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109-548: Vladimir Megre (Russian: Влади́мир Никола́евич Мегре́ ; né Puzakov ; Russian: Пузако́в ; born 23 July 1950) is a Russian entrepreneur and writer best known as the author of the Ringing Cedars of Russia (also known as Anastasia ) series of books, which since the 1990s has given rise to a homonymous socio-religious movement . Megre was born in Chernigov Oblast , USSR , in present-day Ukraine, and grew up in

218-431: A detachment from the pursuit of money has led some individuals, such as Suelo and Mark Boyle , to live with no money. People who reduce their expenses can also increase their savings, leading to financial independence and the possibility of early retirement . The "100 Thing Challenge" is a grassroots movement to whittle personal possessions to one hundred items, aiming of de-cluttering and simplify life. People in

327-576: A belief that the world does not exist as a resource to be freely exploited by humans, proposes wilderness preservation , human population control , and simple living. The term " bohemianism " describes a tradition of both voluntary and involuntary poverty by artists who devote their time to artistic endeavors rather than paid labor. The term was coined by the French bourgeoisie as a way to describe social non-conformists. Bohemians sometimes also expressed their unorthodoxy through simplistic art, for instance in

436-658: A business owner who is affiliated with millennials (also known as Generation Y), those people born from approximately 1981 to 1996. The offspring of baby boomers and early Gen Xers , this generation was brought up using digital technology and mass media. Millennial business owners are well-equipped with knowledge of new technology and new business models and have a strong grasp of its business applications. There have been many breakthrough businesses that have come from millennial entrepreneurs, such as Mark Zuckerberg , who created Facebook. However, millennials are less likely to engage in entrepreneurship than prior generations. Some of

545-429: A college or university), science parks and non-governmental organizations, which include a range of organizations including not-for-profits, charities, foundations and business advocacy groups (e.g. Chambers of commerce ). Beginning in 2008, an annual " Global Entrepreneurship Week " event aimed at "exposing people to the benefits of entrepreneurship" and getting them to "participate in entrepreneurial-related activities"

654-406: A cultural authority and leverage it to create and sustain various cultural enterprises"; "tycoons", defined as "entrepreneurs who buil[d] substantial clout in the cultural sphere by forging synergies between their industrial, cultural, political, and philanthropic interests"; and "collective enterprises", organizations which may engage in cultural production for profit or not-for-profit purposes. In

763-559: A daughter, Polina. As many other newly capitalistic Russians, he took advantage of Perestroika and the subsequent collapse of the communist system to launch his entrepreneurial career. By the late 1980s had become the president of the Inter-Regional Association of Siberian Entrepreneurs. In 1994-5 he leased a fleet of river steamers which made two trading voyages along the Ob River north of Novosibirsk. Megre's experiences on

872-518: A decisive role in converting the Turkic peoples to Islam, mainly because of the similarities between the extreme, ascetic Sufis ( fakirs and dervishes ) and the Shamans of the traditional Turco-Mongol religion . Plain people typically belonged to Christian groups that practised lifestyles that excluded forms of wealth or technology for religious or philosophical reasons. Such Christian groups include

981-447: A focus on opportunities other than profit as well as practices, processes and purpose of entrepreneurship. Gümüsay suggests a three pillars model to explain religious entrepreneurship: The pillars are the entrepreneurial, socio-economic/ethical, and religio-spiritual in the pursuit of value, values, and the metaphysical . A feminist entrepreneur is an individual who applies feminist values and approaches through entrepreneurship, with

1090-472: A hundred or a thousand; instead of a million count half a dozen, and keep your accounts on your thumb-nail." In Victorian Britain, Henry Stephens Salt , an admirer of Thoreau, popularised the idea of "Simplification, the saner method of living". Other British advocates of the simple life included Edward Carpenter , William Morris , and the members of the " Fellowship of the New Life ". Carpenter popularised

1199-416: A level of risk is a necessity. Fourth, the entrepreneurial process requires the organization of people and resources. An entrepreneur uses their time, energy, and resources to create value for others. They are rewarded for this effort monetarily and therefore both the consumer of the value created and the entrepreneur benefit. The entrepreneur is a factor in and the study of entrepreneurship reaches back to

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1308-530: A model forest garden from a 0.12 acres (490 m ) orchard on his farm at Wenlock Edge in Shropshire . " Food miles " is a description of the number of miles a given item of food or its ingredients has travelled between the farm and the table. Simple living advocates use this metric to argue for locally grown food, for example in books like The 100-Mile Diet and Barbara Kingsolver 's Animal, Vegetable, Miracle: A Year of Food Life . In each of those cases,

1417-526: A new business, often similar to a small business , or (per Business Dictionary ) as the "capacity and willingness to develop, organize and manage a business venture along with any of its risks to make a profit ". The people who create these businesses are often referred to as "entrepreneurs". In the field of economics, the term entrepreneur is used for an entity that has the ability to translate inventions or technologies into products and services. In this sense, entrepreneurship describes activities on

1526-491: A period of self-employment of one or more years; one in four may have engaged in self-employment for six or more years. Participating in a new business creation is a common activity among U.S. workers over the course of their careers". In recent years, entrepreneurship has been claimed as a major driver of economic growth in both the United States and Western Europe. Entrepreneurial activities differ substantially depending on

1635-410: A price system). In this treatment, the entrepreneur was an implied but unspecified actor, consistent with the concept of the entrepreneur being the agent of x-efficiency . For Schumpeter, the entrepreneur did not bear risk : the capitalist did. Schumpeter believed that the equilibrium was imperfect. Schumpeter (1934) demonstrated that the changing environment continuously provides new information about

1744-404: A profitable manner. But before such a venture is actually established, the opportunity is just a venture idea. In other words, the pursued opportunity is perceptual in nature, propped by the nascent entrepreneur's personal beliefs about the feasibility of the venturing outcomes the nascent entrepreneur seeks to achieve. Its prescience and value cannot be confirmed ex ante but only gradually, in

1853-511: A recent statistical analysis of U.S. census data shows that whites are more likely than Asians, African-Americans and Latinos to be self-employed in high prestige, lucrative industries. Religious entrepreneurship refers to both the use of entrepreneurship to pursue religious ends as well as how religion impacts entrepreneurial pursuits. While religion is a central topic in society, it is largely overlooked in entrepreneurship research. The inclusion of religion may transform entrepreneurship including

1962-697: A satisfying way by using much less energy than is typically used in Western countries. Technologies they may embrace include computers, photovoltaic systems , wind turbines , and water turbines . Technological interventions that appear to simplify living may actually induce side effects elsewhere or in the future. Evgeny Morozov warns that tools like the internet can facilitate mass surveillance and political repression . The book Green Illusions identifies how wind and solar energy technologies have hidden side effects and can actually increase energy consumption and entrench environmental harms over time. The authors of

2071-533: A self-organised reader's group soon assisted in distributing the books more widely. The books have sold over 11 million copies, mostly in Russia, and have since been translated into twenty languages. The first English edition was translated and edited in the United States by John Woodsworth and Leonid Sharashkin, under contract with Megre. It was published and distributed in the U.S. by the Ringing Cedars Press, in

2180-500: A significant amount of fruit and vegetables. A simple diet usually avoids highly processed foods and fast-food eating. Simplicity may also entail taking time to be present while eating, such as by following rituals, avoiding multitasking when eating, and putting time aside to consume food mindfully and gratefully, potentially in the company of others. Moreover, it is common to cook one's own food, by following simple recipes that are not particularly time consuming, in an attempt to reduce

2289-422: A square of nylon window screen screwed under a metal ring". People who practice simple living have diverse views on the role of technology. The American political activist Scott Nearing was skeptical about how humanity would use new technology, citing destructive inventions such as nuclear weapons . Those who eschew modern technology are often referred to as Luddites or neo-Luddites . Although simple living

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2398-478: A tendency towards risk-taking that makes them more likely to exploit business opportunities . "Entrepreneur" ( / ˌ ɒ̃ t r ə p r ə ˈ n ɜːr , - ˈ nj ʊər / , UK also /- p r ɛ -/ ) is a loanword from French. The word first appeared in the French dictionary entitled Dictionnaire Universel de Commerce compiled by Jacques des Bruslons and published in 1723. Especially in Britain,

2507-507: A theoretical standpoint is that they have to "rewire" these temporary ventures and modify them to suit the needs of new project opportunities that emerge. A project entrepreneur who used a certain approach and team for one project may have to modify the business model or team for a subsequent project. Project entrepreneurs are exposed repeatedly to problems and tasks typical of the entrepreneurial process. Indeed, project-based entrepreneurs face two critical challenges that invariably characterize

2616-494: A variety of organizations with different sizes, aims, and beliefs. For-profit entrepreneurs typically measure performance using business metrics like profit , revenues and increases in stock prices , but social entrepreneurs are either non-profits or blend for-profit goals with generating a positive "return to society" and therefore must use different metrics. Social entrepreneurship typically attempts to further broad social, cultural, and environmental goals often associated with

2725-434: Is an individual who creates and/or invests in one or more businesses, bearing most of the risks and enjoying most of the rewards. The process of setting up a business is known as "entrepreneurship". The entrepreneur is commonly seen as an innovator , a source of new ideas, goods , services, and business/or procedures. More narrow definitions have described entrepreneurship as the process of designing, launching and running

2834-483: Is based on the reduction in natural resource usage and environmental impact. This concept is expressed in Ernest Callenbach 's "green triangle" of ecology , frugality , and health. Some avoid involvement even with green politics as compromising simplicity, however, and instead advocate forms of green anarchism that attempt to implement these principles at a smaller scale, e.g. the ecovillage . Deep ecology ,

2943-576: Is better" in Small Is Beautiful (1973); and Duane Elgin continued the promotion of the simple life in Voluntary Simplicity (1981). The Australian academic Ted Trainer practices and writes about simplicity, and established The Simplicity Institute at Pigface Point, some 20 km (12 mi) from the University of New South Wales to which it is attached. A secular set of nine values

3052-423: Is largely responsible for long-term economic growth. The idea that entrepreneurship leads to economic growth is an interpretation of the residual in endogenous growth theory and as such continues to be debated in academic economics. An alternative description by Israel Kirzner (born 1930) suggests that the majority of innovations may be incremental improvements – such as the replacement of paper with plastic in

3161-498: Is necessary for these should either be tempered by moderation or completely avoided. Henry David Thoreau , an American naturalist and author, made the classic secular advocacy of a life of simple and sustainable living in his book Walden (1854). Thoreau conducted a two-year experiment living a plain and simple life on the shores of Walden Pond . He concluded: "Our life is frittered away by detail. Simplify, simplify, simplify! I say, let your affairs be as two or three, and not

3270-494: Is often a secular pursuit, it may still involve reconsidering appropriate technology as Anabaptist groups such as the Amish or Mennonites have done. Technology can make a simple lifestyle within mainstream culture easier and more sustainable. The internet can reduce an individual's carbon footprint through remote work and lower paper usage. Some have calculated their energy consumption to show that one can live simply and in

3379-539: Is said to have lived a simple life. He is said to have encouraged his disciples "to take nothing for their journey except a staff—no bread, no bag, no money in their belts—but to wear sandals and not put on two tunics". He also told his disciples that they cannot serve God and money at the same time, and explained that God is capable of providing them with the essentials for life (food and clothing), so long as they "seek his kingdom first". The Apostle Paul taught that people should be content with food and clothing, and that

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3488-570: Is the "only official source for correspondence in all languages from my readers all over the world". Despite this, the U.S., U.K. and Australian websites still claim to be official sites. The most recent English edition is published by the Ringing Cedars Publishing House LLC, based in Novosibirsk and operated by Megre's daughter Polina. Megre plans to write screenplays to depict the ideas of his books in film. The central idea of

3597-421: Is the point of all our commuting and consuming? What is the economy for? And, finally, why do we seem to be unhappier now than when we began our initial pursuit for rich abundance?" James Robertson 's A New Economics of Sustainable Development inspired work of thinkers and activists who participate in his Working for a Sane Alternative network and program. According to Robertson, the shift to sustainability

3706-509: Is the process by which either an individual or a team identifies a business opportunity and acquires and deploys the necessary resources required for its exploitation. In the early 19th century, the French economist Jean-Baptiste Say provided a broad definition of entrepreneurship, saying that it "shifts economic resources out of an area of lower and into an area of higher productivity and greater yield". Entrepreneurs create something new and unique—they change or transmute value. Regardless of

3815-682: The German Reich . However, proof of competence was not required to start a business. In 1935 and in 1953, greater proof of competence was reintroduced ( Großer Befähigungsnachweis Kuhlenbeck ), which required craftspeople to obtain a Meister apprentice-training certificate before being permitted to set up a new business. In the Ashanti Empire , successful entrepreneurs who accumulated large wealth and men as well as distinguished themselves through heroic deeds were awarded social and political recognition by being called "Abirempon" which means big men. By

3924-447: The Ringing Cedars of Russia series is to create a garden and ancestral dwelling on a plot of land at least one hectare in size, known as a "kin's homestead" ( Russian : родовое поместье, rodovoye pomest'ye ) where nature/generation ( Rod ) is appropriately cultivated. The result is a living environment perfectly attuned to its human inhabitants, a "love space" for the beneficial conception, birth and upbringing of new generations. Before

4033-495: The Shakers , Mennonites , Amish , Hutterites , Amana Colonies , Bruderhof , Old German Baptist Brethren , Harmony Society , and some Quakers . A Quaker belief called Testimony of simplicity states that a person ought to live her or his life simply. Some tropes about complete exclusion of technology in these groups may not be accurate though. The Amish and other groups do use some modern technology, after assessing its impact on

4142-613: The Southern United States advocated a lifestyle and culture centered upon traditional and sustainable agrarian values as opposed to the progressive urban industrialism which dominated the Western world at that time. The Norwegian-American economist and sociologist Thorstein Veblen warned against the conspicuous consumption of the materialistic society in his The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899); Richard Gregg coined

4251-574: The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in 1972, and the publications that year of Only One Earth , The Limits to Growth , and Blueprint for Survival , followed by Small Is Beautiful : Economics As If People Mattered in 1973. David Wann introduced the idea of "simple prosperity" as it applies to a sustainable lifestyle. From his point of view, "it is important to ask ourselves three fundamental questions: what

4360-425: The tiny house movement chose to live in small, mortgage-free, low-impact dwellings, such as log cabins or beach huts . Joshua Becker suggests that people who desire to simplify their lives begin by simplifying their homes. One way to simplify life is to get back-to-the-land and grow your own food. Increased self-sufficiency reduces dependency on money and the broader economy . Tom Hodgkinson believes

4469-423: The voluntary sector in areas such as poverty alleviation, health care and community development . At times, profit-making social enterprises may be established to support the social or cultural goals of the organization but not as an end in itself. For example, an organization that aims to provide housing and employment to the homeless may operate a restaurant, both to raise money and to provide employment for

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4578-403: The Śramaṇa traditions of Iron Age India and biblical Nazirites . More formal traditions of simple living stretch back to antiquity, originating with religious and philosophical leaders such as Jesus , Lao Tzu , Confucius , Zarathustra , Gautama Buddha , and Prophet Muhammad . These traditions were heavily influenced by both national cultures and religious ethics. Simplicity was one of

4687-440: The "cradle of political economy". Cantillon defined the term as a person who pays a certain price for a product and resells it at an uncertain price, "making decisions about obtaining and using the resources while consequently admitting the risk of enterprise". Cantillon considered the entrepreneur to be a risk taker who deliberately allocates resources to exploit opportunities to maximize the financial return. Cantillon emphasized

4796-572: The 1930s and other Austrian economists such as Carl Menger , Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich von Hayek . According to Schumpeter, an entrepreneur is a person who is willing and able to convert a new idea or invention into a successful innovation . Entrepreneurship employs what Schumpeter called "the gale of creative destruction" to replace in whole or in part inferior innovations across markets and industries, simultaneously creating new products, including new business models . Extensions of Schumpeter's thesis about entrepreneurship have sought to describe

4905-540: The 1930s. Irish poet Patrick Kavanagh championed a "right simplicity" philosophy based on ruralism in some of his work. George Lorenzo Noyes , a naturalist , mineralogist , development critic , writer, and artist, is known as the Thoreau of Maine. He lived a wilderness lifestyle, advocating through his creative work a simple life and reverence for nature. During the 1920s and 1930s, the Vanderbilt Agrarians of

5014-622: The 2000s, story-telling has emerged as a field of study in cultural entrepreneurship. Some have argued that entrepreneurs should be considered "skilled cultural operators" that use stories to build legitimacy, and seize market opportunities and new capital. Others have concluded that we need to speak of a 'narrative turn' in cultural entrepreneurship research. The term "ethnic entrepreneurship" refers to self-employed business owners who belong to racial or ethnic minority groups in Europe and North America. A long tradition of academic research explores

5123-501: The 2000s, the term "entrepreneurship" has been extended to include a specific mindset resulting in entrepreneurial initiatives, e.g. in the form of social entrepreneurship , political entrepreneurship or knowledge entrepreneurship . According to Paul Reynolds, founder of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor , "by the time they reach their retirement years, half of all working men in the United States probably have

5232-589: The 2000s, usage of the term "entrepreneurship" expanded to include how and why some individuals (or teams) identify opportunities, evaluate them as viable, and then decide to exploit them. The term has also been used to discuss how people might use these opportunities to develop new products or services, launch new firms or industries, and create wealth. The entrepreneurial process is uncertain because opportunities can only be identified after they have been exploited. Entrepreneurs exhibit positive biases towards finding new possibilities and seeing unmet market needs, and

5341-542: The 2010s, ethnic entrepreneurship has been studied in the case of Cuban business owners in Miami, Indian motel owners of the U.S. and Chinese business owners in Chinatowns across the U.S. While entrepreneurship offers these groups many opportunities for economic advancement, self-employment and business ownership in the U.S. remain unevenly distributed along racial/ethnic lines. Despite numerous success stories of Asian entrepreneurs,

5450-571: The Ob River voyages form the central narrative of his best-selling series of books, The Ringing Cedars of Russia (Russian: Звенящие Кедры России tr. Zvenyashchiye Kedry Rossii) , written between 1996 and 2010. The first volume, Anastasia , was printed on credit at the Moscow Print Press Number 11 and the first copies were sold by the author himself in the Moscow metro. The primary concern of

5559-632: The United Kingdom by Ringing Cedars UK Limited, and in Australia by Ringing Cedars Australia. However, the contract for this manuscript was cancelled after an unauthorised second edition with a black cover violated the Megre family's understanding of the arrangement. The remaining stock of black-covered books are still for sale though no new copies are permitted to be printed. In his tenth book, Megre included an appeal to his readers indicating that his author's page

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5668-680: The United Nations Nexus Summit in New York City in 2014, Megre presented a map showing the locations of 230 settlements in Russia. The books have become the basis for a Russian "back-to-the-land" movement based on permanently sustainable, self-reliant, and self-sufficient simple living , providing both physical subsistence and spiritual fulfilment. They combine deep ecology with traditional family values and worship of God (Rod) through nature, unlike communal hippie lifestyles. Active readers' groups have formed to organise and support

5777-473: The amount of energy necessary for cooking. A simple diet looks different from person to person and can be adapted to suit individual needs and desires. For instance, in the United Kingdom, the Movement for Compassionate Living was formed by Kathleen and Jack Jannaway in 1984 to spread the message of veganism and promote simple living and self-reliance as a remedy against the exploitation of humans, animals, and

5886-455: The authors devoted a year to reducing their carbon footprint by eating locally. City dwellers can produce home-grown fruit and vegetables in pot gardens or miniature indoor greenhouses. Tomatoes, lettuce, spinach, Swiss chard, peas, strawberries, and several types of herbs can all thrive in pots. Jim Merkel says "A person could sprout seeds. They are tasty, incredibly nutritious, and easy to grow... We grow them in wide-mouthed mason jars with

5995-424: The barriers to entry for entrepreneurs are the economy, debt from schooling, and the challenges of regulatory compliance. A nascent entrepreneur is someone in the process of establishing a business venture. In this observation, the nascent entrepreneur can be seen as pursuing an opportunity , i.e. a possibility to introduce new services or products, serve new markets, or develop more efficient production methods in

6104-453: The book Techno-Fix criticize technological optimists for overlooking the limitations of technology in solving agricultural problems. In contrast to diets like vegetarianism, a simplified diet focuses on principles rather than a set of rules. People may use less sophisticated and cheaper ingredients, and eat dishes considered as "comfort food", including home-cooked dishes. Simple diets are usually considered to be "healthy", since they include

6213-500: The case of Amedeo Modigliani. Minimalistic art inspired "rebel" artistic movements into the 20th century. Positive attitudes towards living in poverty for the sake of art are becoming less common among young American artists . One recent graduate of the Rhode Island School of Design said "her classmates showed little interest in living in garrets and eating ramen noodles ." A new economics movement has been building since

6322-544: The changes and "dynamic economic equilibrium brought on by the innovating entrepreneur [were] the norm of a healthy economy". While entrepreneurship is often associated with new, small, for-profit start-ups, entrepreneurial behavior can be seen in small-, medium- and large-sized firms, new and established firms and in for-profit and not-for-profit organizations, including voluntary-sector groups, charitable organizations and government . Entrepreneurship may operate within an entrepreneurship ecosystem which often includes: In

6431-515: The collective nature of entrepreneurship. She mentions that in modern organizations, human resources need to be combined to better capture and create business opportunities. The sociologist Paul DiMaggio (1988:14) has expanded this view to say that "new institutions arise when organized actors with sufficient resources [institutional entrepreneurs] see in them an opportunity to realize interests that they value highly". The notion has been widely applied. The term "millennial entrepreneur" refers to

6540-505: The community. The 18th-century French Enlightenment philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau strongly praised the simple way of life in many of his writings, especially in two books: Discourse on the Arts and Sciences (1750) and Discourse on Inequality (1754). Epicureanism , based on the teachings of the Athens -based philosopher Epicurus , flourished from about the fourth century  BCE to

6649-431: The construction of a drinking straw – that require no special qualities. For Schumpeter, entrepreneurship resulted in new industries and in new combinations of currently existing inputs. Schumpeter's initial example of this was the combination of a steam engine and then current wagon-making technologies to produce the horseless carriage . In this case, the innovation (i.e. the car) was transformational but did not require

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6758-553: The context of the actions that the nascent entrepreneur undertakes towards establishing the venture as described in Saras Sarasvathy 's theory of Effectuation , Ultimately, these actions can lead to a path that the nascent entrepreneur deems no longer attractive or feasible, or result in the emergence of a (viable) business. In this sense, over time, the nascent venture can move towards being discontinued or towards emerging successfully as an operating entity. The distinction between

6867-410: The creation of a new venture: locating the right opportunity to launch the project venture and assembling the most appropriate team to exploit that opportunity. Resolving the first challenge requires project-entrepreneurs to access an extensive range of information needed to seize new investment opportunities. Resolving the second challenge requires assembling a collaborative team that has to fit well with

6976-527: The demands of the consumer revolution that helped drive the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, Josiah Wedgwood , the 18th-century potter and entrepreneur and pioneer of modern marketing, which includes devising direct mail , money back guarantees , travelling salesmen and "buy one get one free" , was named by the historian Judith Flanders as "among the greatest and most innovative retailers

7085-459: The desire to be rich is the cause of many kinds of evils. Many other notable religious individuals, such as Benedict of Nursia , Francis of Assisi , Leo Tolstoy , Rabindranath Tagore , Albert Schweitzer , and Mahatma Gandhi , have claimed that spiritual inspiration led them to a simple living lifestyle. Sufism in the Muslim world emerged and grew as a mystical, somewhat hidden tradition in

7194-451: The development of dramatic new technology. It did not immediately replace the horse-drawn carriage, but in time incremental improvements reduced the cost and improved the technology, leading to the modern auto industry . Despite Schumpeter's early 20th-century contributions, traditional microeconomic theory did not formally consider the entrepreneur in its theoretical frameworks (instead of assuming that resources would find each other through

7303-535: The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries AD, the appellation "Abirempon" had formalized and politicized to embrace those who conducted trade from which the whole state benefited. The state rewarded entrepreneurs who attained such accomplishments with Mena(elephant tail) which was the "heraldic badge" In the 20th century, entrepreneurship was studied by Joseph Schumpeter in the 1930s and by other Austrian economists such as Carl Menger (1840–1921), Ludwig von Mises (1881–1973) and Friedrich von Hayek (1899–1992). While

7412-406: The entrepreneur . These scholars tend to focus on what the entrepreneur does and what traits an entrepreneur has. This is sometimes referred to as the functionalistic approach to entrepreneurship. Others deviate from the individualistic perspective to turn the spotlight on the entrepreneurial process and immerse in the interplay between agency and context. This approach is sometimes referred to as

7521-405: The entrepreneur as a multi-tasking capitalist and observed that in the equilibrium of a completely competitive market there was no spot for "entrepreneurs" as economic-activity creators. Changes in politics and society in Russia and China in the late 20th century saw a flowering of entrepreneurial activity, producing Russian oligarchs and Chinese millionaires . In the 2000s, entrepreneurship

7630-485: The entrepreneur typically aims to scale up the company by adding employees, seeking international sales and so on, a process which is financed by venture capital and angel investments . In this way, the term "entrepreneur" may be more closely associated with the term "startup". Successful entrepreneurs have the ability to lead a business in a positive direction by proper planning, to adapt to changing environments and understand their own strengths and weaknesses. Meeting

7739-533: The establishment of family homestead settlements. They are found in Australia, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Lithuania, Russia and the United States. Entrepreneur Entrepreneurship is the creation or extraction of economic value in ways that generally entail beyond the minimal amount of risk (assumed by a traditional business), and potentially involving values besides simply economic ones. An entrepreneur ( French: [ɑ̃tʁəpʁənœʁ] )

7848-570: The experiences and strategies of ethnic entrepreneurs as they strive to integrate economically into mainstream U.S. or European society. Classic cases include Jewish merchants and tradespeople in both regions, South Asians in the UK, Koreans, Japanese, and Chinese in the U.S. and the Turks and North Africans in France. The fish and chip industry in the UK was initiated by Jewish entrepreneurs, with Joseph Malin opening

7957-417: The firm size, big or small, it can take part in entrepreneurship opportunities. There are four criteria for becoming an entrepreneur. First, there must be opportunities or situations to recombine resources to generate profit. Second, entrepreneurship requires differences between people, such as preferential access to certain individuals or the ability to recognize information about opportunities. Third, taking on

8066-775: The first mail order business, with the BBC summing up his legacy as "The mail order pioneer who started a billion-pound industry". A 2002 survey of 58 business history professors gave the top spots in American business history to Henry Ford , followed by Bill Gates ; John D. Rockefeller ; Andrew Carnegie , and Thomas Edison . They were followed by Sam Walton ; J. P. Morgan ; Alfred P. Sloan ; Walt Disney ; Ray Kroc ; Thomas J. Watson ; Alexander Graham Bell ; Eli Whitney ; James J. Hill ; Jack Welch ; Cyrus McCormick ; David Packard ; Bill Hewlett ; Cornelius Vanderbilt ; and George Westinghouse . A 1977 survey of management scholars reported

8175-455: The first fish and chip shop in London in the 1860s, while Samuel Isaacs opened the first sit-down fish restaurant in 1896 which he expanded into a chain comprising 22 restaurants. In 1882, Jewish brothers Ralph and Albert Slazenger founded Slazenger , one of the world's oldest sport brands, which has the longest-running sporting sponsorship in providing tennis balls to Wimbledon since 1902. In

8284-466: The goal of improving the quality of life and well-being of girls and women. Many are doing so by creating "for women, by women" enterprises. Feminist entrepreneurs are motivated to enter commercial markets by desire to create wealth and social change, based on the ethics of cooperation, equality and mutual respect. These endeavours can have the effect of both empowerment and emancipation. The American-born British economist Edith Penrose has highlighted

8393-730: The homeless people. Simple living Adherents may choose simple living for a variety of personal reasons, such as spirituality , health , increase in quality time for family and friends, work–life balance , personal taste, financial sustainability, increase in philanthropy , frugality , environmental sustainability , or reducing stress . Simple living can also be a reaction to economic materialism and consumer culture . Some cite sociopolitical goals aligned with environmentalist, anti-consumerist , or anti-war movements , including conservation , degrowth , deep ecology , and tax resistance . A number of religious and spiritual traditions encourage simple living. Early examples include

8502-458: The inter-relationships between activities, between an activity (or sequence of activities) and an individual's motivation to form an opportunity belief, and between an activity (or sequence of activities) and the knowledge needed to form an opportunity belief. With this research, scholars will be able to begin constructing a theory of the micro-foundations of entrepreneurial action. Scholars interested in nascent entrepreneurship tend to focus less on

8611-475: The key to a free and simple life is to stop consuming and start producing. Writer and eco-blogger Jennifer Nini left the city to live off-grid, grow food, and "be a part of the solution; not part of the problem." Forest gardening , developed by simple living adherent Robert Hart , is a low-maintenance, plant-based food production system based on woodland ecosystems. It incorporates fruit and nut trees, shrubs, herbs, vines, and perennial vegetables. Hart created

8720-634: The loan from French of the English-language word "entrepreneur" dates to 1762, the word "entrepreneurism" dates from 1902 and the term "entrepreneurship" also first appeared in 1902. According to Schumpeter, an entrepreneur is willing and able to convert a new idea or invention into a successful innovation . Entrepreneurship employs what Schumpeter called the "gale of creative destruction " to replace in whole or in part inferior offerings across markets and industries, simultaneously creating new products and new business models , thus creative destruction

8829-466: The mainstream Sunni and Shia denominations of Islam . Sufism grew particularly in the frontier areas of Islamic states , where the asceticism of its fakirs and dervishes appealed to populations already used to the monastic traditions of Hinduism , Buddhism , and Christianity . Sufis were influential and successful in spreading Islam between the 10th and 19th centuries. Some scholars have argued that Sufi Muslim ascetics and mystics played

8938-492: The majority of innovations may be much more incremental improvements such as the replacement of paper with plastic in the making of drinking straws . The exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities may include: The economist Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950) saw the role of the entrepreneur in the economy as " creative destruction ", Which he defined as launching innovations that simultaneously destroy old industries while ushering in new industries and approaches. For Schumpeter,

9047-435: The novice, serial and portfolio entrepreneurs is an example of behavior-based categorization. Other examples are the (related) studies by, on start-up event sequences. Nascent entrepreneurship that emphasizes the series of activities involved in new venture emergence, rather than the solitary act of exploiting an opportunity. Such research will help separate entrepreneurial action into its basic sub-activities and elucidate

9156-435: The optimum allocation of resources to enhance profitability. Some individuals acquire the new information before others and recombine the resources to gain an entrepreneurial profit . Schumpeter was of the opinion that entrepreneurs shift the production-possibility curve to a higher level using innovations. Initially, economists made the first attempt to study the entrepreneurship concept in depth. Alfred Marshall viewed

9265-593: The part of both established firms and new businesses. In the 21st century the governments of nation states have tried to promote entrepreneurship, as well as enterprise culture , in the hope that it would improve or stimulate economic growth and competition . After the end of supply-side economics , entrepreneurship was supposed to boost the economy. As an academic field, entrepreneurship accommodates different schools of thought. It has been studied within disciplines such as management, economics, sociology, and economic history. Some view entrepreneurship as allocated to

9374-494: The particular challenges of the project and has to function almost immediately to reduce the risk that performance might be adversely affected. Another type of project entrepreneurship involves entrepreneurs working with business students to get analytical work done on their ideas. Social entrepreneurship is the use of the by start up companies and other entrepreneurs to develop, fund and implement solutions to social, cultural, or environmental issues. This concept may be applied to

9483-541: The phrase the "Simple Life" in his essay Simplification of Life in his England's Ideal (1887). C.R. Ashbee and his followers also practised some of these ideas, thus linking simplicity with the Arts and Crafts movement . British novelist John Cowper Powys advocated the simple life in his 1933 book A Philosophy of Solitude . John Middleton Murry and Max Plowman practised a simple lifestyle at their Adelphi Centre in Essex in

9592-494: The physiocrats. Dating back to the time of the medieval guilds in Germany, a craftsperson required special permission to operate as an entrepreneur, the small proof of competence ( Kleiner Befähigungsnachweis ), which restricted training of apprentices to craftspeople who held a Meister certificate. This institution was introduced in 1908 after a period of so-called freedom of trade ( Gewerbefreiheit , introduced in 1871) in

9701-542: The planet . Environmentalism is inspired by simple living, as harmony with nature is intrinsically dependent on a simple lifestyle. For example, Green parties often advocate simple living as a consequence of their "four pillars" or the "Ten Key Values" of the Green Party of the United States . This includes, in policy terms, their rejection of genetic engineering and nuclear power and other technologies they consider to be hazardous. The Greens ' support for simplicity

9810-401: The primary concepts espoused by Lao Tzu, the founder of Taoism . This is most embodied in the principles of Pu and Ziran . Confucius has been quoted numerous times as promoting simple living. Gautama Buddha espoused simple living as a central virtue of Buddhism . The Four Noble Truths advocate detachment from desire as the path to ending suffering and attaining Nirvana . Jesus

9919-403: The processual approach, or the contextual turn/approach to entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship includes the creation or extraction of economic value . It is the act of being an entrepreneur, or the owner or manager of a business enterprise who, by risk and initiative, attempts to make profits. Entrepreneurs act as managers and oversee the launch and growth of an enterprise. Entrepreneurship

10028-517: The publication of the first book in 1996, there were virtually no family homestead settlements in Russia. In 2014, a conference of the Ringing Cedars' movement in Vladimir city attracted delegates from over 150 family homestead settlements from 48 of the 89 regions of Russia. The current register of Ringing Cedars-inspired settlements lists 213 villages with an Internet presence. During a presentation at

10137-454: The repeated assembly or creation of temporary organizations. These are organizations that have limited lifespans which are devoted to producing a singular objective or goal and get disbanded rapidly when the project ends. Industries where project-based enterprises are widespread include: sound recording , film production, software development , television production, new media and construction. What makes project-entrepreneurs distinctive from

10246-510: The series is the correct approach to planning, conceiving and raising children, which should all occur at the same location: a family homestead, or self-sufficient plot of land surrounded by a hedge with a water source, dwelling, woods, a meadow, vegetable gardens, berries, herbs, mushrooms, a greenhouse, sauna and beehives. The homestead should be created by a mother and father for the health and enjoyment of posterity. Being an entrepreneur, he set up his own company to publish subsequent volumes and

10355-488: The short-term. These driving characteristics allude to the presence of serial entrepreneurship in the region. It has been argued, that creative destruction is largely responsible for the dynamism of industries and long-run economic growth. The supposition that entrepreneurship leads to economic growth is an interpretation of the residual in endogenous growth theory and as such is debated in academic economics. An alternative description posited by Israel Kirzner suggests that

10464-550: The single act of opportunity exploitation and more on the series of actions in new venture emergence, Indeed, nascent entrepreneurs undertake numerous entrepreneurial activities, including actions that make their businesses more concrete to themselves and others. For instance, nascent entrepreneurs often look for and purchase facilities and equipment; seek and obtain financial backing, form legal entities , organize teams; and dedicate all their time and energy to their business Project entrepreneurs are individuals who are engaged in

10573-535: The term "adventurer" was often used to denote the same meaning. The study of entrepreneurship reaches back to the work in the late 17th and early 18th centuries of Irish-French economist Richard Cantillon , which was foundational to classical economics . Cantillon defined the term first in his Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en Général , or Essay on the Nature of Trade in General , a book William Stanley Jevons considered

10682-469: The term "voluntary simplicity" in The Value of Voluntary Simplicity (1936). From the 1920s, a number of modern authors articulated both the theory and practice of living simply, among them Gandhian Richard Gregg, economists Ralph Borsodi and Scott Nearing , anthropologist-poet Gary Snyder , and utopian fiction writer Ernest Callenbach . Economist E. F. Schumacher argued against the notion that "bigger

10791-454: The third century  CE . Epicureanism held that the paradigm of happiness was the untroubled life, which was made possible by carefully considered choices. Epicurus pointed out that troubles entailed by maintaining an extravagant lifestyle tend to outweigh the pleasures of partaking in it. He therefore concluded that what is necessary for happiness, bodily comfort, and life itself should be maintained at minimal cost, while all things beyond what

10900-662: The top five pioneers in management ideas were: Frederick Winslow Taylor ; Chester Barnard ; Frank Bunker Gilbreth Sr. ; Elton Mayo ; and Lillian Moller Gilbreth . According to Christopher Rea and Nicolai Volland, cultural entrepreneurship is "practices of individual and collective agency characterized by mobility between cultural professions and modes of cultural production", which refers to creative industry activities and sectors. In their book The Business of Culture (2015), Rea and Volland identify three types of cultural entrepreneur: "cultural personalities", defined as "individuals who buil[d] their own personal brand of creativity as

11009-698: The traits of an entrepreneur using various data sets and techniques. Looking at data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), entrepreneurial traits specific to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are: experience in managing or owning a business, pursuit of an opportunity while being employed, and self-employment. In the decision to establish a new business, the ASEAN entrepreneur depends especially on their own long-term mental model of their enterprise, while scanning for new opportunities in

11118-531: The type of organization and creativity involved. Entrepreneurship ranges in scale from solo, part-time projects to large-scale undertakings that involve a team and which may create many jobs. Many "high value" entrepreneurial ventures seek venture capital or angel funding ( seed money ) to raise capital for building and expanding the business. Many organizations exist to support would-be entrepreneurs, including specialized government agencies, business incubators (which may be for-profit, non-profit, or operated by

11227-582: The village of Kuznichi. He spent most of his childhood with his grandmother, whom he describes as a village healer. As a teenager in the 1960s, Megre occasionally visited a monk called Father Feodorit at the Trinity-Sergiev Monastery , in Sergiev Posad , north-east of Moscow. Megre left home at age 16 and moved to Novosibirsk, where he worked as a photographer, camera operator and film director in several commercial co-operatives . He married and had

11336-540: The willingness of the entrepreneur to assume the risk and to deal with uncertainty, thus he drew attention to the function of the entrepreneur and distinguished between the function of the entrepreneur and the owner who provided the money. Jean-Baptiste Say also identified entrepreneurs as a driver for economic development, emphasizing their role as one of the collecting factors of production allocating resources from less to fields that are more productive. Both Say and Cantillon belonged to French school of thought and known as

11445-407: The work of Richard Cantillon and Adam Smith in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. However, entrepreneurship was largely ignored theoretically until the late 19th and early 20th centuries and empirically until a profound resurgence in business and economics since the late 1970s. In the 20th century, the understanding of entrepreneurship owes much to the work of economist Joseph Schumpeter in

11554-410: The world has ever seen". Another historian Tristram Hunt called Wedgwood a "difficult, brilliant, creative entrepreneur whose personal drive and extraordinary gifts changed the way we work and live." Victorian-era Welsh entrepreneur Pryce Pryce-Jones , who would capitalise on the railway network created during the Industrial Revolution and the modern postal system that also developed in the UK, formed

11663-922: Was developed with the Ethify Yourself project in Austria , having a simplified life style in mind. In the United States voluntary simplicity started to garner more public exposure through a movement in the late 1990s around a popular "simplicity" book, The Simple Living Guide by Janet Luhrs. Some people practice simple living by reducing their consumption . Lowering consumption can reduce individual debt, which allows for greater flexibility and simplicity in one's life. If one spends less on goods or services, one can spend less time earning money . The time saved may be used to pursue other interests, to help others through volunteering , or to improve their quality of life , for example, by pursuing creative activities. Developing

11772-683: Was extended from its origins in for-profit businesses to include social entrepreneurship , in which business goals are sought alongside social, environmental or humanitarian goals and even the concept of the political entrepreneur . Entrepreneurship within an existing firm or large organization has been referred to as intrapreneurship and may include corporate ventures where large entities "spin-off" subsidiary organizations. Entrepreneurs are leaders willing to take risk and exercise initiative, taking advantage of market opportunities by planning, organizing and deploying resources, often by innovating to create new or improving existing products or services. In

11881-604: Was launched. The term "entrepreneur" is often conflated with the term " small business " or used interchangeably with this term. While most entrepreneurial ventures start out as a small business, not all small businesses are entrepreneurial in the strict sense of the term. Many small businesses are sole proprietor operations consisting solely of the owner—or they have a small number of employees—and many of these small businesses offer an existing product, process or service and they do not aim at growth. In contrast, entrepreneurial ventures offer an innovative product, process or service and

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