97-518: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated is an American company that publishes reference books and is mostly known for its dictionaries . It is the oldest dictionary publisher in the United States. In 1831, George and Charles Merriam founded the company as G & C Merriam Co. in Springfield, Massachusetts . In 1843, after Noah Webster died, the company bought the rights to An American Dictionary of
194-628: A Christian, but soon becomes widely known as a valiant pagan knight. While visiting Rome , he saves the life of the Roman Emperor ; he later travels to Arthur's Logres at the time of Arthur's coronation, where he rescues King Pellinore as well. Esclabor eventually settles at Camelot , later adventuring with Palamedes and Galahad during the Grail Quest . In the Post-Vulgate Queste , eleven of his sons are killed during their encounter with
291-555: A crusade and together die in battle in Jerusalem . He also appears in some tales as an opponent whom the story's hero must overcome during the course of a quest or an adventure. In the Prose Tristan , Bleoberis abducts Segwarides ' wife from King Mark 's court, and fights for her against first Segwarides and later the protagonist Tristan . In Wigalois , one of the challenges faced by the protagonist Wigalois (Gawain's son, Gingalain )
388-851: A daughter of the German Emperor, and becomes the Greek Emperor himself. As Cligés ( Clicés , Clies , Clygés ), he also appears in some other French Arthurian romances, including in the First Continuation of Chrétien's Perceval (where his father is named King Lac ) and in Claris et Laris . In the Romanz du reis Yder , he serves Queen Guenloie ( Guinevere ) until he is expelled from her court after he criticizes her love for Yder (who later promises to reconcile them). In The Marvels of Rigomer [ fr ] , he hails from Greece and participates in
485-738: A duel to the death, he curses the entire kingdom in his dying breath. His curse manifests itself through King Mark 's devastating invasion which destroys almost all remnants of King Arthur's rule. Bleoberis de Ganis is a Knight of the Round Table from the land of Ganis (variants Ganes , Gannes , Gaunes , Gaunnes ; meaning probably Gaul or perhaps Vannes ), who was first mentioned by Chrétien de Troyes in his Erec and Enide , named therein as Bliobleheris ( Wendelin Foerster 's choice; manuscript variants Bleob[l]eris , Bleosblieris , Blioberis , Bliobeheri , Blios Blieris ). He has since appeared by
582-497: A foster mother, the boy appears at Arthur's court on the eve of the Grail Quest when his arrival is miraculously prophesied at the Round Table . He is knighted by Tristan and soon proves to be superior to even Gawain and Percival , defeating both of them. However, he is publicly known only as the Unknown Knight , keeping his lineage secret as to not shame his father with the story of his mother's rape. Loyal to King Arthur (who
679-531: A fully comprehensive dictionary, An American Dictionary of the English Language . To help him trace the etymology of words, Webster learned 26 languages. Webster hoped to standardize American speech, since Americans in different parts of the country used somewhat different vocabularies and spelled, pronounced, and used words differently. Webster completed his dictionary during his year abroad in 1825 in Paris, and at
776-624: A hermitage to grieve for his final ten years. In the Vulgate Cycle , Aglovale dies accidentally at Gawain's hand during the Quest for the Holy Grail . However, the rewrite in the Post-Vulgate Queste turns it into a deliberate murder, a part of the Orkney clan's long vendetta for the death of King Lot . In Malory, he is among the knights charged by King Arthur with defending the execution of Guinevere , and
873-405: A knight who had mistreated one of Queen Guinevere 's servants. The two fall in love and marry, but rumours spread that Erec no longer cares for knighthood or anything else besides his domestic life. Enide cries about these rumours, causing Erec to prove his abilities, both to himself and to his wife, through a test of Enide's love for him. Erec has her accompany him on a long, tortuous trip where she
970-1127: A large number of variations of his name and character in many subsequent works, including as split between Barant le Apres ( Berrant ) and Bleoberys ( Bleoberis , Bleoboris , Bleoheris ) in Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur ; as Bleobleheris ( Bliobliheri ) and Bleheris in respectively the First and the Second Continuation of Perceval ; as two different characters named Bleheris and Blidoblidas in Mériadeuc [ fr ] ; as split between Bleherris and Bleoberiis in Of Arthour and of Merlin ; as Bleoris in Henry Lovelich 's Merlin ; as Bleos von Bliriers in Diu Crône ; as Bleriz in Povest' o Tryshchane [ be ] ; as Bliobleherin in
1067-529: A largely lost Welsh tradition considered to originate in old Celtic folklore. Companions of Arthur numbering 24 also appear in the Welsh tale of Peredur son of Efrawg . Some of the more notable knights include the following: In addition, there are many less prominent knights. For instance, the "Healing of Sir Urry" episode in the Winchester Manuscript of Le Morte d'Arthur lists, in addition to many of
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#17330853317541164-487: A lost Dodinel romance, tells the story of his eponymous son Carduino's vengeance against the clan of Gawain for having his father fatally poisoned by the jealous lords including Mordred and Augerisse (probably Gaheris ), as well as of Carduino's other adventures. Drian ( Doryan , Driant , Durnor ) is one of King Pellinore 's sons out of wedlock. He is most prominent in the Prose Tristan which describes him as one of
1261-572: A maiden who had just been abducted, and chose the maiden over his brother. Lionel was not pleased by this, and attacked Bors the next time he saw him. A hermit tried to intervene, but was killed accidentally in the process, and Calogrenant stepped in. Bors refuses fight his brother, who slays Calogrenant before attacking Bors; however, God intervenes and renders him immobile. Thomas Malory calls him Colgrevance and recounts his death at Lionel's hands in Le Morte d'Arthur , but also includes another one later in
1358-605: A major character in the later romances from the French prose cycles and their adaptations, in which he is portrayed as one of the cousins of the hero Lancelot . There he is son of Nestor de Gaunes and godson of Lancelot's father King Bors , as well as brother of his fellow Round Table companion Blamo[u]r[e] ( Blanor[e] ). In the Vulgate Merlin , the Livre d'Arthur , and Arthour and Merlin , Bleoberis fights alongside his brother Blamoure in
1455-521: A man from the woods (wilderness). However, the only possible trace of such motif can be found in the German Lanzelet , in which Dodines lives a double life: as an enchanter owning a magic horse and dwelling near the dangerous Shrieking Marsh ( Schreiende Moos ) in the summer, and as a knight in Arthur's lands in the winter. As with his other characteristics, Dodinel's family relations are variably told. In
1552-577: A member of the Round Table . During the Grail Quest , Claudin is one of the companions of Bors the Younger , Galahad and Perceval in Corbenic . Cligès is the title hero of Chrétien de Troyes ' French poem Cligès (and its foreign versions). There, he is an offspring of Arthur's niece Soredamors and Alexander, a son of the Greek ( Byzantine ) Emperor. Following his adventures, Cliges eventually marries Fenice,
1649-635: A phrase was sufficient. Others, more controversial, signaled a shift from linguistic prescriptivism and towards describing American English as it was used at that time. With the ninth edition ( Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (WNNCD), published in 1983), the Collegiate adopted changes which distinguish it as a separate entity rather than merely an abridgment of the Third New International (the main text of which has remained virtually unrevised since 1961). Some proper names were returned to
1746-469: A prison and his lover from a pyre, the latter then also again saved by Perceval. Dodinel is prominent in Claris et Laris , portrayed there as a comical side story character, a Dinadan -like humorously anti-chivalric knight, one who avoids dangerous combat in his wanderings and once escapes from a captivity by posing as a minstrel. He and Dinadan are themselves friends in the Meliadus Compilation; in
1843-469: A unique set of phonetic symbols in their dictionaries—intended to help people from different parts of the United States learn how to pronounce words the same way as others who spoke with the same accent or dialect did. Unicode accommodated IPA symbols from Unicode version 1.1 published in 1993, but did not support the phonetic symbols specific to Merriam-Webster dictionaries until Unicode version 4.0 published in 2003. Hence, to enable computerized access to
1940-582: Is "son of Lac ") appears as brother of Erec in Palamedes and the late Italian romance I Due Tristani . The late French romance Ysaïe le Triste features Brandalis' own son, Brandor de Gaunes (of Wales). In the Didot Perceval , Peredur 's uncle is one Brendalis of Wales who also has a brother named Brwns Brandalis. A few other Brandalis characters are clearly unrelated to the Round Table, such as that of
2037-598: Is a Knight of the Round Table and cousin to Yvain . His character has been derived from the Welsh mythological hero Cynon ap Clydno , usually the lover of Owain mab Urien 's sister Morvydd ; although in Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain , Cynon is stated to be the son of Clydno, possibly connected to Clyddno Eiddin . Roger Sherman Loomis and some other scholars speculated that Calogrenant
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#17330853317542134-653: Is a Knight of the Round Table found in a great many works of Arthurian romance, typically featured as a well-known knight yet merely a figurant type of a character, and without a common role. He is nevertheless important in several of such works, including the Third Continuation of Perceval , the Vulgate Lancelot , the Post-Vulgate Merlin , the Livre d'Artus , the Prose Tristan , and Claris et Laris . Dodinel
2231-486: Is brought to Arthur's court by Bors. He then becomes known as an excellent knight and is accepted as a member to the Round Table . True to his lineage, Elyan eventually becomes Emperor of Constantinople himself. Elyan's adventures are different the Post-Vulgate Queste , as well as the expanded version of the Prose Tristan , where he takes a vacant Round Table seat that had belonged to Dragan ( Dagarius ) after
2328-473: Is called Dornar ( Durnor[e] ) by Thomas Malory in Le Morte d'Arthur , where he is also killed by Gawain. He appears alongside two knights named Darnarde and Dryaun ( Dryaunt , Tryan ), both of them also derived from the French Drian. Malory splits Drian's adventures from the Prose Tristan between the latter two: Dryaun guards a bridge with his brother Alain (one of Drian's other brothers), jousting
2425-525: Is eventually informed about his son's identity by Morgan ), he fights in the late wars against domestic and foreign enemies, and is one of Galahad 's companions during the Grail Quest. After his father's death at Salisbury , Arthur the Less is a candidate for the heir of throne of Logres , however, he obsessively hates Lancelot 's renegade faction, blaming them for the disaster. When soon defeated by Bleoberis in
2522-604: Is forbidden to speak to him, after which they reconcile. When Erec's father Lac dies, Erec inherits his kingdom. The Norse Erex Saga gives him two sons, named Llac and Odus, who later both become kings. The story of Erec and Enide is also retold within the Prose Tristan . Enide is entirely absent from the Prose Erec part of the Post-Vulgate Merlin Continuation , in which Erec's mother's enchantment makes him immune to magic. His acts include saving Bors from
2619-700: Is introduced in Chrétien de Troyes' Erec et Enide , being named there as the ninth best of King Arthur 's knights, albeit noted as a rude one. Dodinel is also listed among the top knights of Arthur in Chrétien's Yvain as well as in Sir Gawaine and the Green Knight , while The Knight of the Two Swords describes him as a "truly exceptional ... man of many virtues." He might have been originally identical with Percival , which would explain his characteristic epiteth as meaning
2716-525: Is killed by unknown hand during the bloody melee when Lancelot and his men rescue the queen. Aglovale appears prominently in the Dutch romance Moriaen , in which Acglavael visits Moorish lands in Africa and meets a Christian princess whom he conceives a child with. He returns home and, thirteen years later, his son Morien comes to find him after which they both return to Morien's lands. In modern works, Aglovale
2813-480: Is now in its eleventh edition. Following the publication of Webster's International in 1890, two Collegiate editions were issued as abridgments of each of their Unabridged editions. Merriam overhauled the dictionary again with the 1961 Webster's Third New International under the direction of Philip B. Gove , making changes that sparked public controversy. Many of these changes were in formatting, omitting needless punctuation , or avoiding complete sentences when
2910-507: Is one of Perceval's uncles along with King Alain, whose name (and title) is shared with the father of Floree, mother of Gawain's son Guinglain in the Vulgate Cycle . In Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur , Brandiles ( Brandyles ) is brother of the mother of Gawain's sons (and later his companions at the Round Table) Gingalin, Lovel and Florence. Sir Brandeliz ( Brandalis , Brandelis , Braudaliz ) appears in multiple episodes through
3007-545: Is one of the eleven protagonists other than the eponymous duo; here he is a friend of Claris who, with the help of Merlin , rescues Laris from the prison of the Danish king Tallas among his other acts. In both narratives, he is also repeatedly freed from enemy captivity by the other heroes, including Gawain, Lancelot, and Claris. The Vulgate Lancelot story of Gaheriet 's rescue of Brandeliz and his lady might have been rewritten by Malory as an early episode of his "Tale of Sir Gareth",
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3104-592: Is the eponymous protagonist of Clemence Housman 's 1905 novel The Life of Sir Aglovale de Galis . Arthur the Less or Arthur the Little ( Arthur le Petit ) is an illegitimate son of King Arthur ("Arthur the Great") found only in the Post-Vulgate Cycle . After Arthur forces himself on a daughter of a knight named Tanas, he orders the child to be named either Guenevere or Arthur the Less. Having been abandoned and raised by
3201-583: Is the son of the Frankish King Claudas of the Wasteland ( de la Deserte ) who appears in the Lancelot-Grail prose cycle, the Prose Tristan , the Post-Vulgate Cycle , and Le Morte d'Arthur . His father, who he fights for, is a major villain during King Arthur 's early reign. However, when Claudas eventually loses the war and flees to Rome, Claudin surrenders and defects to Arthur, who makes him
3298-576: Is to defeat Bleoberis, the fierce guardian of the Perilous Ford. He is similarly the first adversary conquered by Gawain's son Guinglan in Le Bel Inconnu . In Parzival , Orgeluse 's suitor boasts of having him either slain or defeated but spared (depending on interpretation of the text). In Tristrant , he is one of King Mark's vassals and an enemy of Tristan, who brutally kills him during his escape from Mark's court. His name may have been derived from
3395-481: The Elucidation , wherein the character named Blihos Bliheris also appears appears as knight. Brandelis ( Brandalus , Brandel , Brandeles , Brandellis , Brendalis , etc.) is the name of a number of Arthurian romance characters, including multiple Knights of the Round Table from the French prose tradition. As in the case of several other Arthurian characters, such as King Ban , they might have been derived from
3492-593: The Marvels of Rigomer , Dodinel is one of Gawain's quest companions. Thomas Malory in his Le Morte d'Arthur , following some of the Dodinel material from the Vulgate Lancelot as well as his portrayal in the Prose Tristan , has him (named as Dodinas le Savage in the Winchester Manuscript ) as a recurring companion of Sagramore and, early in his career, as one of the Guinevere 's own ten knights. His 'biography' can be found in
3589-781: The Matter of Britain literature in the mid-12th century. The Knights are an order dedicated to ensuring the peace of Arthur's kingdom following an early warring period, entrusted in later years to undergo a mystical quest for the Holy Grail . The Round Table at which they meet is a symbol of the equality of its members, who range from sovereign royals to minor nobles. The various Round Table stories present an assortment of knights from all over Great Britain and abroad, some of whom are even from outside of Europe. Their ranks often include Arthur's close and distant relatives , such as Agravain , Gaheris and Yvain , as well as his reconciled former enemies, like Galehaut , Pellinore and Lot . Several of
3686-602: The Queen's Knights . Some of these romances retell the story of the Knights of the Old Table , led by Arthur's father, Uther Pendragon , whilst other tales focus on the members of the 'Grail Table'; these were the followers of ancient Christian Joseph of Arimathea , with his Grail Table later serving as the inspiration for Uther and Arthur's subsequent Round Tables. The number of the Knights of
3783-606: The Questing Beast . Shortly after finally agreeing to convert to Christianity, an act necessary for the full admission into the brotherhood of Round Table , and which also allows his participation in the Grail Quest, Esclabor commits suicide from grief upon learning of his favorite son Palamedes' death at the hands of Gawain . Gaheris de Karaheu ( Gaharis , Gaheran , Gahetis , Gaherys , Gaheus , Gains , Gareis , Ghaheris ; - d'Escareu , - de Carahan / Car[a/e]heu , - de Gaheran / Gahereu , - de Karahau / Karehan ), also known as
3880-621: The Round Table . According to the Post Vulgate Cycle , and Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur , Aglovale is the one who brings his long lost brother Percival to Camelot to be knighted after meeting him by chance in Perceval's woods. In an alternate account in the Livre d'Artus version of the Vulgate Merlin , the young Agloval has all of his fourteen brothers killed during the Saxon wars by
3977-812: The Trump administration . In one viral tweet, Merriam Webster subtly accused Kyle Rittenhouse of fake crying at his trial. In 1996, Merriam-Webster launched its first website, which provided free access to an online dictionary and thesaurus . Merriam-Webster has also published dictionaries of synonyms , English usage , geography ( Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary ), biography , proper names , medical terms , sports terms, slang , Spanish/English, and numerous others. Non-dictionary publications include Collegiate Thesaurus , Secretarial Handbook , Manual for Writers and Editors , Collegiate Encyclopedia , Encyclopedia of Literature , and Encyclopedia of World Religions . On February 16, 2007, Merriam-Webster announced
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4074-592: The University of Cambridge . His 1820s book contained 70,000 words, of which about 12,000 had never appeared in a dictionary before. As a spelling reformer , Webster believed that English spelling rules were unnecessarily complex, so his dictionary introduced American English spellings, replacing colour with color , waggon with wagon , and centre with center . He also added American words, including skunk and squash , that did not appear in British dictionaries. At
4171-399: The 12th-century Welsh storyteller known in French as Bledhericus, Bleheris or Blihis (Blihos) Bliheris (possibly Bledri ap Cydifor ), who is mentioned in several texts, including being credited by both Thomas of Britain and Wauchier de Denain as the original source of their early Arthurian poems. References to the narrative authority of one Master Blihis ( Maistre Blihis ) repeat throughout
4268-588: The Battle of Salisbury Plain ( Camlann ). In Italy, he is called Dondinello and its variants, usually with no epithet (except in the case of Oddinello le Salvaggio in the Tristano Riccardiano ). In his unusual characterization in Chantari di Lancelotto , Dodinel ( Dudinello ) is a villain who joins up with Mordred to conspire against Lancelot. Cantari di Carduino , a Fair Unknown type epic poem possibly based on
4365-503: The Didot Perceval and 60 in the count by Jean d'Outremeuse in his Ly Myreur des Histors . Others yet give higher numbers, as with 250 in the Prose Merlin , and 366 in both Li Chevaliers as Deus Espees and Perlesvaus (where this is their peak number that nevertheless had dwindled to only about 25 at the time when the story begins ). Chrétien de Troyes suggested around 500 knights in his early romance Erec and Enide . In
4462-475: The English Language from Webster's estate. All Merriam-Webster dictionaries trace their lineage to this source. In 1964, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. , acquired Merriam-Webster, Inc., as a subsidiary. The company adopted its current name, Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, in 1982. In 1806, Webster published his first dictionary, A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language . In 1807 Webster started two decades of intensive work to expand his publication into
4559-725: The French Herec le Fils Lac ) participates in Lancelot's rescue of Guinevere from the stake. King Esclabor the Unknown ( Astlabor , Esclabort , Scalabrone ; - le Mescogneu , - li Mesconneü , - li Mesconneuz ) is a wandering Saracen lord from a vaguely Middle Eastern land, usually either Babylon (in today's Iraq) or Galilee (in today's Israel). He is the father of Palamedes , Safir , and Segwarides , among others. During his long stay in Britain, Esclabor initially hides his faith, trying to pass as
4656-426: The French prose cycles. In the Vulgate Merlin and the Livre d'Artus , the young teenage Dodinel defects to Arthur early in the king's reign, opposing his own family. In the Livre , he kills the Saxon king Mathmas at the Battle of Clarence ( Badon ). Having been knighted by Arthur, he joins the Queen's Knights and eventually the Round Table. The Vulgate Lancelot , besides telling the stories of Lancelot 's rescues of
4753-583: The German Erec ; as Bliobleeris in La Vengeance Raguidel ; as Bliobleris de Gannes ( Biblioberis , Bla[h]aris , Bleob[l]eris , Bleobleheris , Bleosblieris , Bliaires , Blihoble[h]eris , Bliobeheri , Blioberis , Blyob[l]eris ; - de Ga[u]n[n]es ) in the 13th-century French prose cycles; as Blioblieris in both Le Bel Inconnu and Wigalois ; as Bréri in Tristan by Thomas of Britain ; as Briobris in La Tavola Ritonda ; as Pleherin in Tristrant ; and as Plihopliherî ( Plihophiheri , Plihopliheri ) in Parzival . Bleoberis features as
4850-406: The Huth- Merlin , he is son of Balin 's brother Balan ( Balaan le Sauvage ). In the Didot- Perceval , he is son of the Lady of Malehaut ( Dame de Malohaut ). In Parzival , he has a brother called Taurian the Wild ( der Wilde ). In the Third Continuation of Chrétien's Perceval , one of the six episodes of Gawain 's adventures relate his rescue of the "handsome and valiant" Dodinel ( Dodinal ) from
4947-454: The King of Sorelois. Galehodin is introduced in the Prose Lancelot as the young grandson of the King of Norgales ( North Wales ). There he is the lord of the town and castle of Pennin ( Peningue ), and desires to follow the great hero Lancelot so he can learn from him. He is described as one of the tallest knights in the world, using a plain white shield with no identification symbols. Together with Mordred and Mador , he easily triumphs over
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#17330853317545044-442: The Knight of the Lion , telling a story to a group of knights and Queen Guinevere . He describes an adventure he had in the forest of Brocéliande , in which there was a magic spring that could summon a large storm. Calogrenant reached the spring and summoned the storm, after which a knight named Esclados attacked and defeated him. Yvain is upset that Calogrenant never told him of this defeat, and sets out to avenge him, embarking on
5141-404: The Less (himself a member of the Round Table as the Unknown Knight), whom he kills in self-defence. Finding Lancelot at a hermitage with the former Archbishop of Canterbury , he joins them; after Lancelot's death, Bleoberis buries his body at Joyous Gard . In Malory, Bleoberis and his brother first live as monks together with Lancelot and the rest of his kinsmen at Glastonbury Tor , then leave on
5238-433: The Round Table (including King Arthur ) and their names vary greatly between the versions published by different writers. The figure may range from a dozen to as many as potentially (the number of seats at the table) 1,600, the latter claimed by Layamon in his Brut . Most commonly, however, there are between about 100 and 300 seats at the table, often with one seat usually permanently empty . The number of three hundred
5335-410: The United States by state This is a list of companies in the United States by state where their headquarters is located: Knights of the Round Table The Knights of the Round Table ( Welsh : Marchogion y Ford Gron , Cornish : Marghekyon an Moos Krenn , Breton : Marc'hegien an Daol Grenn ) are the legendary knights of the fellowship of King Arthur that first appeared in
5432-477: The Vulgate Merlin Continuation, he is portrayed as an illegitimate son of either King Brandegorre or King Bélinant ( Balinant , Belinans , Belynans ; possibly based on the Celtic god Belinus ) de Sorgales ("of South Wales "; Norgales / North Wales in the Vulgate Lancelot ) and Eglatine ( Eglantine , Eglante , Eglente ), and cousin of Galeschin . In the Lancelot en prose , he is son of King Nantres and Queen Blasine (Arthur's sister), and brother of Galescin. In
5529-420: The Vulgate Mort Artu , he dies from eating a poisoned apple, which was made by the knight Avarlan and was meant to kill Gawain. The apple is offered to Gaheris unknowingly by Guinevere ; the queen is accused of his murder, until she is cleared of the charge in the trial by combat between Mador and Lancelot. This story is retold in the Stanzaic Morte Arthur and in Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur , where
5626-413: The Vulgate Cycle (some of which are included in Le Morte d'Arthur ), participating in the quests (including the quest for the Grail) and in the wars against Claudas and Galahaut . In the prose cycles, he dies while fighting either against Lancelot during the latter's rescue of the condemned Guinevere or against Mordred in the final battle. In the standalone romance Claris et Laris , Brandaliz
5723-455: The Vulgate and the works based on it, Lancelot eventually makes him the Duke of Poitiers for his part in saving Guinevere , after which Bleoberis becomes an important leader in Lancelot's war against Arthur and Gawain. In the Post-Vulgate Mort , he returns to Britain and arrives at Salisbury after the battle to destroy the corpse of Mordred and build the Tower of the Dead. While searching for Lancelot, he meets Arthur's vengeful son Arthur
5820-640: The Vulgate's Saxon king Brandalis ( Braundalis , Maundalis ). However, some scholars have connected Bran de Lis with the villains Brian des Isles (Brian of the Isles) from Perlesvaus and Brandin ( Branduz ) des Isles from the Vulgate Lancelot , as well as to King Brandelidelin from an early German Arthurian romance Parzival , as possibly identical in origin. Calogrenant , sometimes known in English as Colgrevance and in German ( Diu Crône ) as Kalogrenant , among many other variants (including Calogrenan[s/z] , Calogrevant , Calogrinant , Colgrevaunce , Galogrinans , Kalebrant , Kalocreant , Qualogrenans ),
5917-407: The Welsh Geraint and Enid , Erec and Geraint are often conflated or confused. Erec's name itself may be derived from Guerec , the Breton version of Gweir, the name of several of Arthur's warriors and relatives in the different early Welsh tales (possibly the prototype of Gaheris and consequently also Gareth ). In Chrétien's story, Erec meets his future wife Enide while on a quest to defeat
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#17330853317546014-530: The Welsh mythology's figure of Brân . The best known of these was originally known as Bran de Lis ( Brans , Bras , - de Lys ), a character related to one of the mothers of the illegitimate sons of Gawain . Bran first appears in the First Continuation of Chrétien's Perceval as one of the brothers of Guilorete ( Gloriete ) of the Castle Lis, the mother of Gawain's son Lionel ( Lioniaus ). After Gawain had slain Bran's father Norroiz ( Norrois , also Yder de Lis ) and two of his brothers (Meliant and Guilorete) in
6111-400: The White ( li Blans ), is one of the minor Knights of the Round Table and brother of Mador de la Porte in the Vulgate Cycle and the derived works. He should not be confused with Gaheris of Orkney , one of King Arthur 's nephews and another Knight of the Round Table. His most prominent role, including the manner of his death, might have been inspired by the purportedly historical account of
6208-429: The White was portrayed by Nigerian actor Adetomiwa Edun as Guinevere's brother in the 2008 television series Merlin . Erec (French Erech , Eric , Herec , Heret ; German Eres ; Italian Arecco ; Norse Erex ), the son of King Lac , is most famous as the protagonist in Chrétien de Troyes ' first romance, Erec and Enide , later retold in Erec and other versions. Because of Erec and Enide ‘s connection to
6305-415: The Younger in the prose romance tradition of Lancelot-Grail (Vulgate Cycle). His mother, Claire, has tricked Bors into sleeping with her using a magic ring (the only time Bors broke his vow of chastity). Claire is daughter of British king Brandegore ( Brandegorre , Brandegoris ) and also half-sister of Sagramore , and their shared mother is daughter of the Eastern Roman Emperor . At the age of 15, Elyan
6402-640: The above, the following: Conversely, the Winchester Round Table features only the knights Sirs Alynore (Alymere), Bedwere (Bedivere), Blubtlrys (Bleoberis), Bors De Ganys (Bors de Ganis), Brumear (Brunor le Noir), Dagonet, Degore, Ectorde Marys (Ector de Maris), Galahallt (Galahault or Galahad), Garethe (Gareth), Gauen (Gawain), Kay, Lamorak, Launcelot Deulake (Lancelot du Lac), Lacotemale Tayle (La Cote Male Taile), Lucane (Lucan), Lybyus Dysconyus (Le Bel Desconneu), Lyonell (Lionel), Mordrede (Mordred), Plomyde (Palomedes), Pelleus (Pelleas), Percyvale (Percival), Safer (Safir), and Trystram Delyens (Tristram de Lyones) for
6499-410: The adventure that sets up the remainder of events in the romance. Calogrenant appears later in the Lancelot-Grail cycle, though his kinship to Yvain is not as clear as in Chrétien. He dies during the Grail Quest while trying to keep Lionel from killing his own brother, Bors . Bors had faced a dilemma over whom to rescue between Lionel, who was getting beaten with thorns by two rogue knights, and
6596-421: The age of 70 in 1828, Webster published his dictionary; it sold poorly, with only 2,500 copies, and put him in debt. However, in 1840, he published the second edition in two volumes with much greater success. In 1843, after Webster's death, George Merriam and Charles Merriam secured publishing and revision rights to the 1840 edition of the dictionary. They published a revision in 1847, which did not change any of
6693-451: The captive Dodinel on multiple occasions, has him as one of the only five knights who cross the perilous bridge into Sorelois alive (besides Gawain, Meliant , Yder and Arthur). In the Vulgate Queste , he is one of the Grail knights in Galahad 's company. In the Post-Vulgate, Lamorak is slain by Gawain and his brothers when he is injured following an earlier fight with Dodinel. In the end, Dodinel dies fighting against Mordred 's forces at
6790-409: The edition of 1890, the dictionary was retitled Webster's International . The vocabulary was vastly expanded in Webster's New International editions of 1909 and 1934, totaling over half a million words, with the 1934 edition retrospectively called Webster's Second International or simply "The Second Edition" of the New International. The Collegiate Dictionary was introduced in 1898 and the series
6887-423: The enchanter Mabon ; he also has a cousin named Driadam, whose death begins Erec's feud with the young Mordred . In the Post-Vulgate Quest of the Holy Grail , Erec is slain by Gawain in revenge for the death of Yvain of the White Hands , and does not regain his father's kingdom; his seat at the Round Table is taken by his friend Meraugis, who had buried him. In the Alliterative Morte Arthure , Erec dies during
6984-529: The fatal poisoning of Walwen (that is, Gawain ) from the chronicle Gesta Regum Anglorum . In the Vulgate Lancelot , Gaheris of Karaheu appears in minor roles, mostly as a prisoner, prior to his accidental death. Gawain saves him from Galehaut , while the mysterious White Knight ( Lancelot incognito) rescues him from the Dolorous Prison near Dolorous Gard and then again from the Vale of No Return . Later, in
7081-515: The final battle between the forces of Arthur and Mordred. In Lanzelet , Erec and Gawain agree to be delivered as prisoners to the great wizard Malduc (whose father was killed by Erec), so that Guinevere can be rescued from King Valerin's castle; they are then tortured and almost starved to death in Malduc's dungeon, until they are eventually themselves rescued. In Le Morte d'Arthur , Harry le Fyse Lake (or Garry le Fitz Lake , Malory's corruption of
7178-521: The forces of King Rions ' relative King Agrippa in their attack on his mother's domain. In the Livre d'Artus , Agloval then accompanies Gawain and Sagramore in leading an army that defeats the invaders, personally slaying Agrippa but suffering severe wounds. In the Third (Manessier's) Continuation of Perceval , Agloval dies seven years after Percival became the Grail King, causing Percival's retirement to
7275-422: The fourth book of Le Morte d'Arthur . In the Prose Tristan , Brandeliz is a Knight of the Round Table from Cornwall, not Wales. The Vulgate Cycle also features a different Knight of the Round Table other than Sir Brandeliz, a minor character of Duke Brandelis de Taningues ( Brandeban, Brandeharz , Brandelz , -de Tranurgor ). Yet another Knight of the Round Table named Brandelis ( Brandelis le fils Lac , that
7372-425: The influential The Chicago Manual of Style , which is followed by many book publishers and magazines in the United States. The Chicago Manual states that it "normally opts for" the first spelling listed. The G. & C. Merriam Company lost its right to exclusive use of the name "Webster" after a series of lawsuits placed that name in public domain . Its name was changed to " Merriam-Webster, Incorporated ", with
7469-581: The latter knight's death by Tristan . He later helps his cousin Lancelot rescue Guinevere after their affair is exposed, and then joins him in exile during their war with Arthur. Elyan should not be confused with Elians ( Eliant , Elianz ), a Knight of the Round Table from Ireland who occupied Lancelot's vacant seat in both the Vulgate and Post-Vulgate versions of the Mort Artu . A modern character inspired by Elyan
7566-498: The launch of a mobile dictionary and thesaurus service developed with mobile search-and-information provider AskMeNow . Consumers use the service to access definitions, spelling and synonyms via text message . Services also include Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day —and Open Dictionary , a wiki service that provides subscribers the opportunity to create and submit their own new words and definitions. The Merriam-Webster company once used
7663-485: The main Grail Knight in the later stories, and Arthur's traitorous son and nemesis Mordred . By the end of Arthurian prose cycles (including the seminal Le Morte d'Arthur ), the Round Table splits up into groups of warring factions following the revelation of Lancelot's adultery with King Arthur's wife, Queen Guinevere . In the same tradition, Guinevere is featured with her own personal order of young knights, known as
7760-489: The main text but merely added new sections, and a second update with illustrations in 1859. In 1864, Merriam published a greatly expanded edition, which was the first version to change Webster's text, largely overhauling his work yet retaining many of his definitions and the title " An American Dictionary " . This began a series of revisions that were described as being "unabridged" in content. In 1884 it contained 118,000 words, "3000 more than any other English dictionary". With
7857-446: The most notable Knights of the Round Table, among them Bedivere , Gawain and Kay , are based on older characters from a host of great warriors associated with Arthur in the early Welsh tales. Some, such as Lancelot , Perceval and Tristan , feature in the roles of a protagonist or eponymous hero in various works of chivalric romance . Other well-known members of the Round Table include the holy knight Galahad , replacing Perceval as
7954-487: The narrative. Despite having died on the Grail quest, Colgrevance reappears as one of the twelve knights who help Agravaine and Mordred trap Lancelot and Guinevere together in the queen's chambers. Lancelot has neither armour nor weapons, but manages to pull Colgrevance into the room and kills him; he then uses Colgrevance's sword to defeat the rest of Mordred's companions. Prince Claudin ( Claudine , Claudyne , Claudino )
8051-496: The passing knights; Darnarde visits King Mark 's court with Lamorak, where they defeat Mark and all of his knights but Tristan . Darnarde is eventually killed alongside his brothers, Aglovale and Tor , when Lancelot rescues Queen Guinevere from the stake. Elyan the White or Helyan le Blanc (also Elain , Elayn , Helain , Hellaine , Helin ; - le Blank , - the Pale ) is son of Bors
8148-702: The previous duels in the long feud against him for seducing Guilorete, Bran is about to fight him as well, but they are stopped by Arthur and later become friends. This story is retold in The Jeaste of Sir Gawain , where he appears as Brandles (the name also used for one of Arthur's knights in Sir Gawain and the Carle of Carlisle ), and in the Scottish Golagros and Gawane , where he is called Spinagros . In Perlesvaus , Brandalus ( Brun[s] Brandelis ) de Gales (of Wales)
8245-481: The pronunciation without having to rework all dictionaries to IPA notation, the online services of Merriam-Webster specify phonetics using a less-specific set of ASCII characters. Merriam creates entries by finding uses of a particular word in print and recording them in a database of citations . Editors at Merriam spend about an hour a day looking at print sources, from books and newspapers to less formal publications, like advertisements and product packaging, to study
8342-643: The publication of Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary in 1983. Previous publications had used " A Merriam-Webster Dictionary " as a subtitle for many years and will be found on older editions. Since the 1940s, the company has added many specialized dictionaries, language aides, and other references to its repertoire. The company has been a subsidiary of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. , since 1964. The dictionary maintains an active social media presence, where it frequently posts dictionary related content as well as its takes on politics. Its Twitter account has frequently used dictionary jargon to criticize and lampoon
8439-526: The quest to conquer Rigomer Castle as one of Gawain 's many companions; he also defeats the undead knight in his own episode. As Clias the Greek ( der Grieche Clîas ), he has a role in the German Parzival . Thomas Malory 's Urry list calls him Sir Clegis (despite a similar name, Clegis is not in any way connected with the English Sir Cleges , the hero of a completely different story set in
8536-454: The same work, Chrétien catalogued many of Arthur's top knights in a series of long hierarchical lists of names. These rankings are different in each of the surviving manuscripts, none of which is believed to be the author's original version. While not mentioning the Round Table as such, one of the late Welsh Triads lists 24 extraordinary knights permanently living in Arthur's court, mixing romance characters with several Arthur's warriors from
8633-578: The times of Arthur's father Uther Pendragon ). Dodinel ( Dodinas , Dodine[i]s , Dôdînes , Dodinia[u]s , Dodin[s] , Dodynas , Dodynel , Didones , Dydonel[l] , Lionel , etc.) le Sauvage ( le Savage , le Salvage , li Sauvages , li Salvages , el Salvaje , der Wilde , etc.), variously translated to English as the Wild , the Wildman , or the Savage (sometimes also as the descriptive "impetuous" or "fierce"),
8730-468: The total of merely 24 (not counting Arthur). Aglovale de Galis ( Agglovale , Aglaval[e] , Agloval , Aglován , Aglovaus , etc.; - de Galles , - le Gallois ) is the eldest legitimate son of King Pellinore of Galis ( Wales ), introduced in the Vulgate Lancelot . Like his father and his brothers (who may include Drian , Lamorak , the original Grail hero Perceval , and Tor ), he is a Knight of
8827-475: The uses of individual words and choose things that should be preserved in the citation file. Merriam-Webster's citation file contains more than 16 million entries documenting individual uses of words. Millions of these citations are recorded on 3-by-5 cards in their paper citation files. The earliest entries in the paper citation files date back to the late 19th century. Since 2009, all new entries are recorded in an electronic database. List of companies of
8924-437: The very best of the Knights, alongside Galahad , Lancelot , Palamedes , and his own brother Lamorak . There, Drian and Lamorak are hated by Gawain for being sons of Pellinore and for being superior knights to Gawain. Drian dies when he fights three of King Lot 's sons, unhorsing Agravain and Mordred before being mortally wounded and left for dead by Gawain; Lamorak dies soon afterwards while trying to avenge him. Drian
9021-406: The victim is, respectively, either an unnamed visiting Scottish knight or Sir Patrise of Ireland (the poisoner is also renamed by Malory as Sir Pionel). The Italian Tristano Panciaticchiano , in which he remains Mador's brother, calls him Giafredi . Galehodin le Gallois ( Galeh[a/o]udin , also Gal[l]ides , Gallind[r]es , etc.) is Galehaut 's nephew and godson, and his designated successor as
9118-603: The wars against the rebel kings at Bedegraine , against the Saxons at Cameliard , and against King Claudas in the Wasteland ; the latter earns him his nickname "of the Wasteland" (de la Deserte). In both the Vulgate and Post-Vulgate versions of the Queste , as well as in the Prose Tristan , he participates in the Grail Quest . In Malory, he is the lord of the Castle of Gannis in Britain. In
9215-494: The word list, including names of Knights of the Round Table . The most notable change was the inclusion of the date of the first known citation of each word, to document its entry into the English language. The eleventh edition (published in 2003) includes more than 225,000 definitions, and more than 165,000 entries. A CD-ROM of the text is sometimes included. This dictionary is preferred as a source "for general matters of spelling" by
9312-432: Was also chosen by King Edward III of England when he decided to create his own real-life Order of the Round Table at Windsor Castle in 1344. In many chivalric romances there are over 100 members of Arthur's Round Table, as with either 140 or 150 according to Thomas Malory 's popular Le Morte d'Arthur , and about 140 according to Erec by Hartmann von Aue . Some sources offer much smaller numbers, such as 13 in
9409-464: Was used specifically as a foil for Kay in some lost early version of Yvain's story. The 12th-century author Chrétien de Troyes characterized him as everything Kay is not: polite, respectful, eloquent, and well-mannered. By this theory, his name can be deconstructed to "Cai lo grenant", or "Cai the grumbler", which would represent another opposite characteristic of Kay, who was famous for his acid tongue. Calogrenant first appears in Chrétien's Yvain,
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