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64-576: Initially, an outpost of Russian streltsy was located on the site of the modern district. The modern district was formed in 1930. The Menzelinsky district is known for being the residence of the poet and Hero of the Soviet Union Musa Cälil who lived there during the Great Patriotic War . The Menzelinsky municipal district is located in the north-eastern part of the Republic of Tatarstan, on

128-925: A Finno-Ugric people in Eastern Europe , who have traditionally lived along the Volga and Kama rivers in Russia . Almost half of Maris today live in the Mari El republic, with significant populations in the Bashkortostan and Tatarstan republics. In the past, the Mari have also been known as the Cheremisa or the Cheremis people in Russian and the Çirmeş in Tatar . The ethnic name mari derives from

192-559: A 20-year sentence in a Mexican prison for the assassination of Leon Trotsky , Ramón Mercader moved to the Soviet Union in 1961 and as Ramon Lopez was awarded the Order of Lenin and the Hero of the Soviet Union medal "for the special deed" by KGB head Alexander Shelepin . The only individuals to receive the title four times were Marshal Georgy Zhukov and Leonid Brezhnev . The original statute of

256-560: A bronze bust of his or her likeness with a commemorative inscription erected in his or her hometown. Fighter pilots Aleksandr Pokryshkin and Ivan Kozhedub were three times Heroes of the Soviet Union. A third award entitled the recipient to have their bronze bust erected on a columnar pedestal in Moscow, near the Palace of the Soviets , but the palace was never built. After his release from serving

320-532: A capacity of 30 to 70 thousand units per year in 2009. The estimated cost of the project was 6 billion rubles. The general director of the plant asked the President of the Republic of Tatarstan for help in securing financing for the project in 2014. A holding of four companies was created in the region to work in the field of oilfield services in 2012. Its parent company is "Menzelinsk-Service". The company prepares fields for petroleum production. The main customers of

384-593: A modified version of the Cyrillic alphabet. Linguists today distinguish four different dialects, which are not all mutually intelligible: Hill Mari (мары йӹлмӹ), concentrated mainly along the right Volga bank; Meadow Mari (марий йылме), spoken in the lowland regions of the Kokshaga and Volga rivers, which includes the city of Yoshkar-Ola ; Eastern Mari, spoken east of the Vyatka River ; and Northwestern Mari (маре йӹлмӹ) in

448-467: A mosque after several unsuccessful attempts in 1907. The decorative design of the mosque combines elements of Tatar national architecture, classicism and oriental motives. The house where the Hero of the Soviet Union , the poet Musa Cälil studied, is also a cultural heritage of regional significance. The building was a pedagogical school in 1914-1920. A memorial museum was opened in the city in 1970. A bust of

512-540: A secondary school. An industrial site "Promzona-Menzelinsk" was opened in the Menzelinsky district on 3 hectares in 2019. It specializes in the production of furniture. Three companies became domiciles . State support programs are available for them. In particular, subsidies of up to 10 million rubles for the construction or reconstruction of production facilities, and the purchase of new equipment were offered. In addition to this park, an industrial park "Izyskatel" operates in

576-407: A significant minority of around 25%. Mari paganism is divided into three groups - Chimari who are non-baptized Mari pagans and try to distance themselves from Christian traditions in favour of mainly pagan traditions, Marla Vera (also known as "dual faith") consisting of baptized Mari who follow pagan traditions while also attending Christian services and celebrating Christian feasts. Lastly, there

640-411: A source of absolute good who always helps humans as long as they refrain from harming or opposing it. The indigenous religion of the Mari people is the most important element of their national identity and tradition; speaking of their faith, many Mari intellectuals concluded that "to kill our faith means to kill us". The Mari native religion also possesses a pantheon of gods who reside in the heavens,

704-525: Is -12.1°C. The average July temperature is +19.4°С The Council of the Menzelinsky Municipal District of the Republic of Tatarstan approved the modern coat of arms and flag on November 24, 2006. It is based on the historical coat of arms of the county town of Menzelinsk of 1781. The red stripe symbolizes the hard work, courage, and strength of local residents. The main color is azure, which means honor, spirituality, and nobility. The main figure

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768-533: Is Menzelinsk. The terrain of the district is predominantly flat with elevations of up to 300 meters in the west of the district. Part of the district's lands were submerged as a result of the creation of the Nizhnekamsk Reservoir . The land area of the district is 1919 km², which is 2.8% of the area of the entire Republic of Tatarstan. Arable land occupies about 45% of the district's territory, 24% meadows, 12% forests, 8% pastures. The average January temperature

832-559: Is a neopagan revivalist movement called Kugu Sorta which rejects Christianity altogether in favour of "pure" pagan faith. About 60% of Mari pagans belong to the syncretic Marla Vera group, while the remaining 40% is composed of Chimari and Kugu Sorta pagans. The most common Y-chromosomal haplogroup among Mari people is N , which is frequently found within Uralic-speaking peoples and has its roots in East Eurasia. According to

896-496: Is a pedagogical college, an agricultural technical school, and a medical school among secondary specialized educational institutions. There are 21 monuments in the Menzelinsky district. The cathedral mosque was built in 1910 and is now designated as an object of cultural heritage of regional (republican) significance. Before its appearance, the Muslims of Menzelinsk conducted rituals in a prayer house. Muslims received permission to build

960-499: Is also a small group of Mari people Baltic Mari living in Estonia. In the 2002 Russian census, 604,298 people identified themselves as "Mari", with 18,515 of those specifying that they were Mountain Mari and 56,119 as Eastern Mari. Almost 60% of Mari lived in rural areas. The Mari have their own language, also called Mari , which is a member of the Uralic language family . It is written with

1024-541: Is some speculation that Zhukov's fourth Hero medal was for his participation in the arrest of Lavrentiy Beria in 1953, but this was not entered in the records. Brezhnev's four awards further eroded the prestige of the award because they were all birthday gifts, on the occasions of his 60th, 70th, 72nd and 75th birthdays. Such practices halted in 1988 due to a decision of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, which formally ended it. By

1088-486: Is still used both in surviving current Communist states such as Cuba and in some non-Communist post-Soviet countries such as Russia, Ukraine, and others. Individuals who received the award were entitled to special privileges, including: In total, during the existence of the USSR, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to 12,777 people (excluding 72 stripped of the title for defamatory acts and 13 awards annulled as unwarranted), including 154 people who received

1152-474: Is the golden gyrfalcon as the symbol of stability, intelligence, and respect. The flag of the Menzelinsky region is a rectangular blue cloth, 1/4 of which is occupied by a red stripe. Otherwise, it completely repeats the coat of arms. Russian streltsy founded a prison on the territory of the modern Menzelinsky region in 1584. It was a former fortification on the border of the Russian and Bashkir lands. The fortress

1216-588: The Imniscaris (or Sremniscans ) with "Cheremis", and Merens with "Mari" is controversial. The first safely attested mention of the Mari people comes from Khazar sources from the 10th century, where they appear by the exonym tsarmis (= "Cheremis"). At that time, the Mari settlement area was along the Volga. In the 13th century, the Mari fell under the influence sphere of the Golden Horde , and in 1443 became subjects of

1280-710: The Kazan khanate . During this time, the Maris experienced some cultural convergence with the ruling Tatars and the Volga Bulgars , which is also seen in Turkic lexical and grammatical influence on the Mari language . In 1552, the Mari territory was incorporated into Russia with the Russian conquest of Kazan under Ivan the Terrible . While some Maris (mostly Hill Maris) assisted the Russian conquest,

1344-527: The Proto-Indo-Iranian root * márya -, meaning 'human', literally 'mortal', which indicates early contacts between Finno-Ugric and Indo-Iranian languages . Some scholars have proposed that two tribes mentioned by the Gothic writer Jordanes in his Getica among the peoples in the realm of Gothic king Ermanaric in the fourth century AD can be equated with the Mari people. However, the identification of

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1408-471: The haplogroup U (14% have the subclade U5 and about 10% have U4 ). Autosomally, Mari people stand out as an ethnic group in Europe by having a high level of Siberian -related admixture. Tambets and others estimated that it is 35% of their ancestry. This Nganasan -like Siberian component is typical for Uralic-speaking groups. Osteopetrosis affects 1 newborn out of every 20,000 to 250,000 worldwide, but

1472-506: The " class consciousness " of Mari workers. In practice this involved facilitating grain requisitions by the Soviet state, the recruitment of soldiers for the Red Army and the implementation of Bolshevik control of the society. Until the 1930s, the Mari people had no cultural ties to Russia and were able to maintain its own culture and identity, as cultural interaction with Russia was "limited to

1536-461: The "Tatspirtprom" company in 2010. The position of the head of the district was taken by Rasim Sadykov, the former director of "Menzelinskagrokhimservice" until he resigned in 2013. The next head of the district was Aydar Salakhov, who was the Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Food of Tatarstan before. At the beginning of 2020, 27,686 people live in the Menzelinsky district. By ethnic composition

1600-456: The 1970s, the award had been somewhat devalued. Important political and military persons had been awarded it on the occasions of their birthdays rather than for any immediate heroic activity. All Soviet cosmonauts , starting from Yuri Gagarin , as well as foreign citizens from non-capitalist countries who participated in the Soviet space program as cosmonauts, received a Hero award for each flight, but no more than twice. Apart from individuals,

1664-449: The Hero of the Soviet Union, however, did not provide for a fourth title; its provisions allowed for a maximum of three awards regardless of later deeds. Both Zhukov and Brezhnev received their fourth titles under controversial circumstances. Namely, Zhukov was awarded a fourth title in direct violation of the statute. He was awarded the fourth time "for his large accomplishments" on the occasion of his 60th birthday on December 1, 1956. There

1728-490: The Mari language is no longer taught in villages or schools and that the republic of Mari El "has already ceased to be an ethnic republic in anything but name. We are just another oblast ." In 2005, the European Commission expressed its concern over reports of repression against ethnic Mari opposition figures, journalists, and government officials that promoted Mari culture and opposed Markelov's reappointment as head of

1792-536: The Maris to Christianity began in the 16th century after their territory was incorporated into the Russian Empire during the reign of Ivan IV "the Terrible" . Pressure to convert to Christianity and adopt Russian culture by the tsarist authorities in the 17th and 18th century led to backlash by the Maris as they faced persecution to conform. While in theory Mari people converted to Russian Orthodoxy, in practice they kept to their old practices relatively unhindered, and

1856-592: The Maris were able to retain their ethnic and cultural identity, reinforced by repeated waves of returning to their traditional pre-Christian religion . During the Soviet Era, the Mari Section was set up under the auspices of Narkomnats , the Peoples Commissariat for nationalities . Its task was to facilitate the close union of the Mari people with other people, to abolish anti- Russian mistrust and to raise

1920-539: The Menzelinsky district was annexed to the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as a canton in 1920. The canton was abolished and the Menzelinsky district was formed in its place in 1930. A part of the Matveyevsky district was added to Menzelinsky one in 1954. The Menzelinsky district has been headed by Giorgi Kupriyanov since 2006. He was appointed to the position of general director of

1984-504: The South-West of Kirov Oblast and North-East of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast . In the 2002 census, 451,033 people stated that they spoke the Mari language. Maris have traditionally practiced a shamanistic faith that closely connected the individual with nature. According to those beliefs, nature exerts an influence over people. Nature is seen as a sacred, powerful, and living being with which people are fully intertwined. Nature also serves as

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2048-567: The Soviet state and society. The title was awarded both to civilian and military persons. The award was established on 16 April 1934, by the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union . The first recipients of the title originally received only the Order of Lenin , the highest Soviet award, along with a certificate (грамота, gramota ) describing the heroic deed from the Presidium of

2112-533: The Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Because the Order of Lenin could be awarded for deeds not qualifying for the title of hero, and to distinguish heroes from other Order of Lenin holders, the Gold Star medal was introduced on 1 August 1939. Earlier heroes were retroactively eligible for these items. A hero could be awarded the title again for a subsequent heroic feat with an additional Gold Star medal and certificate. The practice of awarding additional Orders of Lenin when

2176-491: The award twice (nine posthumously), three who received it three times, and two who received it four times. Ninety-five women were awarded the title. Among the Heroes of the Soviet Union, 44 people are citizens of foreign states. The great majority of them received it during World War II (11,635 Heroes of the Soviet Union, 101 twice Heroes, three thrice Heroes, and two four-time Heroes). Eighty-five people (28 posthumously) were awarded

2240-451: The city of Menzelinsk. There are 5 large industrial enterprises in the Menzelinsky district: the branch of "Menzelinsky LVZ", the branch of "VAMIN", "Menzelinsky MSK", "Menzelinsky bakery", "Isiskatel plus" and the "Kuzembetyevsky mechanical repair plant". The Menzelinsky Mechanical Plant developed an investment project for the production of aviation, automobile, tractor, construction and railway components that meet world standards and with

2304-539: The collapse of the Soviet Union, the newly created republic of Mari El saw a revival of Mari culture and language. However, following the appointment of Leonid Markelov as Head of the republic in 2001, the government of Mari El has pursued a policy of intense Russification in the region. According to Vasily Pekteyev of the Mari National Theater in Yoshkar-Ola, "[Markelov] hated the Mari people". He noted that

2368-649: The collapse of the Soviet Union, this title was succeeded in Russia by the title " Hero of the Russian Federation ", in Ukraine by " Hero of Ukraine " and in Belarus by " Hero of Belarus ". Azerbaijan's successor order is that of National Hero of Azerbaijan and Armenia's own hero medal is that of National Hero of Armenia , both modeled on the Soviet one. Mari people The Mari ( / ˈ m ɑːr i / MAR-ee ) are

2432-422: The company were " Lukoil " and " Gazprom " for 2017. The holding contributes 500-600 thousand rubles a year to the budget of Menzelinsk through property taxes alone. In general, annual payments of the holding to the city budget amounted to 10-15 million rubles. The company invested about 48 million rubles in the development of the district until 2017. These funds were used for preschool institutions, two churches, and

2496-705: The construction of the Orsk defensive line by the Russians. The Russian garrisons of Menzelinsk, Tabynsk, Ufa, and the Verkhne-Yaitskaya fortress were placed under siege. The Bashkirs failed to incite the Tatars , Mishar Tatars , Chuvash people , Mari people , Udmurt people into the uprising. As a result, the revolt was suppressed. The Commission of Bashkir Affairs had been located in Menzelinsk from 1735 to 1742 after which Menzelinsk

2560-460: The data gathered by Kristiina Tambets and others in their 2018 study, 46.4% of Mari men have N-M178 , and 8.2% belong to the subclade N-P43 . R1a is a clearly less yet the second most common Y-DNA haplogroup for Maris, as it is carried by 22.7% of them. A 2002 study about mtDNA haplogroups in the Volga-Ural region found that 40% of the Maris belong to the haplogroup H . About one in four carry

2624-413: The days following his death stemmed from Colonel General Nikolai Berzarin 's pledge to nominate the discoverer of Hitler's corpse for the award. (Despite Soviet claims to the contrary , only Hitler's dental remains were ever certainly identified.) Over 100 people received the award twice. A second Hero title, either Hero of the Soviet Union or Hero of Socialist Labour , entitled the recipient to have

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2688-510: The district are the M7 highway , Menzelinsk - Russky Karan - Togashevo, Bolshoye Nurkeevo - Kadryakovo, Menzelinsk - Byurgan and Menzelinsk - Kuzeyevo - Naberezhnye Chelny . As the district is located on the bank of the Nizhnekamskoye reservoir, its water routes also go to Menzelinsk. There are three urban public transport routes (to the villages of Neftyanikov and Izyskateli) and 6 suburban routes on

2752-528: The district. Its territory is inhabited by representatives of endangered animal species listed in the Red Book Data of Taratsan. The second regional natural monument is the low-water Menzelya river. The total length of the river is 123 km. The region is served by 25 educational institutions, a Cadet school, a Tatar gymnasium, a special (correctional) general education boarding school , and 31 preschool educational institutions worked in 2019. Additionally, there

2816-528: The first-ever Trans-polar flight, was awarded the title on 24 July 1936. Valentina Grizodubova , a female pilot, was the first woman to become a Hero of the Soviet Union (2 November 1938) for her international women's record for a straight-line distance flight. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya , a Soviet partisan , was the first woman to become a Hero of the Soviet Union during World War II (February 16, 1942), posthumously. According to Soviet war interpreter Elena Rzhevskaya , reports of several dead Hitler lookalikes in

2880-611: The hero was installed in the Menzelinsky Park named after Cälil with the participation of the poet's daughter in 2017 Hero of the Soviet Union The title Hero of the Soviet Union ( Russian : Герой Советского Союза , romanized :  Geroy Sovietskogo Soyuza ) was the highest distinction in the Soviet Union , awarded together with the Order of Lenin personally or collectively for heroic feats in service to

2944-454: The indigenous population. The Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was subjected to one of the harshest Russification measures in the USSR. Furthermore, Bolshevik policies officially aimed at combating undue influence of nationalism in a multi-nation union, resulted in the murder of leading Mari figures, such as Sergei Čavajn and Olyk Ipai and other teachers, scientists, artists, as well as religious and community leaders. Following

3008-469: The interaction with Christianity spurred growth of syncretic form of religions where Christian system of belief is combined with pagan traditions and rituals. Many Mari today still practice paganism in syncretic forms, or purer forms adhering to organized neopagan Mari traditional religion organizations. While most Mari today are members of the Russian Orthodox Church , pagans still comprise

3072-422: The majority of the Maris fought back in the so-called " Cheremis Wars ". By the end of the 16th century, resistance was finally quelled, leaving a heavy toll on the Mari population. As a result of the ensuing influx of Russian settlers, and to escape forced Christianization (starting from c. 1700), Maris started to settle further east in present-day Bashkortostan . In the following centuries under tsarist Russia,

3136-489: The most important of whom is known as the Great White God (Ош Кугу Юмо, Osh Kugu Yumo ). Other lesser gods include the god of fire (Тул Юмо, Tul Yumo ) and the god of wind (Мардеж Юмо, Mardezh Yumo ). The Mari also believe in a number of half-men, half-gods (керемет, keremet ) who live on earth. The most revered of these is Chumbulat (Чумбулат), or Chumbylat (Чумбылат), a renowned leader and warrior. Attempts to convert

3200-453: The payment of tributes and taxes". However, intensive Russification policies were introduced during the Soviet era - the Mari language was eliminated from schools and only Russian was taught instead, many Mari people were resettled and sent to work in remote parts of the Soviet Union, and Mari communities were forcibly enlarged under the Soviet policy of eliminating "unpromising villages", leading to Russian settlement and greatly disempowering

3264-574: The population is divided as follows: 60.1% Tatars, 35.4% Russians, 0.45% Chuvash, 2.7% Mari people , and 1.35% other nationalities. The Menzelinsky municipal district has 1 urban and 19 rural settlements with 70 settlements within them. The administrative centers of rural settlements are the villages: Atryakle, Ayu, Bikbulovo, Verkhniy Takermen, Staryy Irkenyash, Kadryakovo, Konovalovka, Kuzembet'yevo, Naratly-Kichu, Nikolayevka, Novoye Mazino, Novyy Mel'ken, Podgornyy Baylar, Staroye Mazino, Staraya Matveyevka, Urusovo, Yurtovo, Verkhniye Yushady, Vorovskogo, and

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3328-533: The recommendations of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic. The company plans to pay only in money and only 800 rubles per hectare per year. The situation remains unresolved as of 2020. The total volume of investment in the district, excluding budgetary funds, amounted to 858 million rubles in January-June. The gross agricultural output of the district was 382 million rubles in the same period. The main roads in

3392-466: The region in 2019. It plans to build a robotic milking complex for 2.4 thousand head of cattle in the district. A similar complex for 1.2 thousand heads was sold by the same company in the Muslyumovsky district. Investments of it amounted to 1.1 billion rubles. The company "Kamsky Bacon" bought out 6,000 hectares of land in the region for the construction of an agricultural complex for breeding cattle. It

3456-558: The region. It has seven residents for 2020. The gross product of the district amounted to 2.8 billion rubles in the period January-September 2020. The agricultural sector is well developed in the Menzelinsky district. There were 82 economic entities, of which 58 were farms in this industry in 2019. 97.7 thousand hectares of land are occupied, including 86.1 thousand hectares of arable land, 2.7 thousand hectares of hayfields and 8.9 thousand hectares of pastures. Spring wheat, winter rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, peas, and millet are cultivated in

3520-499: The region. The Menzelinsky district has been among the regional leaders in terms of harvests. The main branches of pastoral farming are meat and dairy cattle breeding, sheep breeding . The Menzelinsky district occupies a leading place in the sowing of wheat among the regions of the northeastern Trans-Kama region of Tatarstan (Aktanyshsky, Zainsky district , Muslyumovsky and Chelninsky districts). The federal company "August" bought two agricultural firms and 14 thousand hectares of land in

3584-707: The republic that year. The Mari people consists of four different groups: the Meadow Mari, who live along the left bank of the Volga, the Hill (Mountain) Mari, who live along the right bank of the Volga, the Northwestern Mari , who live in Southern part of Kirov Oblast and Eastern part of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, and Eastern Mari, who live in the Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia republics and Perm Krai and Sverdlovsk Oblast. There

3648-685: The right bank of the Kama . It is not far from the borders of Bashkortostan and Udmurtia . It is 290 kilometers from the capital of Tatarstan, Kazan . In the south, it borders with the Muslyumovsky District , in the west with the Tukayevsky District , in the south-west with the Sarmanovsky district, and in the east with the Aktanyshsky District . The administrative center of the district

3712-510: The territory of the Menzelinsky district [6]. Transport services are provided by the "Menzelinskoe ATP . Major repairs began on the Menzelinsk - Russky Karan - Togashevo highway within the framework of the "Safe and High-Quality Roads National Project in 2020. The allocated budget is 80 million rubles. About 11.1% of the territory of the Menzelinsky district is forested land. The main forest-forming species are linden, oak, aspen, and birch. 993 species of flora and 302 species of fauna were listed in

3776-630: The title for actions related to the Soviet-Afghan War , which lasted from 1979 until 1989. The first recipients of the award were the pilots Anatoly Liapidevsky (certificate number one), Sigizmund Levanevsky , Vasily Molokov , Mavriky Slepnyov , Nikolai Kamanin , Ivan Doronin , and Mikhail Vodopianov , who participated in the successful aerial search and rescue of the crew of the steamship Cheliuskin , which sank in Arctic waters, crushed by ice fields, on 13 February 1934. Valery Chkalov , who made

3840-467: The title was also awarded to twelve cities ( Hero City ) as well as the fortress of Brest ( Hero-Fortress ) for collective heroism during the War. The last recipient of the title "Hero of the Soviet Union" was a Soviet diver , Captain of the 3rd rank Leonid Mikhailovich Solodkov on 24 December 1991 for his leadership and participation in a series of unprecedented extreme depth diving experiments. Following

3904-541: The title was awarded multiple times was abolished by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1988 during perestroika . Forty-four foreign citizens were awarded the title. The title was also awarded posthumously, though often without the actual Gold Star medal presented. The title could be revoked only by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet . Most Soviet-bloc countries followed the Soviet example and instituted their own "Hero" awards. The Soviet-style "Hero" title

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3968-426: Was designed for 2.4 thousand animals. The company has already invested 1 billion rubles. The project plans another 800 million in future investment. "Kamsky Bacon" intended to build a second complex by 2021, however implementation was hampered by a conflict between the company and its shareholders. Shareholders are unhappy that "Kamsky Bacon" is not ready to pay rent private land with feed for livestock in accordance with

4032-461: Was included in the newly formed Orenburg Governorate in 1743. The main trade routes including the Great Moscow Road ran through the fortress. Catherine the Great established the Ufa governorship of the Orenburg province, which included Menzelinsk in 1773. Menzelinsk received the status of a county town in 1781. The Ufa province was separated from the Orenburg province in 1865. Menzelinsky district remained in its composition until. The territory of

4096-422: Was named after the nearby river Menzel. The first prison included five towers. In the middle of the 17th century, the outpost was expanded, and it became the largest fortress on the Old Zakamskaya line. The fortress belonged to the Ufa province until 1708. Then the province was assigned to the Kazan Governorate . A wave of Bashkir rebellions happened across the country in 1735. Bashkir people were dissatisfied with

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