Umberto Boccioni ( US : / b oʊ ˈ tʃ oʊ n i , b ɒ ˈ -, b ɔː ˈ -/ , Italian: [umˈbɛrto botˈtʃoːni] ; 19 October 1882 – 17 August 1916) was an influential Italian painter and sculptor. He helped shape the revolutionary aesthetic of the Futurism movement as one of its principal figures. Despite his short life, his approach to the dynamism of form and the deconstruction of solid mass guided artists long after his death. His works are held by many public art museums, and in 1988 the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City organized a major retrospective of 100 pieces.
47-562: The Keeper of Traken is the sixth serial of the 18th season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , which was first broadcast in four weekly parts on BBC1 from 31 January to 21 February 1981. In the serial, the alien time traveller the Master ( Geoffrey Beevers ) seeks a power on the planet Traken known as the Source which he wishes to use to restore his life. The end of
94-557: A collar to wear, providing the creature with mind-control over her while promising to keep her husband safe. Kassia is able to convince the Fosters to arrest Tremas, the Doctor, Adric and Nyssa, and uses the situation to convince the other Consul to install her as the next Keeper. When the Keeper dies, Kassia takes the throne, but as the pivotal moment of the ceremony is completed, she disappears, leaving
141-404: A grove in the capital. Melkur has since become something of a holy symbol, and Kassia has been tasked with talking to it and keeping it clean; that task is soon to be passed on to Nyssa. When the Doctor and Adric land at Traken's capital and visit the Keeper, their presence appears to cause the Keeper to warn the assembled group of a great evil, and though Tremas vouches for them, others, including
188-565: A key figure in at least forty-five of his works, in various media. The writing of his Manifesto tecnico della scultura futurista ( Technical manifesto of Futurist sculpture ), published on 11 April 1912, was Boccioni's intellectual and physical launch into sculpture; he had begun working in sculpture in the previous year. By the end of 1913 he had completed what is considered his masterpiece, Forme uniche della continuità nello spazio ( Unique Forms of Continuity in Space ), in wax. His goal for
235-500: A lifelong characteristic. His critical and rebellious nature, and overall intellectual ability, would contribute substantially to the development of the Futurism movement. After building a foundation of skills, having studied the classics through Impressionism, both he and Severini became students of Giacomo Balla (1871–1958), a painter focusing on the modern Divisionist technique, painting with divided rather than mixed color and breaking
282-437: A number of young English artists, in particular C.R.W. Nevinson , who joined the movement. Others aligned themselves instead to its British equivalent, Vorticism , led by Wyndham Lewis . "Boccioni's gift was to bring a fresh eye to reality in ways that, we now recognise, defined the nature of the modern movement in the visual arts and literature, too." --Michael Glover (art critic, The Independent ) Italian involvement in
329-401: A return to the format of early seasons, virtually all serials from Seasons 18 through 20 are linked together, often running directly into each other. Three serials – Full Circle , State of Decay , and Warriors' Gate – are part of a trilogy within the season. These three serials include the arrival of Adric and the departure of Romana and K9. Over the period of Christmas 1980, the season took
376-571: A rift between himself and some of his Futurist comrades. As a result, perhaps, he abandoned his exploration of Dynamism, and instead sought further decomposition of a subject by means of colour. With Horizontal Volumes in 1915 and the Portrait of Ferruccio Busoni in 1916, he completed a full return to figurative painting. Perhaps fittingly, this last painting was a portrait of the maestro who purchased his first Futurist work, The City Rises . Between 1906 and 1915 his mother Cecilia Forlani appeared as
423-508: A two-week transmission break between the broadcasts of State of Decay and Warriors' Gate . The entire season was broadcast from 30 August 1980 to 21 March 1981. All releases are for DVD unless otherwise indicated: Umberto Boccioni Umberto Boccioni was born on 19 October 1882 in Reggio Calabria . His father was a minor government employee, originally from the Romagna region in
470-697: A woman on a balcony overlooking a busy street. Today the former also is owned by the Museum of Modern Art, and the latter by the Sprengel Museum in Hanover . Boccioni spent much of 1911 working on a trilogy of paintings titled " Stati d'animo " (" States of Mind "), which he said expressed departure and arrival at a railroad station – The Farewells , Those Who Go , and Those Who Stay . All three paintings were originally purchased by Marinetti, until Nelson Rockefeller acquired them from his widow and later donated them to
517-493: A year on La città sale or The City Rises , 1910, a huge (2m by 3m) painting, which is considered his turning point into Futurism. "I attempted a great synthesis of labor, light and movement" he wrote to a friend. Upon its exhibition in Milan in May 1911, the painting attracted numerous reviews, mostly admiring. By 1912 it had become a headline painting for the exhibition traveling Europe,
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#1733085870795564-411: Is on his last regeneration, and seeks to use the Source to give him a new set of regenerations, and then attempts to subdue the Doctor. However, at the same time, Adric and Nyssa initiate the servo-shutdown, disconnecting the Source from the Master and causing his TARDIS to malfunction. The Doctor escapes the Master's TARDIS, and when Melkur disappears, another Consul, Luvic, takes the throne to restabilise
611-649: The Accademia di Belle Arti di Roma . He also studied under the Liberty style poster artist Giovanni Mataloni . The little known about his years in Rome is found in the autobiography of his friend Gino Severini (1883–1966), who recalled their meeting in 1901 and mutual interest in Nietzsche , rebellion, life experiences and socialism. Boccioni's writings at this time already express the combination of outrage and irony that would become
658-598: The Accademia di Belle Arti of Venice . He had first visited the Famiglia Artistica, a society for artists in Milan , in 1901. As he travelled from one city to the other, in parallel with his most ground-breaking artistic endeavours, he worked as a commercial illustrator. Between 1904 and 1909 he provided lithographs and gouache paintings to internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Berlin-based Stiefbold & Co . Boccioni's production in this field shows his awareness of contemporary European illustration, such as
705-607: The First World War began late in May 1915 with Italy's declaration of war on Austro-Hungary. The "Lombard Battalion Volunteers Cyclists and Motorists", which Boccioni was part of, set off in early June from Milan to Gallarate , then on to Peschiera del Garda , in the rear of the Trentino front. In July 1915, the volunteers were intended for a sector of the front around Ala and the Gardesana. On 24 October 1915, Boccioni participated in
752-516: The Italian 20-cent euro coin . Soon after Boccioni's death in 1916 (and after a memorial exhibition was held in Milan ), his family entrusted them for an impermanent time to a fellow sculptor, Piero da Verona ; da Verona then requested that his assistant place them in the local rubbish-dump. Marinetti's outraged account of the destruction of the sculptures was slightly different; in his memoirs, he stated that
799-468: The aesthetics of the group: "While the impressionists paint a picture to give one particular moment and subordinate the life of the picture to its resemblance to this moment, we synthesize every moment (time, place, form, color-tone) and thus paint the picture." He exhibited in London, together with the group, in 1912 ( Sackville Gallery ) and 1914 (Doré Gallery): the two exhibitions made a deep impression on
846-470: The Fosters, guardians of the spiritual welfare of the capital, remain cautious about their presence. Soon, bodies in the grove are found, the Doctor and Adric determining they have been killed by some type of plasma weapon. Adric works with Nyssa to identify the energy signature of the plasma as being from a TARDIS, while the Doctor assists Tremas in defusing the conflict over their presence. Unbeknownst to either group, Kassia secretly visits Melkur, who gives her
893-689: The Galerie Bernheim-Jeune , and the following year returned to show his sculptures at the Galerie La Boétie: all related to the elaboration of what Boccioni had seen in Paris, where he had visited the studios of Cubist sculptors , including those of Constantin Brâncuși , Raymond Duchamp-Villon and Alexander Archipenko to further his knowledge of avant-garde sculpture. In 1914 he published Pittura e scultura futuriste (dinamismo plastico) explaining
940-810: The Museum of Modern Art in New York. Beginning in 1912, with Elasticità or Elasticity , depicting the pure energy of a horse, captured with intense chromaticism, he completed a series of Dynamist paintings: Dinamismo di un corpo umano ( Human Body ), ciclista ( Cyclist ), Foot-baller , and by 1914 Dinamismo plastico: cavallo + caseggiato ( Plastic Dynamism: Horse + Houses ). While continuing this focus, he revived his previous interest in portraiture. Beginning with L'antigrazioso ( The antigraceful ) in 1912 and continuing with I selciatori ( The Street Pavers ) and Il bevitore ( The Drinker ) both in 1914. In 1914 Boccioni published his book, Pittura, scultura futuriste ( Futurist Painting and Sculpture ), which caused
987-883: The Old Man in the Sixth Doctor story Timelash (1985). Margot Van der Burgh had previously appeared as Cameca in the First Doctor serial The Aztecs (1964). John Woodnutt also appeared in Spearhead from Space (1970), Frontier in Space (1973) and as Commander Broton in Terror of the Zygons (1975). Robin Soans subsequently appeared in the Twelfth Doctor episode " Face the Raven " (2015). The story
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#17330858707951034-447: The Source before it completely dies. After assuring all is well, the Doctor and Adric depart in his TARDIS. Later, Tremas discovers an alien longcase clock , and is transfixed to it when the Master emerges from it and merges his body with that of Tremas. The newly reformed Master laughs as he re-enters the clock—his TARDIS—and dematerialises, leaving Nyssa wondering where her father has gone off to. This story came about when
1081-456: The TARDIS, calling on the Doctor's help. The Keeper explains that his title is about to pass on soon to Consul Tremas, giving him access to the powerful Source that is the centre of Traken's technological advancement, but senses evil within him, his wife Kassia, and his daughter Nyssa . The Keeper suspects a connection to Melkur, an evil creature that arrived years ago on Traken but became calcified in
1128-476: The battle of Dosso Casina. On 1 December 1915, the battalion was dissolved as part of a general reorganization; the volunteers were laid off temporarily, then each was called up along with the class. In May 1916 Boccioni was drafted into the Italian Army , and was assigned to an artillery regiment at Sorte of Chievo, near Verona . On 16 August 1916, he was thrown from his horse during a cavalry training exercise and
1175-501: The course of a single season. The season also sees the debut of Matthew Waterhouse as Adric , Sarah Sutton as Nyssa , and Janet Fielding as Tegan Jovanka , the three of whom would remain regular companions into the Fifth Doctor 's era, as well as the return of the Master , portrayed both by Geoffrey Beevers and Anthony Ainley . The season was the first to be produced by John Nathan-Turner , who would produce every season of
1222-425: The end of 1911 and saw what Braque and Picasso had been doing did the movement begin to take real shape." He also decided to be a sculptor after he visited various studios in Paris, in 1912, including those of Georges Braque , Alexander Archipenko , Constantin Brâncuși , Raymond Duchamp-Villon , August Agero and, probably, Medardo Rosso . In 1912 he exhibited some paintings together with other Italian futurists at
1269-595: The events of Traken , the Master was thereafter played by Anthony Ainley , who would continue in the part for the rest of the classic series' run. Jacqueline Hill , who had played the First Doctor 's companion Barbara Wright , returned in Meglos , although playing a different character, the alien priestess Lexa. For Season 18 John Nathan-Turner replaces Graham Williams as producer. Barry Letts returns now as executive producer, for just this season. Christopher H. Bidmead also replaces Douglas Adams as script editor. In
1316-447: The influence of Giacomo Balla, and Divisionism techniques are evident in early paintings (although later largely abandoned). The Morning (1909) was noted for "the bold and youthful violence of hues" and as "a daring exercise in luminosity." His 1909–10 Three Women , which portrays his mother and sister, and longtime lover Ines at center, was cited as expressing great emotion – strength, melancholy and love. Boccioni worked for nearly
1363-515: The introduction to Futurism. It was sold to the great pianist, Ferruccio Busoni for 4,000 lire that year, and today is frequently on prominent display at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, at the entrance to the paintings department. La risata (1911, The Laugh ) is considered Boccioni's first truly Futurist work. He had fully parted with Divisionism, and now focused on the sensations derived from his observation of modern life. Its public reception
1410-520: The north, and his job included frequent reassignments throughout Italy. The family soon relocated further north, and Umberto and his older sister Amelia grew up in Forlì ( Emilia-Romagna ), Genoa and finally Padua . At the age of 15, in 1897, Umberto and his father moved to Catania, Sicily , where he would finish school. Some time after 1898, he moved to Rome and studied art at the Scuola Libera del Nudo of
1457-469: The painted surface into a field of stippled dots and stripes. Severini wrote "It was a great stroke of luck for us to meet such a man, whose direction was decisive of all our careers." In 1906, he briefly moved to Paris, where he studied Impressionist and Post-Impressionist styles, before visiting Russia for three months, getting a first-hand view of the civil unrest and governmental crackdowns. Returning to Italy in 1907, he briefly took drawing classes at
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1504-585: The previous year. On 11 February 1910 Boccioni, with Balla, Carlo Carrà , Luigi Russolo and Severini, signed the Manifesto dei pittori futuristi ("Manifesto of Futurist painters"), and on 8 March he read the manifesto at the Politeama Chiarella theatre in Turin. Boccioni became the main theorist of the artistic movement . "Only when Boccioni, Balla, Severini and a few other Futurists traveled to Paris toward
1551-597: The return of The Master and the regeneration of the Fourth Doctor. Season 18 is the final season of Tom Baker as the Fourth Doctor after seven years in the role. New companions Adric ( Matthew Waterhouse ), Nyssa ( Sarah Sutton ), and Tegan Jovanka ( Janet Fielding ) make their introductions in Full Circle , The Keeper of Traken , and Logopolis , respectively. Romana , played by Lalla Ward , departs from
1598-461: The script editor suggested to Johnny Byrne that he use the subjects of millennialism and the effects of a long-serving head of state dying. The producer wanted to include a character that would give a sense of familiarity when Tom Baker, who had been the Doctor for several years, left and the new lead actor took over. To this end the Master replaced the villain in Byrne's draft. The Melkur statue's design
1645-459: The sculptures were destroyed by workmen to clear the room the "envious passèist narrow-minded sculptor" had placed them. Thus, much of his experimental work from late 1912 to 1913 was destroyed, including pieces relating to contemporaneous paintings, which are known only through photographs. One of the few surviving pieces is the Antigrazioso ( Anti-Graceful , also called The Mother ). In 2019,
1692-420: The serial The Leisure Hive , to 21 March 1981 with the serial Logopolis . The season is Tom Baker 's final as the Fourth Doctor before his regeneration into the Fifth Doctor ( Peter Davison ), as well as Lalla Ward 's as companion Romana II and John Leeson 's as the voice of K9 . For the second time (The first being during Season 4 and third being Season 21 ), the entire main cast changed over
1739-559: The serial introduces Anthony Ainley as the Master. The serial is also the debut of Sarah Sutton as companion -to-be Nyssa . In the TARDIS , the Fourth Doctor and Adric arrive back in N-Space following the events of Warriors' Gate in an area known as the Traken Union, an empire of peace and harmony. They are surprised to find a holographic image of the elderly Keeper of Traken appear in
1786-553: The series in Warriors' Gate , along with John Leeson who returns to voice the robot K9 . With the arrival of Adric, this season marks the first time since 1967 that the Doctor has three regular travelling companions in the TARDIS. Peter Davison makes his first appearance as the Fifth Doctor in the closing moments of Logopolis . The Master returned to the show, this time played by Geoffrey Beevers , in The Keeper of Traken . After
1833-406: The show until 1989, and the first to feature script editor Christopher H. Bidmead . The season features a trilogy of connected serials, Full Circle , State of Decay , and Warrior's Gate , which form a trilogy set in a "bubble universe" called E-Space, as well as The Keeper of Traken and Logopolis , the first two serials of a trilogy continued in season 19's Castrovalva , centred on
1880-428: The statue of Melkur in her place, now connected to the Source. Having escaped their confinement, the Doctor and his allies seek to cause a servo-shutdown of the Source to destabilise it and disconnect Melkur from using it. As Adric and Nyssa prepare to activate it, the Doctor is drawn into the statue of Melkur, finding it to be a TARDIS. Inside, he meets his old enemy, a horribly disfigured Master . The Master reveals he
1927-470: The work of Cecil Aldin , Harry Eliott , Henri Cassiers and Albert Beerts , and attests to his information of contemporary trends in the visual arts more in general. Boccioni moved to Milan in 1907. There, early in 1908, he met the Divisionist painter Gaetano Previati . In early 1910 he met Filippo Tommaso Marinetti , who had already published his Manifesto del Futurismo ("Manifesto of Futurism") in
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1974-399: The work was to depict a "synthetic continuity" of motion, instead of an "analytical discontinuity" that he saw in such artists as František Kupka and Marcel Duchamp . During his life, the work only existed as a plaster cast. It was first cast in bronze in 1931. This sculpture has been the subject of extensive commentary, and in 1998 it was selected as the image to be engraved on the back of
2021-521: Was based on a 1913 statue by Umberto Boccioni . The decaying Master's robe was the same costume that had been used in The Deadly Assassin . Geoffrey Beevers is credited as the Melkur to conceal the plot twist of the Master's return. The Melkur statue was played by Graham Cole . Denis Carey, who plays the Keeper, also played Professor Chronotis in the uncompleted Fourth Doctor serial Shada , and
2068-480: Was published by Target Books in May 1982. The Keeper of Traken was released on VHS in September 1993. In January 2007, it was released on DVD alongside Logopolis and Castrovalva , as part of the "New Beginnings" box set. Doctor Who (season 18) The eighteenth season of British science fiction television series Doctor Who consisted of seven four-episode serials broadcast from 30 August 1980 with
2115-517: Was quite negative, compared unfavorably with Three Women , and it was defaced by a visitor, running his fingers through the still fresh paint. Subsequent criticism became more positive, with some considering the painting a response to Cubism. It was purchased by Albert Borchardt, a German collector who acquired 20 Futurist works exhibited in Berlin , including The Street Enters the House (1911) which depicts
2162-607: Was repeated on BBC1 (except BBC1 Wales) across four consecutive evenings from Monday to Thursday, 10–13 August 1981, achieving viewing figures of 5.2, 4.4, 5.2 and 5.0 million viewers respectively. Patrick Mulkern of Radio Times awarded the episode four stars out of five. Writing for Doctor Who The Episode Guide , Mark Campbell regarded the episode as "a welcome respite from the so-called 'hard' science of Season 18." Charlie Jane Anders wrote positively of Nyssa's debut, and lamented her wasted potential in subsequent appearances. A novelisation of this serial, written by Terrance Dicks ,
2209-536: Was trampled. He died the following day, age thirty-three, at Verona Military Hospital, and he was buried in the Monumental Cemetery of that city. From 1902 to 1910, Boccioni focused initially on drawings, then sketched and painted portraits – with his mother as a frequent model. He also painted landscapes – often including the arrival of industrialization, trains and factories for example. During this period, he weaves between Pointillism and Impressionism , and
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