64-461: Merovingen Nights is a series of shared universe science fiction books set in writer C. J. Cherryh 's Alliance–Union universe . There are eight books in the series: a novel by Cherryh, Angel with the Sword , and seven short fiction anthologies which Cherryh edited. The books were published by DAW Books between 1985 and 1991. Angel with the Sword was originally published by Cherryh in 1985 as
128-633: A media franchise . By 1961, Marvel Comics writer and editor Stan Lee , working with artists Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko , merged the bulk of the publisher's comics characters into the Marvel Universe . Marvel sets its stories in an increasing number of alternate realities , each with an assigned number in a greater " multiverse ". DC Comics and Marvel have also periodically co-published series in which their respective characters meet and interact. These intercompany crossovers have typically been written as self-limiting events that avoid implying that
192-602: A cameo appearance in Red Alert . Though Command and Conquer does not refer to the alternate timeline of Red Alert , in which Hitler was removed before he came to power, what caused an Allied - Soviet world war instead. Furthermore, if the Allied campaign were to be completed, the Allies would emerge victorious and the timeline would lead into the events of Red Alert 2 , though the latter completely ignores anything that could connect it to
256-556: A core franchise for the company, on par with Game of Thrones and the DC Comics superheroes. The Mickey Mouse universe dates back to the 1930s when the animated cartoon was expanded into a newspaper strip. Although the characters occasionally portray other roles and with other names, the writers address this discrepancy by thinking of the characters as being "employed" by Disney as actors. Walt Disney , when asked whether or not Mickey Mouse and Minnie Mouse were married, replied that
320-660: A different character (or group of characters), as well as featuring its own cast, directors, and writers, while also being a part of a coherent, non-contradictory continuity shared with the other works. Fictional universes with major presence in films are referred to as cinematic universes , while fictional universes with major presence in television are referred to as television universes . Universes with major presence in both films and television are also generally called cinematic universes. Some film and television universes are accompanied by video games, and print works such as novels or comics, telling additional canonical stories set within
384-518: A different continuity. The X-Men film series , which originated in 2000, was the longest-running superhero film franchise to be set within the same continuity. The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) has the most films, as well as multiple TV shows and a separate run of tie-in comics that co-exist and share the same as well as parallel continuities (as part of a multiverse), making the MCU an imaginary entertainment environment. The DC Extended Universe (DCEU)
448-546: A free-standing novel. The Merovingen Nights series came into being two years later when Cherryh began editing seven anthologies that were set in the same universe as Angel with the Sword . Angel with the Sword was subsequently republished with the Merovingen Nights branding. The books take place on the planet Merovin in the Alliance-Union universe after AD 3240, and as such, they are definitively science fiction, but
512-447: A particular fictional world that are widely considered to be official or authoritative; [especially] those created by the original author or developer of the world". Canon is contrasted with, or used as the basis for, works of fan fiction and other derivative works . When there are multiple "official" works or original media, what material is canonical can be unclear. This is resolved either by explicitly excluding certain media from
576-432: A shared universe, not all crossovers are intended to merge their settings' back-stories and are instead used for marketing, parody, or to explore "what-if" scenarios , often being one-offs. It can become difficult for writers contributing to a shared universe to maintain consistency and avoid contradicting details in earlier works, especially when a shared universe grows to be very large. The version deemed "official" by
640-423: A significant amount of producer guidance ). TLC reality series 90 Day Fiancé has had a large number of spinoffs, which have aired both on TLC and on sibling streaming service Discovery+ ; these have occasionally been referred to, by both parent company Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD) and others, as a "universe". In a 2022 investor presentation, WBD executives referenced the " 90 Day Fiancé Universe" as being
704-654: A television series: the View Askewniverse , which is named for Smith's production company, View Askew Productions . The characters Jay and Silent Bob (played by Smith) appear in almost all the View Askewniverse media, and characters from one story often reappear or are referred to in others. Recurring characters, settings, and motifs of the View Askewniverse first appeared in Smith's debut film, Clerks , in 1994. A cinematic universe consisting of films whose titles are
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#1733093081979768-791: A universe based on comics published in Doctor Who Magazine and other publications. Television network The CW broadcasts the Arrowverse , a shared universe of television shows based on characters from DC Comics. The CW also houses The Vampire Diaries Universe , a shared universe of various interconnected television series ; The Vampire Diaries , The Originals , and Legacies . The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) has had expanded into multiple interconnected television universes through shows produced by Marvel Television , such as Marvel's ABC television series , Marvel's Netflix television series , Marvel's young adult television series , and
832-442: A variety of media (such as novels and films), each of them contributing to the growth, history, and status of the setting is called an "imaginary entertainment environment". The term has also been used in a wider, non-literary sense to convey interdisciplinary or social commonality, often in the context of a "shared universe of discourse". Fiction in some media , such as most television programs and many comic book titles,
896-440: Is a shared universe that encompasses different film franchises based on DC Comics characters, all of them sharing a continuity. In horror, Forbes and The Hollywood Reporter described The Conjuring as the first successful cinematic universe after Marvel's, and as of 2022 the second most-successful after it. Writer/director Kevin Smith created a fictional universe used in several of his films, as well as comics and
960-511: Is common that the original writer does not decide what is canon. In literature, the estate of H. G. Wells authorised sequels by Stephen Baxter , The Massacre of Mankind (2017) and The Time Ships (1995). Scarlett was a 1991 sequel to Gone with the Wind authorised by the estate. In 2010, the Conan Doyle estate authorised Young Sherlock Holmes and The House of Silk . Sequels to
1024-456: Is or isn't canonical, with copyright holders usually declaring themselves the authorities when they want to erase or retcon materials that were approved by the setting's original creator (with Star Wars again being an example). The definition of canon is of particular importance with regard to reboots or re-imaginings of established franchises, such as the Star Trek remake (2009) , because of
1088-496: Is the Tommy Westphall Universe Hypothesis , which suggests that hundreds of American television series take place in the same universe. It builds from the assumption that when an actor playing a character from one series guest-stars in a second series, in character, both of those series must take place in the same universe. The theory takes its name from a character in the final episode of St. Elsewhere , where
1152-480: Is understood by viewers or readers to require the contribution of multiple authors and does not by itself create a shared universe and is considered a collaborative art form. Incidental appearances, such as that of d'Artagnan in Cyrano de Bergerac , are considered literary cameo appearances . More substantial interaction between characters from different sources is often marketed as a crossover . While crossovers occur in
1216-628: The James Bond film series based on the spy novels by Ian Fleming . The films adapt some elements from the novels; however, they are not direct adaptations, nor were they adapted in the same order as the books were released. The first film in the series is Dr. No (1962), followed by 24 sequels, with the most recent being No Time to Die (2021). Due to the series spanning more than 50 years, James Bond has been portrayed by six actors, and other recurring characters have also been portrayed by multiple actors. After all of Fleming's Bond novels were adapted,
1280-498: The Berne Convention which introduced author's rights . However, sometimes in literature, original writers have not approved works as canon, but original publishers or literary estates of original writers posthumously approve subsequent works as canon, such as The Royal Book of Oz (1921) (by original publisher), Porto Bello Gold (1924) (by estate), and Heidi Grows Up (1938) (by estate). In film and television it
1344-532: The Cthulhu Mythos from the writings of H. P. Lovecraft , an approach whose result is considered by some to be "completely dissimilar" to Lovecraft's own works. Less controversial posthumous expansions include Ruth Plumly Thompson 's and later authors' sequels to L. Frank Baum 's Oz stories and the further development of Isaac Asimov 's Foundation universe by Greg Bear , Gregory Benford , and David Brin . Many other published works of this nature take
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#17330930819791408-570: The Kzinti . The degree to which he has made the setting available for other writers became a topic of controversy, when Elf Sternberg created an erotic short story set in Known Space following an author's note from Niven indicating that "[i]f you want more Known Space stories, you'll have to write them yourself". Niven has since clarified that his setting is still to be used only "under restricted circumstances and with permission", which Niven granted to
1472-660: The Star Trek canon, but the site notes that elements from these sources have been subsequently introduced into the television series, and says that "canon is not something set in stone". During George Lucas 's time with the franchise, the Star Wars canon was divided into discrete tiers that incorporated the Expanded Universe (EU), with continuity tracked by Lucasfilm creative executive Leland Chee . Higher-tier and newer material abrogated lower-tier and older material in case of contradiction. The live-action theatrical films,
1536-420: The 2008 The Clone Wars TV series and its debut film , and statements by Lucas himself were at the top of this hierarchy; such works invariably superseded EU material in case of contradiction. The EU itself was further divided into several descending levels of continuity. After Disney 's acquisition of the franchise, Lucasfilm designated all Expanded Universe material published before 25 April 2014 (other than
1600-469: The Apes (1968) focused on present-day astronaut George Taylor landing on a mysterious planet ruled by apes, which is revealed to be a future planet Earth at the end of the film. The sequel Beneath focused on Brent, an astronaut sent on a rescue mission to save Taylor. The third film Escape introduced time travel and shifted the focus towards the apes Zira and Cornelius, who appeared as supporting characters in
1664-511: The DC Universe and Marvel Universe co-exist. Exceptions include the twenty-four comics released under the metafictional imprint Amalgam Comics in 1996, depicting a shared universe populated by hybridizations of the two companies' characters. Marvel has since referred to this as part of its setting's greater multiverse by labeling it Earth-692. Although DC and Marvel's shared universe approaches to comics have set them apart from competitors in
1728-628: The Internet. Another example is the furry -themed Tales from the Blind Pig created at the Transformation Story Archive with some limited publication. Other early examples include the Dargon Project and Devilbunnies. The computer game series Command and Conquer (since 1995) and Red Alert (since 1996) originally were set in the same universe, connected by character Kane, who had
1792-698: The Jedi (1983); together, those three films are known as the original trilogy and focuses on Luke Skywalker , Han Solo and Princess Leia . The prequel trilogy composed of Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999), Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002), and Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005) expanded the series into a Saga, and focused on Luke Skywalker's father Anakin Skywalker , new cast members portrayed younger versions of characters from
1856-678: The Tiberium timeline. The 2000 musical Seussical presented several works of Dr. Seuss as taking place in the same fictional world. Hasbro toy products including G.I. Joe and Transformers are considered by their manufacturer to exist fictionally within the Hasbro Universe . Related shared universes include the Hasbro Comic Book Universe by IDW Publishing and the Energon Universe by Skybound Entertainment . In
1920-473: The anthology films, expands the stories of plot points and characters from the main series. Additionally the Star Wars series expanded into video games, comics, novels, short stories, animated series, and RPG adventures, telling original stories based on the franchise, classifying it as an imaginary entertainment environment, where the films share the same continuity as all the other media formats, regardless of
1984-414: The author or company controlling the setting is known as canon . Not all shared universes have a controlling entity capable of or interested in determining canonicity, and not all fans agree with these determinations when they occur. A fanon may instead find some degree of consensus within the setting's fandom . Some writers, in an effort to ensure that a canon can be established and to keep details of
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2048-554: The common interpretation of the events of that finale is that the entire St. Elsewhere universe – including all connected series – exist only within Westphall's imagination. The spin-off media from Doctor Who , known as the " Whoniverse ", has relatively little consistency given its division into audio plays produced by Big Finish and the BBC, the New Adventures universe novel, or
2112-551: The concept for the Doctor Who television series or its spin-offs . The television series The Simpsons has as an example of non-canonical material, the Treehouse of Horror episodes, a series of Halloween-themed specials with several stories that take place outside the show's normal continuity Several anime television series adapted from manga stories count with some extra episodes with original stories that are not part of
2176-486: The different media formats. Lucasfilm's early teams under Carol Wakarska (later Titleman), Lucy Wilson, Allan Kausch, Sue Rostoni, and later, Leland Chee and Pablo Hidalgo, coordinated a cohesive story-telling and ensured consistency and synergy by avoiding plot holes between all the film and non-film works. The Star Wars Legends brand is now used to brand all the re-prints of these Expanded Universe works (television films, animated series, video-games, comics, and novels) of
2240-471: The fictional works released after such date. The animated series Star Wars Rebels (2014–2018), was the first work released after. A sequel trilogy formed by Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015), Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017) and Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019) featured many returning cast members along with newcomers. The films' main saga is conformed of the original, prequel, and sequel trilogies. A concurrent spin-off film series, known as
2304-512: The film series, but these experiments were "not always conducted as carefully or as thoroughly as audiences, especially fans, would expect in contemporary terms". This is seen in Universal's Frankenstein films , the Dracula films which are sequentially fragmented as Son of Dracula (1943) does not reference narratives or characters from either Dracula (1931) or Dracula's Daughter . Following
2368-529: The first six theatrical films and the 2008 The Clone Wars film and TV series) as the non-canonical "Legends" continuity. Material released since this announcement is a separate canonical timeline from the original George Lucas Canon, with all narrative development overseen by the Lucasfilm Story Group. The makers of Doctor Who have generally avoided making pronouncements about canonicity, with Russell T Davies explaining that he does not think about
2432-493: The form of a series of short-story anthologies with occasional standalone novels. Examples include Robert Lynn Asprin 's Thieves' World , C. J. Cherryh 's Merovingen Nights and Janet Morris ' Heroes in Hell . Within comics, the term shared universe has been used to reflect the overall milieu created by the comic book publisher in which characters, events, and premises from one product line appear in other product lines in
2496-518: The franchise which were produced and/or ceased production before April 2014. Lucas praised these expansions of his work in the introduction to the reprinted Splinter of the Mind's Eye , and included a few elements within his works, such as characters and places. Storytellers after Lucas have also incorporated Legends elements in their stories. As for comic book-based films, there are two cinematic universes based on Marvel Comics characters, both set within
2560-533: The industry, other companies have attempted similar models. Valiant Comics and Crossgen both produced titles primarily set from their inception in a single, publisher-wide shared universe, known respectively as Unity and the Sigilverse . Universes in films (or television) mostly consist of a franchise featuring an umbrella of multiple franchises (film or television) set within the same continuity, each franchise within telling its own stand-alone story focusing on
2624-454: The internet. The influence of the Internet on collaborative and interactive fiction has also resulted in a large number of amateur shared universe settings. Amateur authors have created shared universes by contributing to mailing lists , story archives and Usenet . One of the earliest of these settings, SFStory , saw its spin-off setting Superguy cited as illustrative of the potential of
Merovingen Nights - Misplaced Pages Continue
2688-542: The level of technology on the planet is quite backwards for the 33rd century. For example, most personal weaponry is of the knife or sword variety; relatively few firearms are available and in any case nothing more advanced than a revolver . In addition, the planet Merovin is isolated, forsaken by the rest of humanity because of poor interstellar relations with an aggressive alien species, the Sharrh. Because of these limitations on technology, trade, and travel, and because many of
2752-498: The mice were indeed married in their "private life", but that they sometimes appeared as boyfriend and girlfriend for "screen purposes". The Mickey Mouse universe also includes the Donald Duck universe as a subset. The Pixar universe is an elaborate fan theory suggesting that all Pixar animated movies take place in the same universe. At the 2015 D23 Expo , during the "Pixar Secrets Revealed" panel, director Mark Andrews rejected
2816-429: The music industry, all kinds of works by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift , such as her songs , albums , music videos, films , tours , promotional activities, as well as the narratives surrounding her, have been collectively referred to as a musical or cinematic universe by several journalists and media outlets. Canon (fiction) The canon of a work of fiction is "the body of works taking place in
2880-564: The names of songs by Simon and Garfunkel was proposed and publicly discussed by movie creators in 2017. Filmmaker Edgar Wright wrote that the Simon and Garfunkel cinematic universe could begin with his movie Baby Driver and Marc Webb 's The Only Living Boy in New York , and Wright suggested creation of a film named So Long, Frank Lloyd Wright . Subsequently, other writers, directors, and actors expressed their interest in making films within
2944-407: The original manga, often being referred to as "filler episodes," being outside of the canon of their source material. The canonical status of some works by the original writer but not the same publisher, such as " The Field Bazaar ", may be debated. This is because copyright used to be exercised by the publisher of the work of literature rather than the author. Campaigning by Victor Hugo led to
3008-608: The original trilogy, while other actors returned to their original trilogy roles. On television, the lore was expanded through animation, the animated film titled Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008) served as the pilot of an animated series of the same name (2008–2014, 2020). Lucas was deeply creatively involved in the previously mentioned works, but he ceased creative involvement with the Star Wars franchise in 2014. Lucasfilm announced that from April 2014, only such previously mentioned works would be considered canonical, along with all of
3072-488: The planned Adventure into Fear franchise. After Marvel Television was folded into Marvel Studios in December 2019, streaming television shows set in the MCU were developed for Disney+ , beginning with WandaVision (2021). The concept of "universes" has also occasionally been discussed in the context of reality television franchises (which, though documenting real-life individuals and situations, typically involve
3136-502: The previous films, as they travel to the past in Taylor's spaceship. The fourth and fifth films, Conquest and Battle , focus on Zira and Cornelius' son Caesar leading the uprising against the humans and to the future depicted in the original film. A television series and an animated series are also considered part of the story. The origin of the Planet of the Apes in the original timeline before
3200-662: The release of The Wolf Man (1941) and The Ghost of Frankenstein (1942), Universal released Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1942) which operated as a sequel to both films. Proctor suggested that the Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1942), the first crossover in film history, and the ensemble films House of Frankenstein (1944) and House of Dracula (1945) established the first "cinematic universe". Some universes in film have originated as film adaptations of novels, such as
3264-664: The same continuity. Following the films Son of Frankenstein (1939) and Dracula's Daughter (1935), Universal began experimenting with transfictional storytelling with their horror films series throughout the early to mid 1940s. This form was is conceptualized by Richard Saint-Gelais who described it as when "two (or more) texts exhibit a transfictional relationship where they share elements, such as characters, imaginary locations, and fictional worlds." William Proctor in Horror Franchise Cinema (2021) wrote that Universal began transfictional storytelling by applying it to
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#17330930819793328-411: The same work and from crossovers where the works and characters are independent except for a single meeting. The term shared universe is also used within comics to reflect the overall milieu created by the comic book publisher in which characters, events, and premises from one product line appear in other product lines in a media franchise . A specific kind of shared universe that is published across
3392-422: The series shifted towards original scripts. However, all films are set within a single, coherent fictional continuity, even if the writers, directors and cast change between films. Aspects of the fictional universe are retained between films. The Planet of the Apes film series also originated as a film adaptation of the novel of the same name, taking many creative liberties. The original film titled Planet of
3456-523: The setting believable, employ tools to correct contradictions and errors that result from multiple contributors working over a long period of time. One such tool is retconning , short for "retroactive continuity", which resolves errors in continuity that came about through previously-written conflicting material. Readers may also object when a story or series is integrated into a shared universe, feeling it "requir[es] one hero's fans to buy other heroes' titles". Comics historian Don Markstein first defined
3520-473: The several authors of the Man-Kzin Wars series. By contrast, author Eric Flint edited and published collaborations with fan fiction writers directly, expanding his 1632 series . A setting may also be expanded in a similar manner after the death of its creator, although this posthumous expansion does not meet some strict definitions of a shared universe. One such example is August Derleth 's development of
3584-409: The status of canon (as in the case of Star Trek and Star Wars ); by assigning different levels of canonicity to different media; by considering different but licensed media treatments official and equally canonical to the series timeline within their own continuities ' universe, but not across them; or not resolved at all. There is also no consensus regarding who has the authority to decide what
3648-697: The stories by P G Wodehouse about the butler Jeeves were sanctioned by Wodehouse's estate for Jeeves and the Wedding Bells (2013) by Sebastian Faulks and Jeeves and the King of Clubs (2018) by Ben Schott . The Monogram Murders (2014) by Sophie Hannah is a sequel to Hercule Poirot novels authorised by the Agatha Christie estate. Fan fiction is almost never regarded as canonical. However, certain ideas may become influential or widely accepted within fan communities, who refer to such ideas as " fanon ",
3712-543: The stories feature swordplay and skullduggery, the series is reminiscent of the old sword and planet subgenre of speculative fiction. As such, some claim that the term science fantasy might be a more appropriate label for the books than science fiction , but Cherryh has gone to great lengths to establish that despite the low technology level of the planet, the books fall clearly within the context of her Alliance–Union science fiction universe. Novels Anthologies The following authors contributed works of short fiction to
3776-471: The term in a 1970 article in CAPA-alpha . He laid out the following criteria: The expansion of existing material into a shared universe is not restricted to settings licensed from movies and television. For example, Larry Niven opened his Known Space setting to other writers initially because he considered his lack of military experience prevented him from adequately describing the wars between mankind and
3840-448: The theory, with Inside Out co-director Ronnie del Carmen adding "Do you know what kinds of meetings we'd have to have to make sure all our movies line up?!" The DC Animated Universe (DCAU) is a television universe that encompasses different animated series based on characters from DC Comics but its associated media includes feature and short films, comic books and video games as well. Shared timeslines originate in video games and
3904-500: The time travel occurred was explained in a prequel-reboot film series with the ape Cesar becoming the main protagonist again, with the story focused on his life from childhood to an old ape, and how the conflict between the apes and the humans started. The Star Wars film series was created by George Lucas , produced by his self-funded production company Lucasfilm. It originated with the film Star Wars (1977), followed by two sequels The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of
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#17330930819793968-579: The universe, such as Rian Johnson : Keep the Customer Satisfied ; Lin-Manuel Miranda : Cecilia ; Marc Webb and Dwayne Johnson : I Am a Rock . This refers to universes that are based on television shows without any films. Television series may lead to a spin-off series set in the same universe, often focusing on a single character from the original. The American sitcom Cheers led to two spin-off series, Frasier and The Tortellis . An example of shared universes among television shows
4032-479: The various anthologies: Shared universe A shared universe or shared world is a fictional universe from a set of creative works where one or more writers (or other artists) independently contribute works that can stand alone but fits into the joint development of the storyline, characters, or world of the overall project. It is common in genres like science fiction . It differs from collaborative writing in which multiple artists are working together on
4096-515: The ways in which it influences the viewer experience. The official Star Trek website describes the Star Trek canon as "the events that take place within the episodes and movies", referring to the live-action television series and films , with Star Trek: The Animated Series having long existed in a nebulous gray area of canonicity . Events, characters, and storylines from tie-in novels, comic books, and video games are explicitly excluded from
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