanese has many loanwords supplementing those from

1022-514: Is also called kawi or 'of poets, poetical's, although this term could also be used to refer to the archaic elements of New Javanese literature. The writing system used to write Old Javanese is a descendant of the Pallava script from India. Almost half of the entire vocabularies found in Old Javanese literature are Sanskrit loanwords, although Old Javanese also borrowed terms from other languages in

1095-643: Is also spoken by traditional immigrant communities of Javanese descent in Suriname , Sri Lanka and New Caledonia . Along with Indonesian , Javanese is an official language in the Special Region of Yogyakarta , Indonesia. Javanese is part of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family, although its precise relationship to other Malayo-Polynesian languages is hard to determine. Using

1168-628: Is also used for religious purposes. Modern Javanese emerged as the main literary form of the language in the 16th century. The change in the literary system happened as Islam started to gain influence in Java. In its early form, Modern Javanese literary form was based on the variety spoken in the north coast of Java , where Islam had already gained foothold among the local people. Many of the written works in this variety were Islamic in nature, and several of them were translation from works in Malay. The Arabic abjad

1241-579: Is an area affected by monsoons with a rainy season from November to March and a dry season between April and October. Average annual rainfall is 2,550 to 3,500 mm. It had been seen flowering in June and in October by Koorders, but more thorough recent research by Indonesian botanists show that, like other Rafflesia , flowering is relatively constant and sites can last for decades, some sites continue to flower after 25 years. It appears that it flowers more often in

1314-593: Is between 0.5 and 7 cm. R. zollingeriana only grows from the roots of its host. Research in Meru Betiri NP using two sample plots found that the tree pancal kidang ( Aglaia variegata ) is by far the most dominant species where R. zollingeriana grows. The presence and abundance of other tree species is more dependent on location, but jejerukan ( Polyalthia rumphii ) and walangan ( Pterospermum diversifolium ) were present at both areas in some amount, other trees found at both spots, but more rarely, were

1387-498: Is brown-red inside the perianth-tube. The flowers of Rafflesia have evolved into such bizarre structures, a special terminology is needed to describe them. Characteristics of R. zollingeriana are a single, slightly protruding annulus , and within it the central column or columna is capped with a column-disc with an erect rim on the underside with more than ten stout, conical protuberances ( processus ), which can grow up to 2 cm (0.8 in) in length. A closed flower bud

1460-520: Is generally used to mean Rafflesia locally, but is originally etymologically derived from the Sanskrit word पद्म ( padma ), ' lotus ', and also still means 'lotus' in literary Javanese . Rafflesia zollingeriana was first described by Dutch-Indonesian botanist Sijfert Hendrik Koorders in his 1918 monograph on the Rafflesiaceae of Indonesia. He had collected the holotype in 1902, not far from

1533-538: Is now considered extinct, with the last sighting having been recorded in 1976. Due to research in 1997, tiger paw prints at a size of 26–28 centimetres (10–11 in) were found, so the Forestry Ministry agreed to monitor the existence of the Javanese tiger with a camera trap in 2011. The Meru Betiri Forest area was first appointed as a protected forest by the Dutch Colonial Government in 1931. In 1972

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1606-432: Is of the former type. The flowers are only functionally gonochorous : in the female ( pistillate ) flowers, the stamens are reduced to non-functional staminodes . In this species the flowers measure 15 to 30 cm (5.9 to 11.8 in) across, sometimes up to 40 cm (16 in). The ' petals ', or more correctly the perianth -lobes, are coloured dark red with numerous, small, pale-coloured, wart-like spots, and it

1679-612: Is spoken among descendants of plantation migrants brought by the Dutch during the 19th century. In Madura, Bali, Lombok, and the Sunda region of West Java, it is also used as a literary language . It was the court language in Palembang , South Sumatra , until the palace was sacked by the Dutch in the late 18th century. Javanese is written with the Latin script , Javanese script , and Arabic script . In

1752-484: Is the only language of Western Indonesia to possess a distinction between dental and retroflex phonemes. The latter sounds are transcribed as "th" and "dh" in the modern Roman script, but previously by the use of an underdot : "ṭ" and "ḍ". Javanese, like many other Austronesian languages, is an agglutinative language, where base words are modified through extensive use of affixes . Javanese has no specific personal pronoun to express plural except for kita which

1825-407: Is used in media, ranging from books to TV programs, and the language is also taught at schools in primarily Javanese areas. Although Javanese is not a national language , it has recognized status as a regional language in the three Indonesian provinces with the biggest concentrations of Javanese people: Central Java , Yogyakarta, and East Java . Javanese is designated as the official language of

1898-461: Is usually technically called a 'knop' ( kuncup in Indonesian). On Java, this species can only be confused with the two other Rafflesia species: R. patma , the most common, and R. rochussenii . R. zollingeriana is the only species to occur in the mountains of the southeast of the island, although R. patma does occur on or along the southern coasts. R. rochussenii is the only species on

1971-656: The Greater North Borneo subgroup, which he proposes as an alternative to Malayo-Sumbawan grouping. However, Blust also expresses the possibility that Greater North Borneo languages are closely related to many other western Indonesian languages, including Javanese. Blust's suggestion has been further elaborated by Alexander Smith, who includes Javanese in the Western Indonesian grouping (which also includes GNB and several other subgroups), which Smith considers as one of Malayo-Polynesian's primary branches. In general,

2044-584: The Maritime Southeast Asia . The form of Old Javanese found in several texts from 14th century onward (mostly written in Bali) is sometimes referred to as "Middle Javanese". Both Old and Middle Javanese written forms have not been widely used in Java since early 16th century. However, Old Javanese works and poetic tradition continue to be preserved in the Javanese-influenced Bali, and the variety

2117-536: The Special Region of Yogyakarta under Yogyakarta Special Region Regulation Number 2 of 2021. Previously, Central Java promulgated a similar regulation—Regional Regulation 9/2012 —but this did not imply an official status for the language. Javanese is taught at schools and is used in some mass media , both electronically and in print. There is, however, no longer a daily newspaper in Javanese. Javanese-language magazines include Panjebar Semangat , Jaka Lodhang , Jaya Baya , Damar Jati , and Mekar Sari . Damar Jati ,

2190-468: The banteng , Javan leopard , wild boar , long-tailed macaque , Sumatran dhole , Javanese flying squirrel , leopard cat , Javan muntjac , and green peafowl . The beaches of the park provide a nesting ground for leatherback turtles , hawksbill turtles , green turtles , and olive ridley turtles . Meru Betiri National Park is known as the last habitat of the Javan tiger ( Panthera tigris sondaica ) which

2263-746: The lexicostatistical method, Isidore Dyen classified Javanese as part of the "Javo-Sumatra Hesion", which also includes the Sundanese and "Malayic" languages. This grouping is also called "Malayo-Javanic" by linguist Berndt Nothofer, who was the first to attempt a reconstruction of it based on only four languages with the best attestation at the time (Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese , and Malay ). Malayo-Javanic has been criticized and rejected by various linguists. Alexander Adelaar does not include Javanese in his proposed Malayo-Sumbawan grouping (which also covers Malayic , Sundanese , and Madurese languages). Robert Blust also does not include Javanese in

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2336-432: The (def. art.) palace (O)". In the Old Javanese sentence, the verb is placed at the beginning and is separated by the particle ta from the rest of the sentence. In Modern Javanese the definite article is lost, and definiteness is expressed by other means if necessary. Verbs are not inflected for person or number. There is no grammatical tense ; time is expressed by auxiliary words meaning "yesterday", "already", etc. There

2409-552: The 19th century, Madurese was also written in the Javanese script. The original inhabitants of Lampung , the Lampungese, make up only 15% of the provincial population. The rest are the so-called "transmigrants", settlers from other parts of Indonesia, many as a result of past government transmigration programs . Most of these transmigrants are Javanese who have settled there since the 19th century. In Suriname (the former Dutch colony of Surinam ), South America, approximately 15% of

2482-563: The 2001 book Spesies-Spesies Hayati yang Dilindungi Perundang-undangan Indonesia , considered this species to be 'rare'. Susatya called it 'critically endangered' in his 2011 book Rafflesia Pesona Bunga Terbesar di Dunia . As of 2013, the World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment Programme classified the species as 'rare' in their UNEP-WCMC Species Database, but in

2555-643: The Indonesian National Park system, in the Puger Watangan Nature Reserve ( Cagar Alam Puger Watangan ), but this originally consisted of five different territories, and in 1958 the reserve was reduced; only CA Puger Watangan I remains. This conservation area is now run by the non-governmental organisation Balai Besar Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Jawa Timur . It is also found in Meru Betiri National Park . Meru Betiri NP has

2628-503: The Meru Betiri Protected Forest (500 km) was appointed as a wildlife sanctuary, prioritized for protecting the habitat of the then endangered Javan tiger . In 1982 the sanctuary was expanded to its current extent of 580 km including a marine area of 845 ha. In 1982 the sanctuary was declared a National Park, which finally was designated as such in 1997. Rafflesia zollingeriana Rafflesia zollingeriana

2701-506: The World , with Agus Susatya agreeing in 2007. In 2010 molecular studies were published into the genetic variation of the genus Rafflesia ; this provided evidence for re-recognition of R. zollingeriana as a distinct species again. Koorders commemorated the Swiss botanist and mycologist Heinrich Zollinger with the specific epithet ; some fifty years previous Zollinger had died from malaria in

2774-632: The areas around the villages -one needed to trek deeper into the National Park to find them. Also, almost all villagers reported being interested in conservation and the potential economic benefits of tourism. Buds were seen for sale in surrounding villages in 2000. Rafflesia zollingeriana can have a positive effect on the income of local communities by providing employment as guides for ecotourists . The species could also potentially be propagated, allowing sustainable harvest of traditional products. The original collection locality may be protected within

2847-628: The basic vocabulary, such as pikir ("to think", from the Arabic fikr ), badan ("body"), mripat ("eye", thought to be derived from the Arabic ma'rifah , meaning "knowledge" or "vision"). However, these Arabic words typically have native Austronesian or Sanskrit alternatives: pikir  = galih , idhep (Austronesian) and manah , cipta , or cita (from Sanskrit); badan  = awak (Austronesian) and slira , sarira , or angga (from Sanskrit); and mripat  = mata (Austronesian) and soca or nétra (from Sanskrit). Dutch loanwords usually have

2920-649: The beach ( Pantai Puger ) near the village and forestry research station ( boschproefstation ) of Puger  [ id ] , in what is now the Jember Regency , on a hill called Puger Watangan. In 1997 the Rafflesiaceae expert Willem Meijer synonymised R. zollingeriana with R. patma . Other Rafflesiaceae experts disagreed, Zuhud et al . considered it a separate species based on morphological differences in their 1998 book Rafflesia Indonesia: keanekaragaman, ekologi, dan pelestariannya , Jamili Nais following this interpretation in his 2001 book Rafflesia of

2993-403: The book by Zuhud et al . in 1998. The bud was sliced and dried before use. In the 1980s traders paid a price of 1500 rupiah per kilogram of a dried bud in the villages, as opposed to 400 rupiah for 1 kg of rice. Buds were then exported to the nearby city of Jember or the main centres of herbalism - Surabaya and Solo . Collectors reported finding 1 to 30 knop in the forest, collecting all

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3066-403: The buds they could find. Collectors did not entirely known what it was used for. Traders reported in the 2010s that the business was drying up -demand was softening and thus lowering prices, collection was more difficult due to patrols of forest rangers, and there were few collectors left, thus supply was constricting. Villagers reported they had stopped collecting 2001, and that buds had run out in

3139-412: The coast to the east, and stretching to Banyuwangi Regency . The Indonesian experts Zuhud and Hikmat rediscovered the species here in 1987. Interviews with locals living around the park has uncovered many more localities, including one outside the park's borders. As of 2012 the species is now known to occur at at least 25 different localities throughout the park, distributed primarily along the coast and

3212-451: The dry season, but that flower buds die more often in this season. The host vines are thought to be Tetrastigma lanceolarium and/or T. papillosum . The dioecious vine roots where it touches the ground, and easily vegetatively propagates in this way. The bark is grooved and is easy to break and tear. The diameters of the stems in infected areas range between 3 and 18 cm, while the diameter of roots with buds breaking out from them

3285-593: The eastern flanks of Mount Puger Watangan, a forested hill near the beach, who described it as a new species in 1918. Many decades later a flowering plant was discovered in Meru Betiri National Park (see photo), also in the Jember Regency somewhat further down the coast to the east. Locals in Jember and Lumajang Regency know this plant by the name of patmo sari , patmosari and/or padmosari in Javanese . The word sari means 'essence' or 'the best part of', patmo

3358-429: The eastern flanks of a hill called Puger Watangan, not far from the beach ( Pantai Puger ) near the village of Puger  [ id ] . It had perhaps also been seen on neighbouring Mount Sadeng in Jember Regency in the 1910s, but was thereafter not seen for many decades, until a flowering plant was discovered in Meru Betiri National Park (see photo above), also in the Jember Regency, but somewhat further down

3431-475: The flower as they came to retrieve their camera-trap. There is an old Dutch report from long ago of the presence of a Rafflesia on the island of Bali , just east of East Java (see Meijer, 1997), this would likely be R. zollingeriana , but no one knows, and if Rafflesia ever did exist there, they are probably now extirpated. The spatial distribution of the species is structured in clusters, with flowers and knop appearing over an area of some 10,000 m , with

3504-455: The following form : CSVC, where C = consonant , S = sonorant ( /j/, /r/, /l/, /w/ , or any nasal consonant ), and V = vowel . As with other Austronesian languages, native Javanese roots consist of two syllables; words consisting of more than three syllables are broken up into groups of disyllabic words for pronunciation. In Modern Javanese, a disyllabic root is of the following type: nCsvVnCsvVC. Apart from Madurese , Javanese

3577-481: The history of the Javanese language can be divided into two distinct phases: 1) Old Javanese and 2) New Javanese. The earliest attested form of Old Javanese can be found on the Sukabumi inscription at Kediri regency, East Java which dates from 804 CE. Between the 8th and the 15th century, this form of Javanese flourished in the island of Java. Old Javanese is commonly written in the form of verses. This language variety

3650-444: The island in which the elongated warts ('ramenta') on the inside surface of the perianth-tube are shaped as somewhat disc-like knobs on long stalks. In R. patma these ramenta are reduced or even somewhat absent, but in R. zollingeriana the tube is densely covered in warts ending in acute points, and some of the ramenta can be branched. The pale colour of living R. patma flowers is also distinctive, R. zollingeriana has flowers of

3723-499: The locations in Meru Betiri NP are also safe from human disturbance. Ecotourism is also beneficial, because it gives local people an economic reason to conserve the plants, instead of harvesting them for herbalism. This species was first legally protected in Indonesia by Act No. 5/1990, later by regulation PP #7 of 1999, modified in 2018 by PerMenLHK # P.20 /MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/2018. Wiriadinata, in his contribution on plant species in

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3796-408: The main river, but in a few occasions more inland. In 2017 Indonesian nature enthusiasts, accompanied by two Indonesian Rafflesia experts, found numerous knops and flowers near Tempursari  [ id ] in neighbouring Lumajang Regency , expanding the distribution to the west. Spending the day exploring the forests in the mountain ( Lereng Gunung ) towering above the village of Tempursari,

3869-400: The native Austronesian base. Sanskrit has had a deep and lasting influence. The Old Javanese–English Dictionary contains approximately 25,500 entries, over 12,600 of which are borrowings from Sanskrit. Such a high number is no measure of usage, but it does suggest the extent to which the language adopted Sanskrit words for formal purposes. In a typical Old Javanese literary work about 25% of

3942-430: The new Species+ database which has replaced this database, the entries on Rafflesia species have apparently gone missing. Javanese language Javanese ( / ˌ dʒ ɑː v ə ˈ n iː z / JAH -və- NEEZ , / dʒ æ v ə -/ JAV -ə- , /- ˈ n iː s / -⁠ NEESS ; basa Jawa , Javanese script : ꦧꦱꦗꦮ , Pegon : باسا جاوا ‎ , IPA: [bɔsɔ d͡ʒɔwɔ] )

4015-572: The occurrence within these areas being very uneven. It is known from below 400 m (1,300 ft) in altitude, where it is found in dry, lowland forests growing on limestone . In Meru Betiri NP there are two habitats where R. zollingeriana occurs, rocky areas along the coast and flat areas at an altitude of 300 meters above sea level, or 270 meters. Like other species of Rafflesia , it most likely grows in both secondary forests , which grow after human disturbance or natural disasters such as floods or tsunamis, as well as primary forest . This

4088-407: The party discovered flowers in the protected areas of KRPH Tempursari and BKPH Pronojiwo KPH Probolinggo. In 2018 a plant was rediscovered after 116 years only five kilometres from the original type locality at Resort Pemangkuan Hutan Puger, a local-level forestry reserve administered by the village. It was an accidental discovery, researchers were actually at the site to monitor banteng , and saw

4161-482: The population of Jakarta are of Javanese descent, so they speak Javanese or have knowledge of it. In the province of West Java , many people speak Javanese, especially those living in the areas bordering Central Java , the cultural homeland of the Javanese. Almost a quarter of the population of East Java province are Madurese (mostly on the Isle of Madura ); many Madurese have some knowledge of colloquial Javanese. Since

4234-542: The population of some 500,000 are of Javanese descent, among whom 75,000 speak Javanese. A local variant evolved: the Tyoro Jowo-Suriname or Suriname Javanese . The phonemes of Modern Standard Javanese as shown below. In closed syllables the vowels /i u e o/ are pronounced [ɪ ʊ ɛ ɔ] respectively. In open syllables, /e o/ are also [ɛ ɔ] when the following vowel is /i u/ in an open syllable; otherwise they are /ə/ , or identical ( /e...e/, /o...o/ ). In

4307-558: The present day, the Latin script dominates writings, although the Javanese script is still taught as part of the compulsory Javanese language subject in elementary up to high school levels in Yogyakarta, Central and East Java. Javanese is the twenty-second largest language by native speakers and the seventh largest language without official status at the national level. It is spoken or understood by approximately 100 million people. At least 45% of

4380-527: The region, wiping out 60% of the known population at the time in Meru Betiri NP. Other threats to this species are thought to be collection for herbalism (albeit largely stopped), and cutting down the forests (idem). Meru Betiri NP is restoring forests on their territory. Ecotourism is also a threat. The populations growing on the Lereng Gunung are likely protected from tourists, as the locations here are remote and difficult to access. Many, if not most, of

4453-413: The roots of a Tetrastigma species, a vine related to grapes . The flower buds directly out of the thicker roots of the vine, emerging from underground. It rises up to 30 cm from the surface of the soil when fully opened. Flowers last five to seven days in situ before wilting. Rafflesia species can have different female and male flowers, or 'perfect' flowers with both sexes. R. zollingeriana

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4526-543: The same form and meaning as in Indonesian, with a few exceptions such as: The word sepur also exists in Indonesian, but there it has preserved the literal Dutch meaning of "railway tracks", while the Javanese word follows Dutch figurative use, and "spoor" (lit. "rail") is used as metonymy for "trein" (lit. "train"). (Compare a similar metonymic use in English: "to travel by rail" may be used for "to travel by train".) Malay

4599-534: The six provinces of Java itself, and in the neighboring Sumatran province of Lampung . The language is spoken in Yogyakarta , Central and East Java , as well as on the north coast of West Java and Banten . It is also spoken elsewhere by the Javanese people in other provinces of Indonesia, who are numerous due to the government-sanctioned transmigration program in the late 20th century, including Lampung , Jambi , and North Sumatra provinces. In Suriname, Javanese

4672-409: The standard dialect of Surakarta, /a/ is pronounced [ɔ] in word-final open syllables, and in any open penultimate syllable before such an [ɔ] . The Javanese "voiced" phonemes are not in fact voiced but voiceless, with breathy voice on the following vowel. The relevant distinction in phonation of the plosives is described as stiff voice versus slack voice . A Javanese syllable can have

4745-413: The stratification of Javanese into speech levels such as ngoko and krama , which were unknown in Old Javanese. Books in Javanese have been printed since 1830s, at first using the Javanese script , although the Latin alphabet started to be used later. Since mid-19th century, Javanese has been used in newspapers and travelogues, and later, also novels, short stories, as well as free verses. Today, it

4818-474: The total population of Indonesia are of Javanese descent or live in an area where Javanese is the dominant language. All seven Indonesian presidents since 1945 have been of Javanese descent. It is therefore not surprising that Javanese has had a deep influence on the development of Indonesian, the national language of Indonesia . There are three main dialects of the modern language: Central Javanese, Eastern Javanese, and Western Javanese. These three dialects form

4891-423: The trees glintungan ( Bischofia javanica ) and bantengan ( Alstonia scholaris ?), the lauriferous trees kenari ( Canarium denticulatum ) and talesan ( Persea odoratissima ), the climbing palm rotan manis ( Daemonorops melanocaetes ) and kembang Jlamprangan (? flower of Jlamprang). The buds ( knop ) were harvested by locals for use in jamu , Javanese herbalism , a situation first reported in

4964-556: The vocabulary is from Sanskrit. Many Javanese personal names also have clearly recognisable Sanskrit roots. Sanskrit words are still very much in use. Modern speakers may describe Old Javanese and Sanskrit words as kawi (roughly meaning "literary"); but kawi words may also be from Arabic . Dutch and Malay are influential as well; but none of these rivals the position of Sanskrit. There are far fewer Arabic loanwords in Javanese than in Malay, and they are usually concerned with Islamic religion. Nevertheless, some words have entered

5037-548: The westerly wind brings rainfall to the area, whereas the dry season occurs from April to October. The average annual rainfall is between 2300 and 4,000 millimetres (160 in), with 4 dry months and 7 wet months on average. As a result of its diverse topography, Meru Betiri NP contains five distinct vegetation types: The rare parasitic plant Rafflesia zollingeriana was rediscovered in Meru Betiri NP. The park provides habitat for many other protected animals, including 29 species of mammal and 180 species of bird. Among them are

5110-399: Was also adopted (as Pegon ) to write Javanese. The rise of Mataram in the 17th century shifted the main literary form of Javanese to be based on the inland variety. This written tradition was preserved by writers of Surakarta and Yogyakarta , and later became the basis of the modern written standard of the language. Another linguistic development associated with the rise of Mataram is

5183-418: Was influenced by Indonesian’s first person plural inclusive pronoun. Pronoun pluralization can be ignored or expressed by using phrases such as aku kabèh 'we', awaké dhéwé 'us', dhèwèké kabèh 'them' and so on. Personal pronoun in Javanese, especially for the second and third person, are more often replaced by certain nouns or titles. In addition to the pronoun described in the table below, Javanese still has

5256-408: Was the lingua franca of the Indonesian archipelago before the proclamation of Indonesian independence in 1945; and Indonesian, which was based on Malay, is now the official language of Indonesia. As a consequence, there has been an influx of Malay and Indonesian vocabulary into Javanese. Many of these words are concerned with bureaucracy or politics. [Javanese Ngoko is on the left, and Javanese Krama

5329-543: Was used daily in approximately 43% of Indonesian households. By this reckoning there were well over 60 million Javanese speakers, from a national population of 147,490,298. In Banten, the descendants of the Central Javanese conquerors who founded the Islamic Sultanate there in the 16th century still speak an archaic form of Javanese. The rest of the population mainly speaks Sundanese and Indonesian, since this province borders directly on Jakarta. At least one third of

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