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63-484: The main population of the state were Kumyks who was headed by a khan . However, the khanate also included Avars and Dargins . It capital was Lower Dzhengutai and composed of 13 auls . Its neighbors included Tarki Shamkhalate to north, Avar Khanate to west and Akusha-Dargo Union to south. The Mehtuli Khanate was formed in the 17th century during the collapse of the Tarki Shamkhalate . Its name comes from

126-781: A Turkic ethnic group living in Dagestan , Chechnya and North Ossetia . They are the largest Turkic people in the North Caucasus . They traditionally populate the Kumyk Plateau (northern Dagestan and northeastern Chechnya), lands bordering the Caspian Sea , areas in North Ossetia, Chechnya and along the banks of the Terek River . They speak the Kumyk language , which until the 1930s had been

189-623: A calendar change, respectively. Usually, they refer to the change from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar as enacted in various European countries between 1582 and 1923. In England , Wales , Ireland and Britain's American colonies , there were two calendar changes, both in 1752. The first adjusted the start of a new year from 25 March ( Lady Day , the Feast of the Annunciation ) to 1 January,

252-546: A campaign against Avar Khanate in 1818 and expelled Sultan Ahmad Khan in 1819. Hasan's son Ahmad III soon established himself as ruler Mehtuli until his death. Khanate then came under rulership of Nuh Bike, daughter of Mehdi II of Tarki Shamkhalate. Avar Khanate however was invaded by Hamzat Bek 's Murid army who executed Pakhu Bika and his sons in 1834. Ibrahim Khan, son of Ahmad III was appointed as ruler of Avar Khanate on 4 August [ O.S. 23 July] 1843, however due to Imam Shamil 's occupation of Avaria this title

315-535: A change which Scotland had made in 1600. The second discarded the Julian calendar in favour of the Gregorian calendar, skipping 11 days in the month of September to do so. To accommodate the two calendar changes, writers used dual dating to identify a given day by giving its date according to both styles of dating. For countries such as Russia where no start-of-year adjustment took place, O.S. and N.S. simply indicate

378-620: A few administrative regions of Russia, such as Republic of Dagestan , Republic of North-Ossetia , Chechen Republic . In the 19th century, during and following the Caucasian War , numbers of Kumyks were subject to or willingly resettled (made hijra ) to the Ottoman Empire as a result of Russian deportation campaigns in the region. In the 1910s–1920s, during the Russian Revolution , another emigration wave to Turkey took place. Among

441-454: A letter dated "12/22 Dec. 1635". In his biography of John Dee , The Queen's Conjurer , Benjamin Woolley surmises that because Dee fought unsuccessfully for England to embrace the 1583/84 date set for the change, "England remained outside the Gregorian system for a further 170 years, communications during that period customarily carrying two dates". In contrast, Thomas Jefferson , who lived while

504-531: A pro-Russian stance, but after a new Russian fortress had been built they confronted Russia again. However, this time the Shamkhalate could not unite the neighboring local peoples and remained alone in their struggle. Russian historian Sergey Solovyov wrote: In October 1725 general-majors Kropotov and Sheremetev embarked to devastate the possessions of the Shamkhal and burned down twenty settlements, including Tarki,

567-576: A refusal. Russian 19th century general Gregory Phillipson, known for his important actions in subjugating the Adyghe and Abaza ethnic groups at the left flank of the Caucasian front in Circassia , wrote: I had vague knowledge about Caucasia and the Caucasian war, although professor Yazikov on the lectures in the military geography used to tell about one and the other; and according to his words it turned out that

630-505: A rock and a hard place, not always supported by the insurgents on one hand, and being a target of retaliation from Russians on the other. The same archives also described that: ...Kazi-mulla... used all the means to push away from us the population of the Small Chechnya and Kachkalik ridge, which however remained loyal to us only by their appearance, and namely because they didn't want to get between two fires as Kumyks did. Kumyks during

693-878: A start-of-year adjustment works well with little confusion for events before the introduction of the Gregorian calendar. For example, the Battle of Agincourt is well known to have been fought on 25 October 1415, which is Saint Crispin's Day . However, for the period between the first introduction of the Gregorian calendar on 15 October 1582 and its introduction in Britain on 14 September 1752, there can be considerable confusion between events in Continental Western Europe and in British domains. Events in Continental Western Europe are usually reported in English-language histories by using

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756-491: A strange trick: destroying their auls [settlements] in order to force them to resettle in the mountains by depriving of living spaces. On the 24th of July he, in front of our troops, made the first experiment on Endirey village and burned down the third of it. Prince [Knyaz] Bekovich [Russian officer] at that time was burning Kumyks' bread at the slopes of the mountains... During the Caucasian War, Kumyks found themselves between

819-526: Is 9 February 1649, the date by which his contemporaries in some parts of continental Europe would have recorded his execution. The O.S./N.S. designation is particularly relevant for dates which fall between the start of the "historical year" (1 January) and the legal start date, where different. This was 25 March in England, Wales, Ireland and the colonies until 1752, and until 1600 in Scotland. In Britain, 1 January

882-521: Is an opinion that people of Kami, Kamaks, mentioned as long ago as by Ptolemaeus, are historically related to Kumyks. Their turkization started at the times of Khazars already, in the second half of the first millennium... Arrival of Cumans extended Turkic element further. That time point, marked by dissolution of the Khazar Kaghanate, is likely to be the period of the core formation for Kumyks, although some researchers (Bartold) linked their appearance to

945-680: Is that the Kumyks appeared in Dagestan along with the Khazars in the 8th century and stayed afterwards. Whereas others believe that the Kumyks appeared in Dagestan in the 12th-13th centuries along with Kipchaks . Kumyk verbal tradition carried through ages some proverbs and sayings coming from the times of the Khazar Kaghanate . S. Tokarev wrote that: ...Kumyks have very diverse ancestry. Its ancient stratum is, undoubtedly, pre-Turkic, Japhetic . There

1008-609: The muhajirs (migrants) of that period were many prominent Kumyk nobility. Kumyks also used to move to Syria and Jordan, where a few Kumyk families still live. The Syrian village of Dar-Ful was established in 1878-1880 by Kumyk emigrants. There is no official state census of ethnic minorities in Turkey (ethnic or racial censuses are outlawed), but according to the studies of 1994–1996, there were more than 20 settlements with Kumyk population. The majority of researchers (Bakikhanov, S. A. Tokarev, A. I. Tamay, S. Sh. Gadzhieva) derive

1071-830: The Persian campaign of the 1722–1723 . The Endirey principality was the first to oppose the Russian forces, and despite their defeat, caused great losses which shocked the Emperor. Kumyks of the Utamish Soltanate also fiercely resisted during the Battle at the River Inchge. Peter I stated afterwards: If these people had a comprehension of the Military Science [Art], no other nation could take arms against them. The Tarki Shamkhalate initially took

1134-592: The Russian Empire and the very beginning of Soviet Russia . For example, in the article "The October (November) Revolution", the Encyclopædia Britannica uses the format of "25 October (7 November, New Style)" to describe the date of the start of the revolution. The Latin equivalents, which are used in many languages, are, on the one hand, stili veteris (genitive) or stilo vetere (ablative), abbreviated st.v. , and meaning "(of/in) old style" ; and, on

1197-608: The Schevkal campaign . This also failed and resulted in a significant loss for Russia at the Battle of Karaman. The united forces of the Dagestani peoples under the banners of the Kumyk Shamkhalian, Prince Soltan-Mahmud of Endirey prevailed, and according to the prominent Russian historian Nikolay Karamzin , stopped Russian expansion for the next 118 years until the rule of Peter I . In 1649 and 1650, Nogai leader Choban-murza sought

1260-598: The Sunzha River . Shah Abbas II intended to strengthen the Persian hold on the Kumyk lands, which didn't match with Surkhay's plans. In an alliance with Kaytag Uzmi Rustem, Surkhay III confronted Persians but was forced to withdraw. Nevertheless, the high losses disrupted the Shah's intentions of building fortresses in the Kumyk lands. In the 18th century, Russian Emperor Peter I organised

1323-537: The lingua franca of the Northern Caucasus . Territories where Kumyks have traditionally lived, and where their historical state entities used to exist, are called Kumykia ( Kumyk : Къумукъ, Qumuq ). All of the lands populated by Kumyks were once part of the independent Tarki Shamkhalate . Kumyks comprise 14% of the population of the Republic of Dagestan, the third-largest population of Chechnya, and

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1386-505: The 16th century, Kumyk rulers tried to balance their relationships with their three neighbouring states, and as a result the Shamkhalate established itself as a considerable regional power. The two empires and yet-to-be one Russian state considered the Caspian area as their influence domain. Shamkhal Chopan became a subject of the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th century, and participated in the 1578–1590 Ottoman-Persian War . The 1560s marked

1449-532: The 4th century , had drifted from reality . The Gregorian calendar reform also dealt with the accumulated difference between these figures, between the years 325 and 1582, by skipping 10 days to set the ecclesiastical date of the equinox to be 21 March, the median date of its occurrence at the time of the First Council of Nicea in 325. Countries that adopted the Gregorian calendar after 1699 needed to skip an additional day for each subsequent new century that

1512-530: The 8–19 cc., that "Gumik — Kumyk — Kumuk" is originally a Dagestani toponym from the Middle Ages . In various Russian, European, Ottoman and Persian sources Kumyks were also called Dagestan Tatars (or Dagestan Turks), Circassian and Caucasus Tatars. There is no universal opinion regarding the origin of the Kumyks. Some scholars propose that the population of the Kumyk plains of the 8th-10th centuries were directly ancestral to modern Kumyks. A view close to that

1575-695: The Botheragan-Madjar region in the 7th century, which encompassed the vast North Caucasian plains. Kumyks historically were related to the states of the Caucasian Huns , Cuman-Kipchaks , and the Golden Horde . The beginning of the Kumyk nation is often considered to be in the Khazar Kaganate era. Until the 19th century, the Kumyks were a largely feudal, decentralized entity of strategical geographic and political importance for Russia, Persia and

1638-579: The Boyne was commemorated with smaller parades on 1 July. However, both events were combined in the late 18th century, and continue to be celebrated as " The Twelfth ". Because of the differences, British writers and their correspondents often employed two dates, a practice called dual dating , more or less automatically. Letters concerning diplomacy and international trade thus sometimes bore both Julian and Gregorian dates to prevent confusion. For example, Sir William Boswell wrote to Sir John Coke from The Hague

1701-455: The British Isles and colonies converted to the Gregorian calendar, instructed that his tombstone bear his date of birth by using the Julian calendar (notated O.S. for Old Style) and his date of death by using the Gregorian calendar. At Jefferson's birth, the difference was eleven days between the Julian and Gregorian calendars and so his birthday of 2 April in the Julian calendar is 13 April in

1764-410: The British colonies, changed the start of the year from 25 March to 1 January, with effect from "the day after 31 December 1751". (Scotland had already made this aspect of the changes, on 1 January 1600.) The second (in effect ) adopted the Gregorian calendar in place of the Julian calendar. Thus "New Style" can refer to the start-of-year adjustment , to the adoption of the Gregorian calendar , or to

1827-612: The Gregorian calendar. For example, the Battle of Blenheim is always given as 13 August 1704. However, confusion occurs when an event involves both. For example, William III of England arrived at Brixham in England on 5 November (Julian calendar), after he had set sail from the Netherlands on 11 November (Gregorian calendar) 1688. The Battle of the Boyne in Ireland took place a few months later on 1 July 1690 (Julian calendar). That maps to 11 July (Gregorian calendar), conveniently close to

1890-466: The Gregorian calendar. Similarly, George Washington is now officially reported as having been born on 22 February 1732, rather than on 11 February 1731/32 (Julian calendar). The philosopher Jeremy Bentham , born on 4 February 1747/8 (Julian calendar), in later life celebrated his birthday on 15 February. There is some evidence that the calendar change was not easily accepted. Many British people continued to celebrate their holidays "Old Style" well into

1953-504: The Imam Shamil — Idris of Endirey. According to genetic studies in 2023, the following haplogroups are found to predominate among Kumyks : The tsarist and Soviet government pursued a policy of settling the Kumyk lands with other peoples from the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. Old Style and New Style dates Old Style ( O.S. ) and New Style ( N.S. ) indicate dating systems before and after

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2016-430: The Julian and Gregorian dating systems respectively. The need to correct the calendar arose from the realisation that the correct figure for the number of days in a year is not 365.25 (365 days 6 hours) as assumed by the Julian calendar but slightly less (c. 365.242 days). The Julian calendar therefore has too many leap years . The consequence was that the basis for the calculation of the date of Easter , as decided in

2079-564: The Julian calendar had added since then. When the British Empire did so in 1752, the gap had grown to eleven days; when Russia did so (as its civil calendar ) in 1918, thirteen days needed to be skipped. In the Kingdom of Great Britain and its possessions, the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 introduced two concurrent changes to the calendar. The first, which applied to England, Wales, Ireland and

2142-510: The Julian date of the subsequent (and more decisive) Battle of Aughrim on 12 July 1691 (Julian). The latter battle was commemorated annually throughout the 18th century on 12 July, following the usual historical convention of commemorating events of that period within Great Britain and Ireland by mapping the Julian date directly onto the modern Gregorian calendar date (as happens, for example, with Guy Fawkes Night on 5 November). The Battle of

2205-667: The Kumyks of Endirey, Kostek and others. Having gathered a 4,000-strong army, coalition was led by Amir Hamza who marched into Quba but retreated north where he was ambushed by Fatali's armies. Nevertheless, coalition defeated Fath Ali's army of 8,000 in the battle of Gavdushan , near the city of Khudat in July 1774 and forced him to flee to Salyan . The ruling dynasty of Mehtuli Khanate established links with Avar Khanate when Ali Sultan married his son Sultan Ahmad to Umma Khan 's daughter Pakhu Bika. After Umma's death in 1801, his widow Gikhilay (d. 1833) also married Sultan Ahmad. Avars offered

2268-624: The Ottomans, headed by a leader called the Shamkhal (originally Shawkhal, in Russian sources Shevkal ). The Kumyk polity known as the Shamkhalate of Tarki was mentioned as early as the 14th century by Timurid historians. Other Kumyk states included the Endirey Principality, Utamish Sultanate, Tumen Possession, Braguny Principality, Mekhtuly Khanate, Kaytag Uzminate and others. In

2331-481: The Shamkhalate Revolt of 1831, the revolt at the Kumyk plains in 1831 and the Shamkhalate Revolt of 1843. There were also preparations for an insurgency on the Kumyk plains in 1844 and for a general Kumyk insurgency in 1855, which had been planned as a joined action with the advance of Imam Shamil , but the advance didn't progress enough into the Kumyk lands. In the insurgency in Dagestan in 1877–1878, one of

2394-681: The War gave the Caucasus many common heroes. Imam of Dagestan and Chechnya Shamil was of Kumyk descent, as well as his companion and the second pretender to the Imam's position Tashaw-Hadji. Also, Kumyks were the leaders of the earlier Dagestani revolts, such as Soltan Ahmed-Khan of the Avars, and Umalat-bek of Boynak (the heir of the Tarki throne), companion of the imam Gazi-Muhammad Razibek of Kazanish, trusted companion of

2457-554: The beginning of the Caucasian war (resulting from the Treaty of Gulistan ), there were numerous revolts in Kumykia. In 1825 the village of [Old] Aksay was destroyed and 300 men from the settlement were gathered for their participation in the insurgence against Russian Empire led by the Chechen leader Taymiyev Biybolat, and murdered when Ochar-Haji, one of the Kumyks, killed two Russian generals on

2520-544: The capital of the Shamkhal, which comprised 1,000 households; the total number of destroyed households amounts to 6,110. Shamkhal, having only 3,000 troops, couldn't resist the overwhelming number of Russians, who had in their ranks 8,000 Cossacks and Kalmyks only, not counting the regular troops, and two infantry regiments and two cavalries; Adil-Girey [Shamkhal] left Tarki and together with the Turkish ambassador had sent letters to other mountaineer possessors, asking for help, but got

2583-486: The combination of the two. It was through their use in the Calendar Act that the notations "Old Style" and "New Style" came into common usage. When recording British history, it is usual to quote the date as originally recorded at the time of the event, but with the year number adjusted to start on 1 January. The latter adjustment may be needed because the start of the civil calendar year had not always been 1 January and

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2646-512: The early Middle Ages. It would be preferable to also identify whether Kamaks, who used to be settled in the North Dagestan in the beginning of our era, are related to Kumyks. Another prominent Russian Orientalist , V. Minorsky, proposed his adjustment to the views mentioned, stating that: Today's Kumyk Turks, who populate North Eastern part of Dagestan, along the shore, possibly come from the basic Khazar stratum, strengthened and assimilated by

2709-533: The end of the following December, 1661/62 , a form of dual dating to indicate that in the following twelve weeks or so, the year was 1661 Old Style but 1662 New Style. Some more modern sources, often more academic ones (e.g. the History of Parliament ) also use the 1661/62 style for the period between 1 January and 24 March for years before the introduction of the New Style calendar in England. The Gregorian calendar

2772-714: The fifth-largest population of North Ossetia, all of which are parts of the Russian Federation . Kumyks are the second largest Turkic -speaking ethnic group after Azerbaijanis in the Causasus , the largest Turkic people of the North Caucasus and the third largest ethnic group of Dagestan. According to the Russian national census of 2010 there were more than 500,000 Kumyks in Russia. In terms of administrative division in their native lands, Kumyks today are mostly divided between

2835-424: The last moment declared the true reason "to use the opportunity to attack the city of Endirey and plunder Kumyks' cattle". However, the troops disbanded in disappointment. Gazi-Muhammad himself tried to make Kumyks resettle higher in the mountains from the plains and join his resistance by destroying Kumyk settlements, as stated in the Russian military archives: Kazi-mulla, trying to hold Kumyks close, came up with

2898-613: The later re-settlers from the Kipchak steppes. The final stages of the Kumyk ethnogenesis stretched from the 12th-17th centuries. Some of the Turkic peoples who assimilated into the Kumyk nation were those of Tumens from the Tumen Khanate (Caucasian Tumen), which emerged in the 15th century as a fragment of the dissolved Golden Horde ; those of Bothe Bogans, Sople and pre-Cuman Turks, who populated

2961-530: The latter period, when remains of Cumans defeated by Mongols fled to the lands of Dagestan. A modern interpretation was proposed that " from the Turkified Lezgins , Kumyks also emerged" . However, professor of Caucasus studies L. Lavrov doubted the "Turkification" hypothesis of Kumyk origin: It's unlikely that Kumyks might be Turkified Dagestanians, as some claim. Rather, their ancestors are considered to be Kipchaks, Khazars and, probably, other Turks of

3024-416: The major centres of conflict was the Kumyk village of Bashly. Despite the devastation brought by the Imperial Army for their attempts to rise against Russia, the Kumyk plains were also exposed to plundering forays from the neighboring tribes. For instance, in 1830, one Chechen leader, Avko, gathered forces in a call to allegedly join the troops of the leader of the Caucasian resistance, Gazi-Muhammad, but at

3087-411: The most valiant and inimical to us tribe was that of the Kumyks. Kumyks were one of the major forces in the late 18th century Sheikh Mansur's insurgence. Kumyk prince Chepalow, in alliance with Mansur made several attempts to attack the Russian stronghold of Kizlyar . In the final battle, Mansur led the Kumyk forces himself. Despite the formal acceptance of the Russian sovereignty over the Shamkhals at

3150-406: The name "Kumyk" from a Turkic ethnonym Kimak , or from another name for Kipchaks — Cuman . According to P. Uslar, in the 19th century the names "Kumyk" and "Kumuk" pertained to the Turkic speaking population of the Northern Caucasian lowlands. In Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia , the name Kumyk, or originally Kumuk pertained to the Kumyks only. Y. Fyodorov wrote, based on sources from

3213-457: The name of its founder, Qara Mehdi, who, according to legend and written sources, came from the house of Shamkhals. The parentage of Qara Mehdi is not known for certain, but according to Russian historian Ekaterina Kusheva , there is a possibility that Chupan Shamkhal (d. 1588) may have been a strong candidate. Qara Mehdi had numerous offsprings, one of his sons was Ahmad Khan. However, in the sources he began to be mentioned only from 1637 as already

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3276-403: The other, stili novi or stilo novo , abbreviated st.n. and meaning "(of/in) new style". The Latin abbreviations may be capitalised differently by different users, e.g., St.n. or St.N. for stili novi . There are equivalents for these terms in other languages as well, such as the German a.St. (" alter Stil " for O.S.). Usually, the mapping of New Style dates onto Old Style dates with

3339-418: The protection of Sultan-Mahmud of Endirey, recognized today as a pan-Caucasian hero. In 1594, the other campaign of Khvorostinin in Dagestan was organised, during which Russian forces and Terek Cossacks seized Tarki again, but were blocked by the Kumyk forces and forced to retreat to Terki, which resulted in a stampede. In 1604–1605, Ivan Buturlin conducted one more campaign against the Kyumks, often known as

3402-403: The protection of their allies in the Shamkhalate. Russia, at war with the Nogais, sent 8,000 men in order to force the nomadic tribe to return to Russian territory. Surkhay-Shawkhal III attacked and routed Russian troops at the Battle of Germenchik. Kumyk military success continued from 1651 to 1653, when the Kumyks, this time in an alliance with Safavid forces, destroyed the Russian fortress at

3465-519: The ruler of the principality. Ahmad Khan together with the rulers of Endirey participated in various raids on the Cossack fortifications along the Terek . A descendant of Qara Mehdi, Ahmad II (1735–1747) joined Qaplan I Giray 's invasion of Caucasus and fought against Nader Shah's Dagestan campaign and reportedly was instrumental during Battle of Andalal in 1741. Although Ottoman sultan Mahmud I initially appointed him as Shamkhal of Tarki (a claim he put forward through his maternal line) this title

3528-513: The spot. In the same year the people of Endirey joined forces with mountain communities against the Russians. In total, there were at least five revolts in Shamkhalate and on the Kumyk plateau (called also Kumyk plains ): the Anti-Russian revolt, resulting in the defeat of Northern Kumyks (Endirey and Aksay principalities) and the then-disestablished Mekhtula Khanate, the Shamkhalate Revolt of 1823, participation in Beybulat Taymiyev's revolt (who though recently had pledged allegiance to Russia),

3591-461: The start of the numerous campaigns of the Imperial Russian Army against Kumyks, provoked by the requests of the Georgians and Kabardians . Commander Cheremisinov seized and plundered the capital of Tarki in 1560. The Tumen Khanate, allied with the Shamkhalate also resisted the invasion, but was conquered by Russia in 1588. The Russians established the Terki stronghold (Not to be mistaken for Tarki ) in its former capital. Tumen ruler Soltaney fled to

3654-448: The throne of khanate to Sultan Ahmad in 1802, since Umma had no surviving sons and his brother was killed by Gikhilay. After Ali Sultan's death in 1807, Ahmad demanded his patrimony from his elder brother Hasan Khan, who granted him villages of Dorgeli , Kaka-Shura  [ pl ; ru ] , Paraul and Urum. Mehduli Khanate came under vassalage of Russian Empire as the result of Russian–Kumyk Wars . Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov led

3717-421: Was altered at different times in different countries. From 1155 to 1752, the civil or legal year in England began on 25 March ( Lady Day ); so for example, the execution of Charles I was recorded at the time in Parliament as happening on 30 January 164 8 (Old Style). In newer English-language texts, this date is usually shown as "30 January 164 9 " (New Style). The corresponding date in the Gregorian calendar

3780-488: Was celebrated as the New Year festival from as early as the 13th century, despite the recorded (civil) year not incrementing until 25 March, but the "year starting 25th March was called the Civil or Legal Year, although the phrase Old Style was more commonly used". To reduce misunderstandings about the date, it was normal even in semi-official documents such as parish registers to place a statutory new-year heading after 24 March (for example "1661") and another heading from

3843-496: Was implemented in Russia on 14 February 1918 by dropping the Julian dates of 1–13 February 1918 , pursuant to a Sovnarkom decree signed 24 January 1918 (Julian) by Vladimir Lenin . The decree required that the Julian date was to be written in parentheses after the Gregorian date, until 1 July 1918. It is common in English-language publications to use the familiar Old Style or New Style terms to discuss events and personalities in other countries, especially with reference to

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3906-606: Was only nominal. In 1855 he also became ruler of Mehtuli. He was transferred to Avar Khanate in 1859 and his brother Rashid Khan was appointed as Mehtuli khan instead. However, Avar Khanate was disestablished in 1862 due to inability of Ibrahim Khan to submit remnants of pro-Shamil insurgency. Mehtuli Khanate was also disestablished in 1867 and Rashid Khan (d. 1876) was sent to retirement. Mehtuli Khanate transformed into Dzhengutayevsky uchastok of Temir-Khan-Shurinsky Okrug same year. Kumyks Kumyks ( Kumyk : Къумукълар , romanized:  Qumuqlar , Russian : Кумыки ) are

3969-422: Was revoked shortly to be given to Khaspulat (1734–1758). Ali Sultan, the khan of Mehtuli joined alliance with other Dagestani and Caucasian feudal lords against Fath Ali Khan of Quba in 1774. The Dagestani coalition of rulers included Kaitag utsmi Amir Hamza, Umma Khan of Avars , Ghāzī Rustam of Tabasaran , Tishsiz Muhammad (Muhammad the Toothless) – head of Kazanishche Kumyks ; they were also joined by

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