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59-407: The old zoo was established in 1903 as part of the project landscape architect Carlos Thays , who was also commissioned the design of the then West Park (now known as Parque General San Martin). Construction began the following year, during the government of Emilio Civit. The initial location of the project was to address the current school-home Eva Perón. There he built a building that would be used as

118-532: A gymnosperm . The apricot-like structures produced by female ginkgo trees are technically not fruits , but are seeds that have a shell consisting of a soft and fleshy section (the sarcotesta ), and a hard section (the sclerotesta ). The sarcotesta has a strong smell that most people find unpleasant. The ginkgo is classified in its own division , the Ginkgophyta, comprising the single class Ginkgoopsida, order Ginkgoales, family Ginkgoaceae , genus Ginkgo and

177-625: A broadly wedge-shaped leaf that lacks a distinct leaf stem. Fossils attributable to the genus Ginkgo first appeared in the Middle Jurassic . The genus Ginkgo diversified and spread throughout Laurasia during the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous . The Ginkgophyta declined in diversity as the Cretaceous progressed, and by the Paleocene , Ginkgo adiantoides was the only Ginkgo species left in

236-470: A cage for lions. Ponds and roads were also built later. The first animals arrived on May 18, 1903 donated by the city of Buenos Aires . The group included a zebu, 6 dogs, 6 guinea pigs, and many rabbits. New animals (also donated by the city of Buenos Aires) came in 1905 while construction work continued. This time, joined a lion, a bear, two monkeys, a chimpanzee, two parrots, and a blue jay. In 1939 he commissioned architect Daniel Ramos Correa relocation of

295-505: A central axis. Sex conversion, wherein certain branches of a tree change sexes, has been observed. This phenomenon is difficult to research because of its rarity as well as the practice of grafting female branches onto otherwise male trees that was common in 19th century Europe. Female plants do not produce cones. Two ovules are formed at the end of a stalk, and after wind pollination , one or both develop into fruit -like structures containing seeds. The fruits are 1.5–2 cm long, with

354-617: A considerable number of antibacterial and chemical defense mechanisms. 76.58% of the assembled sequence turned out to be repetitive sequences. In 2020, a study in China of ginkgo trees up to 667 years old showed little effects of aging, finding that the trees continued to grow with age and displayed no genetic evidence of senescence , and continued to make phytochemicals indefinitely. Extracts of ginkgo leaves contain phenolic acids , proanthocyanidins , flavonoid glycosides , such as myricetin , kaempferol , isorhamnetin , and quercetin , and

413-885: A greater genetic diversity in Southwestern China populations, supporting glacial refugia in mountains surrounding the eastern Tibetan Plateau , where several old-growth candidates for wild populations have been reported. Recently, the findings of Ginkgo trees aged 1,500 years in Samcheok-si , Korea (the Neukguri Ginkgo, designated as Korea's natural artifact in 1986), and aged 1,200 in Tsurugaoka Hachimangu Shrine in Japan have discredited theories claiming Chinese origins of Ginkgo. Whether native ginkgo populations still exist has not been demonstrated unequivocally, but there

472-413: A network. Two veins enter the leaf blade at the base and fork repeatedly in two; this is known as dichotomous venation . The leaves are usually 5–10 cm (2–4 in), but sometimes up to 15 cm (6 in) long. The old common name, maidenhair tree , derives from the leaves resembling pinnae of the maidenhair fern, Adiantum capillus-veneris . Ginkgos are prized for their autumn foliage, which

531-419: A short shoot may change into a long (ordinary) shoot, or vice versa. Ginkgo prefers full sun and grows best in environments that are well-watered and well-drained. The species shows a preference for disturbed sites; in the "semiwild" stands at Tianmu Mountains , many specimens are found along stream banks, rocky slopes, and cliff edges. Accordingly, ginkgo retains a prodigious capacity for vegetative growth. It

590-474: A single species may exist as a contiguous entity for many millions of years, many of the ginkgo's life-history parameters fit: Extreme longevity; slow reproduction rate; (in Cenozoic and later times) a wide, apparently contiguous, but steadily contracting distribution; and (as far as can be demonstrated from the fossil record) extreme ecological conservatism (restriction to disturbed streamside environments). Given

649-564: A soft, fleshy, yellow-brown outer layer (the sarcotesta ) that is attractive in appearance, but contains butyric acid (also known as butanoic acid) and smells foul like rancid butter or vomit when fallen. Beneath the sarcotesta is the hard sclerotesta (the "shell" of the seed) and a papery endotesta , with the nucellus surrounding the female gametophyte at the center. The fertilization of ginkgo seeds occurs via motile sperm, as in cycads, ferns, mosses, and algae. The sperm are large (about 70–90 micrometres) and are similar to

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708-410: Is a deep saffron yellow . Leaves of long shoots are usually notched or lobed, but only from the outer surface, between the veins. They are borne both on the more rapidly growing branch tips, where they are alternate and spaced out, and also on the short, stubby spur shoots, where they are clustered at the tips. Leaves are green both on the top and bottom and have stomata on both sides. During autumn,

767-421: Is capable of sprouting from embedded buds near the base of the trunk ( lignotubers , or basal chichi) in response to disturbances, such as soil erosion. Old specimens are also capable of producing aerial roots on the undersides of large branches in response to disturbances such as crown damage; these roots can lead to successful clonal reproduction upon contacting the soil. These strategies are evidently important in

826-601: Is common in the southern third of the country. Some planted trees at temples are believed to be over 1,500 years old. The first record of Europeans encountering it is in 1690 in Japanese temple gardens , where the tree was seen by the German botanist Engelbert Kaempfer . Because of its status in Buddhism and Confucianism , the ginkgo has also been widely planted in Korea and in Japan since

885-510: Is commonly used as a dietary supplement , but there is insufficient clinical evidence that it supports human health or is effective against any disease. Ginkgos are large trees, normally reaching a height of 20–35 m (66–115 ft), with some specimens in China being over 50 m (165 ft). The tree has an angular crown and long, somewhat erratic branches, and is usually deep-rooted and resistant to wind and snow damage. Young trees are often tall and slender, and sparsely branched;

944-432: Is considered that he may have misspelled "Ginkjo" or "Ginkio" (both consistent with his treatment of Japanese kyō in the same work) as "Ginkgo". This misspelling was included by Linnaeus in his book Mantissa plantarum II and has become the name of the tree's genus. The specific epithet biloba is New Latin for "two-lobed". Although Ginkgo biloba and other species of the genus were once widespread throughout

1003-410: Is due to a complicated etymology including a transcription error, "ginkgo" is usually pronounced / ˈ ɡ ɪ ŋ k oʊ / , which has given rise to the common alternative spelling "gingko". The spelling pronunciation / ˈ ɡ ɪ ŋ k ɡ oʊ / is also documented in some dictionaries. Engelbert Kaempfer first introduced the spelling ginkgo in his book Amoenitatum Exoticarum of 1712. It

1062-452: Is genetic evidence that these Southwestern populations may be wild, as well as evidence that the largest and oldest G. biloba trees may be older than surrounding human settlements. Where it occurs in the wild, Ginkgo is found infrequently in deciduous forests and valleys on acidic loess (i.e. fine, silty soil) with good drainage. The soil it inhabits is typically in the pH range of 5.0 to 5.5. Ginkgo has long been cultivated in China. It

1121-677: Is highly tolerant to pollution and serves as a visually appealing, shade-providing tree in many cities and gardens. Many intentionally planted ginkgos are male cultivars grafted onto plants propagated from seed, because the male trees will not produce the malodorous seeds. The popular cultivar 'Autumn Gold' is a clone of a male plant. The disadvantage of male Ginkgo biloba trees is that they are highly allergenic. They have an OPALS ( Ogren Plant Allergy Scale ) rating of 7 (out of 10), whereas female trees, which can produce no pollen , have an OPALS allergy scale rating of 2. Female cultivars include 'Liberty Splendor', 'Santa Cruz', and 'Golden Girl',

1180-465: Is the last living species in the order Ginkgoales , which first appeared over 290 million years ago, and fossils very similar to the living species, belonging to the genus Ginkgo , extend back to the Middle Jurassic epoch approximately 170 million years ago. The tree was cultivated early in human history and remains commonly planted, and is widely regarded as a living fossil . The plant may be toxic or allergenic in certain cases. Leaf extract

1239-452: Is the only extant species within this group. It is one of the best-known examples of a living fossil , because Ginkgoales other than G. biloba are not known from the fossil record after the Pliocene . Ginkgo biloba is a living fossil , with fossils recognisably related to modern ginkgo from the early Permian ( Cisuralian ), with likely oldest record being that of Trichopitys from

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1298-589: The barrio of Palermo . A pet project of his was the Buenos Aires Botanical Garden , for which he petitioned the city government to set aside land (almost 8 hectares), which he designed in sections to display plants organised by continent, with a large section devoted to the native plants of Argentina, which were ignored in garden-making at the time. The garden has the first Ginkgo biloba planted in Argentina. Completed in 1898, it bears his name,

1357-711: The Jardín Botánico Carlos Thays de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires . One greenhouse, was first erected at the Paris Exposition of 1889 and brought in sections from France to be reassembled, one of five in the garden. A brick house in the English Gothic Revival style, in which he lived during the construction and planting of the garden, now houses the herbarium and a small botanical library. While Thays worked primarily in Buenos Aires throughout

1416-572: The Northern Hemisphere , while a markedly different (and poorly documented) form persisted in the Southern Hemisphere . Along with that of ferns, cycads, and cycadeoids, the species diversity in the genus Ginkgo drops through the Cretaceous, at the same time the flowering plants were on the rise; this supports the hypothesis that, over time, flowering plants with better adaptations to disturbance displaced Ginkgo and its associates. At

1475-527: The terpene trilactones ginkgolides and bilobalides . The leaves also contain unique ginkgo biflavones , alkylphenols , and polyprenols . The older Chinese name for this plant is 銀果, meaning "silver fruit", pronounced yínguǒ in Mandarin or Ngan-gwo in Cantonese. The current commonly used names are 白果 ( bái guǒ ), meaning "white fruit", and 銀杏 ( yínxìng ), meaning "silver apricot ". The name 銀杏

1534-540: The 14th century, and a 1990 tree-ring measurement indicated the kakure-ichō's age to be about 500 years. On 10 March 2010, the tree blew down in a storm, but the stump has since sprouted vigorously. The grounds of the Buddhist temple at Gu Guanyin in the Zhongnan Mountains feature a ginkgo tree reputed to be 1,400 years old. The tree itself is a popular tourist attraction. When eaten in large quantities or over

1593-560: The 14th century; in both areas, some naturalization has occurred, with ginkgos seeding into natural forests. Ginkgo has been commonly cultivated in North America for over 200 years and in Europe for close to 300, but during that time, it has never become significantly naturalized . G. biloba is also commonly manually planted in cities across the United States and Europe. This species

1652-800: The Northern Hemisphere through the entirety of the Cenozoic : present-day G. biloba (including G. adiantoides ) and G. gardneri from the Paleocene of Scotland . At least morphologically, G. gardneri and the Southern Hemisphere species are the only known post-Jurassic taxa that can be unequivocally recognised. The remainder may have been ecotypes or subspecies . The implications would be that G. biloba had occurred over an extremely wide range, had remarkable genetic flexibility and, though evolving genetically, never showed much speciation . While it may seem improbable that

1711-491: The Perito Francisco Moreno and other prominent figures founded July 4, 1912 Boy Scouts Association of Argentina . Thays died in Buenos Aires in 1934. Ginkgo biloba Ginkgo biloba , commonly known as ginkgo or gingko ( / ˈ ɡ ɪ ŋ k oʊ , ˈ ɡ ɪ ŋ k ɡ oʊ / GINK -oh, -⁠goh ), also known as the maidenhair tree , is a species of gymnosperm tree native to East Asia . It

1770-536: The archegonia, of which there are usually two or three. Two sperm are produced, one of which successfully fertilizes the ovule. Fertilization of ginkgo seeds occurs just before or after they fall in early autumn. Embryos may develop in the seeds before or after they drop from the tree. Chinese scientists published a draft genome of Ginkgo biloba in 2016. The tree has a large genome of 10.6 billion DNA nucleobase "letters" (the human genome has three billion) and about 41,840 predicted genes which enable

1829-432: The bear to Canada. The zoo declined. On November 3 of 2016 the zoo lost a now famous court case regarding chimpanzee Cecilia. The zoo was condemned for confining the animal to an unsuitable cage. Judge María Alejandra Mauricio granted Cecilia the status of 'legal person'. Since this was the first time an animal was granted this status, it caught the attention of biologist, philosopher, politicians and judges worldwide. Cecilia

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1888-571: The blast). The six trees are still alive: They are marked with signs at Housenbou ( 報専坊 ) temple (planted in 1850), Shukkei-en (planted about 1740), Jōsei-ji (planted 1900), at the former site of Senda Elementary School near Miyukibashi, at the Myōjōin temple , and an Edo period -cutting at Anraku-ji temple. At the Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū's shrine in the city of Kamakura , Kanagawa Prefecture , Japan, an ancient ginkgo tree stands beside

1947-409: The branches except on first-year growth. Because of the short internodes, leaves appear to be clustered at the tips of short shoots, and reproductive structures are formed only on them (see pictures below – seeds and leaves are visible on short shoots). In ginkgos, as in other plants that possess them, short shoots allow the formation of new leaves in the older parts of the crown. After a number of years,

2006-608: The city's current open spaces would probably not exist. Thays was also a central reference for the establishment of national parks in Argentina . In order to advance the integration of Misiones, the Gobernación del Territorio de Misiones and the Ministry of the Interior commissioned the re-nowned landscape architect and botanist Carlos Thays to travel to Iguazú and explore the tourist and environmental prospects there. In 1902 Thays recommended

2065-522: The construction itself included certain dangerous animals cages. The zoo was officially opened in 1941, covering 40 hectares (99 acres) and including 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi) of paths and roads. Mendoza Zoological Park received a great deal of attention from animal lovers, activists and ordinary people around the world when the zoo's only polar bear 'Arturo' – known as the world's saddest polar bear – dies in July 2016, despite many attempts to free and relocate

2124-423: The crown becomes broader as the tree ages. A combination of resistance to disease, insect-resistant wood, and the ability to form aerial roots and sprouts makes ginkgos durable, with some specimens claimed to be more than 2,500 years old. The leaves are unique among seed plants, being fan-shaped with veins radiating out into the leaf blade, sometimes bifurcating (splitting), but never anastomosing to form

2183-512: The earlier Salisburia adiantifolia proposed by James Edward Smith . The epithet of the latter may have been intended to denote a characteristic resembling Adiantum , the genus of maidenhair ferns. The scientific name Ginkgo is the result of a spelling error that occurred three centuries ago. Kanji typically have multiple pronunciations in Japanese, and the characters 銀杏 used for ginnan can also be pronounced ginkyō . Engelbert Kaempfer ,

2242-480: The earliest Permian ( Asselian ) of France, over 290 million years old. The closest living relatives of the clade are the cycads , which share with the extant G. biloba the characteristic of motile sperm. Such plants with leaves that have more than four veins per segment have customarily been assigned to the taxon Ginkgo , while the taxon Baiera is used to classify those with fewer than four veins per segment. Sphenobaiera has been used for plants with

2301-422: The end of the Pliocene , Ginkgo fossils disappeared from the fossil record everywhere except in a small area of central China , where the modern species survived. It is doubtful whether the Northern Hemisphere fossil species of Ginkgo can be reliably distinguished. Given the slow pace of evolution and morphological similarity between members of the genus, there may have been only one or two species existing in

2360-607: The establishment of a National Park around the Iguazú Falls . In order to define the use of the national park and to advance plan-ning, the expertise of Carlos Thays was again sought. And so, Thays made another trip to Iguazú that resulted in a detailed report, richly illustrated with photos, entitled "Parque Nacional de Iguazú", which the famous landscape architect presented to the Minister of Agriculture, Adolfo Mujica, in March 1912. Next to

2419-418: The extremely similar fossil Ginkgo favored similar environments: The sediment record at the majority of fossil Ginkgo localities indicates it grew primarily in disturbed environments , such as along streams. Ginkgo , therefore, presents an "ecological paradox" because while it possesses some favorable traits for living in disturbed environments (clonal reproduction) many of its other life-history traits are

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2478-567: The first Westerner to investigate the species in 1690, wrote down this pronunciation in the notes that he later used for the Amoenitates Exoticae (1712) with the "awkward" spelling "ginkgo". This appears to be a simple error of Kaempfer; taking his spelling of other Japanese words containing the syllable "kyō" into account, a more precise romanization following his writing habits would have been "ginkio" or "ginkjo". Linnaeus, who relied on Kaempfer when dealing with Japanese plants, adopted

2537-503: The ginkgo's tenacity may be seen in Hiroshima , Japan, where six trees growing between 1 and 2 kilometres ( 1 ⁄ 2 and 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 miles) from the 1945 atom bomb explosion were among the few living organisms in the area to survive the blast. Although almost all other plants (and animals) in the area were killed, the ginkgos, though charred, survived and were soon healthy again, among other hibakujumoku (trees that survived

2596-825: The latter so named because of the striking yellow color of its leaves in the fall; all female cultivars release zero pollen. Many cultivars are listed in the literature in the UK , of which the compact 'Troll' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit . Ginkgos adapt well to the urban environment, tolerating pollution and confined soil spaces. They rarely have disease problems, even in urban conditions, and are attacked by few insects. Ginkgos are popular subjects for growing as miniature landscapes known as penjing and bonsai ; they can be kept artificially small and tended over centuries. The trees are easy to propagate from seed. Extreme examples of

2655-521: The leaves turn a bright yellow and then fall, sometimes within a short space of time (one to fifteen days). Ginkgo branches grow in length by growth of shoots with regularly spaced leaves, as seen on most trees. From the axils of these leaves, "spur shoots" (also known as short shoots) develop on second-year growth. Short shoots have short internodes (they may grow only one to two centimeters in several years) and their leaves are usually unlobed. They are short and knobby, and are arranged regularly on

2714-558: The opposite of those exhibited by modern plants that thrive in disturbed settings (slow growth, large seed size, late reproductive maturity). The genus name is regarded as a misspelling of the Japanese pronunciation gin kyō ( [ɡiŋkʲoː] ) for the kanji 銀杏 meaning " silver apricot ", which is found in Chinese herbology literature such as 日用本草 (Daily Use Materia Medica ) (1329) and Compendium of Materia Medica 本草綱目 published in 1578. Despite its spelling, which

2773-587: The parks Centenario , Lezama , Patricios , Barrancas de Belgrano and the plazas Constitución, Congreso , and Mayo . Thays' French heritage is reflected in many of his designs, in so far that Buenos Aires' parks and plazas are often compared to similar designs in Paris. One of Thays' largest undertakings was the Parque Tres de Febrero , a sweeping area of open land covering several square kilometers filled with thousands of trees, flowers, many fountains, and monuments in

2832-454: The persistence of ginkgo; in a survey of the "semiwild" stands remaining in Tianmushan , 40% of the specimens surveyed were multi-stemmed, and few saplings were present. Ginkgo biloba is dioecious , with separate sexes , some trees being female and others being male . Male plants produce small pollen cones with sporophylls , each bearing two microsporangia spirally arranged around

2891-589: The slow rate of evolution of the genus, Ginkgo possibly represents a pre- angiosperm strategy for survival in disturbed streamside environments. Ginkgo evolved in an era before flowering plants, when ferns , cycads , and cycadeoids dominated disturbed streamside environments, forming low, open, shrubby canopies. Ginkgo 's large seeds and habit of "bolting" – growing to a height of 10 meters before elongating its side branches – may be adaptations to such an environment. Modern-day G. biloba grows best in environments that are well-watered and drained, and

2950-511: The spelling given in Kaempfer's "Flora Japonica" ( Amoenitates Exoticae , p. 811). Kaempfer's drawing can be found in Hori's article. The relationship of ginkgo to other plant groups remains uncertain. It has been placed loosely in the divisions Spermatophyta and Pinophyta , but no consensus has been reached. Since its seeds are not protected by an ovary wall, it can morphologically be considered

3009-426: The sperm of cycads, which are slightly larger. Ginkgo sperm were first discovered by the Japanese botanist Sakugoro Hirase in 1896. The sperm have a complex multi-layered structure, which is a continuous belt of basal bodies that form the base of several thousand flagella which have a cilia-like motion. The flagella/cilia apparatus pulls the body of the sperm forwards. The sperm have only a tiny distance to travel to

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3068-422: The stone entry staircase. According to legend, the tree has stood there since the founding of the shrine circa 1063. The tree is nicknamed kakure-ichō (hiding ginkgo), because of an Edo period legend in which shōgun Minamoto no Sanetomo was assassinated in 1219 by his nephew, Kugyō , who had hidden behind the tree to ambush the shōgun. Modern scholarship has established that ginkgos arrived from China in

3127-663: The urban planning of the residential neighborhood of Carrasco , aid in the planning of the Parque Rodó , and the design of the Plaza Cagancha and Plaza Independencia in Montevideo , Uruguay . Thays worked most extensively in Buenos Aires precisely at a period in the city's history where it was growing extremely fast as a result of immigration, especially from Spain and Italy . It is often noted that had Thays not insisted on high standards of design and frequent open spaces, many of

3186-791: The world, its habitat had shrunk by two million years ago. For centuries, it was thought to be extinct in the wild, but is now a common tree cultivated throughout eastern China, Korea, and Japan. Many municipalities in Korea and Japan use Ginkgos as street trees, and Ginkgo leaves are the emblem of prominent educational institutions such as the University of Tokyo and Sungkyunkwan University in South Korea. Despite their widespread habitat, high genetic uniformity exists among ginkgo trees, with some Chinese scholars suggesting that ginkgo trees in these areas may have been planted and preserved by Chinese monks over about 1,000 years. A study demonstrates

3245-963: The years he also worked on many civic projects in other areas of Argentina, remodeling the Parque Sarmiento , Córdoba , designing the Parque Urquiza in Parana, Entre Rios , Parque 9 de Julio in San Miguel de Tucumán , the Parque de la Independencia in Rosario , and the Parque San Martin in Mendoza . Thays also designed the grounds of the luxurious Club Hotel de la Ventana , near Sierra de La Ventana in Buenos Aires Province . Work outside Argentina included

3304-591: The young country and decided to spend the rest of his life in Argentina. After moving to Buenos Aires he was named the city's Director of Parks & Walkways in 1891. This position gave him significant influence over the design of the city's open spaces, and his legacy is still strongly felt in the city's open spaces today. Major projects included tree planting along streets, remodeling and designing public plazas and walkways as well as designing completely new parks and expanding older ones. Major parks and plazas that particularly show Thays influence on Buenos Aires include

3363-408: The zoo. He devised an ambitious project to place it on the northeast slope of Cerro de la Gloria. Taking inspiration from various zoos around the world, the architect designed semi open enclosures that simulate natural habitats and enough space for animals, without bars or cages, just with different levels and building stone walls of the curvature of the hill. This never became fully effective, as during

3422-770: Was sent to a shelter for great apes. As of 2019, the zoo was closed. Carlos Thays Carlos Thays (August 20, 1849 – January 31, 1934) was a French-Argentine landscape architect , and a student of French landscape architect Édouard André . Born Jules Charles Thays in Paris , France in 1849, Carlos Thays arrived in Argentina in 1889, after he was recommended by Jean Alphand to Argentine pioneer Miguel Crisol , who contracted Thays to design Sarmiento Park in Córdoba . During his time in Córdoba Thays became infatuated with

3481-471: Was translated into Japanese as イチョウ ( ichou ) or ぎんなん ( ginnan ) and into Korean as 은행 ( eunhaeng ). Carl Linnaeus described the species in 1771, the specific epithet biloba derived from the Latin bis , "twice" and loba , "lobed", referring to the shape of the leaves. Two names for the species recognise the botanist Richard Salisbury , a placement by Nelson as Pterophyllus salisburiensis and

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