Medvedki ( Russian : Медведки ) is the name of several rural localities in Russia .
71-1410: As of 2022, one rural locality in Arkhangelsk Oblast bears this name: As of 2022, one rural locality in Ivanovo Oblast bears this name: As of 2022, one rural locality in Kaluga Oblast bears this name: As of 2022, four rural localities in Kostroma Oblast bear this name: As of 2022, two rural localities in Moscow Oblast bear this name: As of 2022, one rural locality in Oryol Oblast bears this name: As of 2022, five rural localities in Smolensk Oblast bear this name: As of 2022, three rural localities in Tula Oblast bear this name: As of 2022, one rural locality in Vologda Oblast bears this name: As of 2022, two rural localities in Yaroslavl Oblast bear this name: Arkhangelsk Oblast Arkhangelsk Oblast (Russian: Архангельская область , IPA: [ɐrˈxanɡʲɪlʲskəjə ˈobɫəsʲtʲ] )
142-537: A temperate grassland , restricting southern tundra to coastal Antarctica and its islands. The flora and fauna of Antarctica and the Antarctic Islands (south of 60° south latitude) are protected by the Antarctic Treaty . Alpine tundra does not contain trees because the climate and soils at high altitude block tree growth. The cold climate of the alpine tundra is caused by the low air temperatures, and
213-761: A genetically distinct population of polar bears associated with the Barents Sea area. Almost all of the area of the Oblast belongs to the basin of the Arctic Ocean , with the major rivers being the (from west to east) Onega River , the Northern Dvina (with the major tributaries the Vychegda , the Vaga , and the Pinega ), Kuloy River , Mezen River , and Pechora Rivers . A minor area in
284-750: A local climate in which at least one month has an average temperature high enough to melt snow (0 °C (32 °F)), but no month with an average temperature in excess of 10 °C (50 °F). The cold limit generally meets the EF climates of permanent ice and snows ; the warm-summer limit generally corresponds with the poleward or altitudinal limit of trees, where they grade into the subarctic climates designated Dfd , Dwd and Dsd (extreme winters as in parts of Siberia ), Dfc typical in Alaska, Canada, mountain areas of Scandinavia , European Russia , and Western Siberia (cold winters with months of freezing). Despite
355-940: A number of Russian Orthodox monasteries, including the Antoniev Siysky Monastery and the World Heritage Site of the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea . Plesetsk Cosmodrome is one of three spaceports in Russia (the other two are Kapustin Yar in Astrakhan Oblast and Yasny in Orenburg Oblast ). Arkhangelsk Oblast, which includes the Nenets Autonomous Okrug , borders Kirov Oblast , Vologda Oblast ,
426-672: A number of smaller islands, are located in Onega Bay. Onega Bay and the Dvina Bay are separated by the Onega Peninsula . The Mezen Bay is separated from the main body of the White Sea by Morzhovets Island . Other major islands in the oblast include Shogly, Zhizgin, Yagry, Lyasomin, Layda, Nikolskiy, and Mudyugskiy islands. Almost all of the oblast is covered by taiga , the coniferous forest dominated by pine , spruce , and larch . Large areas in
497-629: Is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast ). It includes the Arctic archipelagos of Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya , as well as the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea . Arkhangelsk Oblast also has administrative jurisdiction over the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (NAO). Including the NAO, Arkhangelsk Oblast has an area of 587,400 square kilometres (226,800 sq mi), it's the largest of first-level administrative divisions in Europe. Its population (including
568-479: Is a risk of wildfire, such as the 1,039 km (401 sq mi) of tundra which burned in 2007 on the north slope of the Brooks Range in Alaska. Such events may both result from and contribute to global warming. Carbon emissions from permafrost thaw contribute to the same warming which facilitates the thaw, making it a positive climate change feedback . The warming also intensifies Arctic water cycle , and
639-409: Is a type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons. There are three regions and associated types of tundra: Arctic tundra, alpine tundra , and Antarctic tundra. Tundra vegetation is composed of dwarf shrubs , sedges , grasses , mosses , and lichens . Scattered trees grow in some tundra regions. The ecotone (or ecological boundary region) between
710-449: Is characterized by plants that grow close to the ground, including perennial grasses , sedges , forbs , cushion plants , mosses , and lichens . The flora is adapted to the harsh conditions of the alpine environment, which include low temperatures, dryness, ultraviolet radiation, and a short growing season. Tundra climates ordinarily fit the Köppen climate classification ET , signifying
781-771: Is home to several peoples who are mostly nomadic reindeer herders, such as the Nganasan and Nenets in the permafrost area (and the Sami in Sápmi ). Arctic tundra contains areas of stark landscape and is frozen for much of the year. The soil there is frozen from 25 to 90 cm (10 to 35 in) down, making it impossible for trees to grow there. Instead, bare and sometimes rocky land can only support certain kinds of Arctic vegetation , low-growing plants such as moss, heath ( Ericaceae varieties such as crowberry and black bearberry ), and lichen . There are two main seasons, winter and summer, in
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#1732891005939852-630: Is light, evaporation is also relatively minimal. During the summer, the permafrost thaws just enough to let plants grow and reproduce, but because the ground below this is frozen, the water cannot sink any lower, so the water forms the lakes and marshes found during the summer months. There is a natural pattern of accumulation of fuel and wildfire which varies depending on the nature of vegetation and terrain. Research in Alaska has shown fire-event return intervals (FRIs) that typically vary from 150 to 200 years, with dryer lowland areas burning more frequently than wetter highland areas. The biodiversity of tundra
923-694: Is low: 1,700 species of vascular plants and only 48 species of land mammals can be found, although millions of birds migrate there each year for the marshes. There are also a few fish species. There are few species with large populations. Notable plants in the Arctic tundra include blueberry ( Vaccinium uliginosum ), crowberry ( Empetrum nigrum ), reindeer lichen ( Cladonia rangiferina ), lingonberry ( Vaccinium vitis-idaea ), and Labrador tea ( Rhododendron groenlandicum ). Notable animals include reindeer (caribou), musk ox , Arctic hare , Arctic fox , snowy owl , ptarmigan , northern red-backed voles , lemmings ,
994-404: Is similar to polar climate . Alpine tundra is generally better drained than arctic soils. Alpine tundra transitions to subalpine forests below the tree line; stunted forests occurring at the forest-tundra ecotone (the treeline ) are known as Krummholz . Alpine tundra can be affected by woody plant encroachment . Alpine tundra occurs in mountains worldwide. The flora of the alpine tundra
1065-650: The Arctic Ocean and in Barents Sea , Morzhovets Island , and most of the White Sea coast in Mezensky District. In particular, the area includes the town of Mezen and the urban type settlement of Kamenka . In order to visit the zone, a permit issued by the local FSB department is required. Arkhangelsk Oblast is one of the industrial regions of Russia. The region has a developed fishery , forestry, woodworking, cellulose , and paper industry. There are large reserves of natural resources: Lumber , oil , bauxite , titanium , gold , manganese , and basalt . In 2011,
1136-562: The East European Plain , and most of it is forested, hilly landscape. The north-eastern part belongs to the Timan Ridge , a highland mostly situated east from the oblast. The Nenets Autonomous Okrug is essentially a flat tundra ( Bolshezemelskaya Tundra ) with several hill chains like Pay-Khoy Ridge . The Arctic islands including Novaya Zemlya and Franz Joseph Land are mountainous with glaciers and eternally snow-covered. This region has
1207-565: The Great Duchy of Moscow . Until 1703, the Northern Dvina served as the main export trading route of Muscovy . The local centers were Veliky Ustyug and Kholmogory ; however, during the 17th century, Kholmogory lost its significance, and its role was gradually replaced by Arkhangelsk . In 1708, when the governorates were established by Tsar Peter the Great , Arkhangelsk became the seat of one of
1278-569: The Kerguelen Islands . Most of Antarctica is too cold and dry to support vegetation, and most of the continent is covered by ice fields or cold deserts. However, some portions of the continent, particularly the Antarctic Peninsula , have areas of rocky soil that support plant life. The flora presently consists of around 300–400 species of lichens, 100 mosses, 25 liverworts , and around 700 terrestrial and aquatic algae species, which live on
1349-479: The Nenets Autonomous Okrug , the Onega Peninsula , and the north of the oblast. The exceptions with functioning airports are Mezen , Leshukonskoye , and Onega . The oil transport system, Baltic Pipeline System , runs through the oblast, with two oil-pumping station located at Urdoma and Privodino . The Kudemskaya narrow-gauge railway in 2010 has appeared in Forbes ranking, of 10 most beautiful railway routes of
1420-587: The Pomors , who reside along the White Sea coast and in the valleys of major rivers, speak Pomor dialects and are in fact the descendants of the Novgorod population who colonized the Russian North in 12th–13th centuries. In 2002 Census, approximately 6,500 residents of Arkhangelsk Oblast indicated their ethnicity as Pomors. Tundra In physical geography , tundra ( / ˈ t ʌ n d r ə , ˈ t ʊ n -/ )
1491-579: The Red Army entered Arkhangelsk, by which time all allied troops had already been evacuated. In the 1930s, the Soviets carried out the same experiments in economics as elsewhere in Soviet Union. The peasants and fishermen were forcibly organized into collective farms . These were heavily subsidized, which eventually brought the agriculture to the collapse in the 1990s, when the subsidies stopped. Arkhangelsk Oblast
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#17328910059391562-732: The Republic of Karelia , the Komi Republic , and the White, Pechora , Barents and Kara seas. Cape Fligely in Franz Josef Land (the northernmost point of Russia, Europe and Eurasia ) and Cape Zhelaniya in Novaya Zemlya (the easternmost point of Europe) are both located within Arkhangelsk Oblast. Mount Kruzenshtern is the highest point of the oblast. Arkhangelsk Oblast is located on
1633-783: The Sheksna , along the Slavyanka River into Lake Nikolskoye, then the boats were taken by land to Lake Blagoveshchenskoye, from there downstream along the Porozovitsa River into Lake Kubenskoye and further to the Sukhona and the Northern Dvina. Portages from the Northern Dvina Basin led further to the Mezen and the Pechora . After the fall of Novgorod in 1478, all these lands became a part of
1704-632: The Ural Mountains . Almost the entire rail network belongs to the Northern Railway , which west of Onega connects to the Oktyabrskaya Railway . There is also a railway line from Severoonezhsk west to Yangory (an extension of the line from Puksa to Navolok), which belongs to the Department of Corrections. A big number of narrow gauge railways were built in the 1950s and 1960s to facilitate
1775-468: The mosquito , and even polar bears near the ocean. Tundra is largely devoid of poikilotherms such as frogs or lizards. Due to the harsh climate of Arctic tundra, regions of this kind have seen little human activity, even though they are sometimes rich in natural resources such as petroleum , natural gas , and uranium . In recent times this has begun to change in Alaska , Russia, and some other parts of
1846-505: The NAO) was 1,227,626 as of the 2010 Census . The city of Arkhangelsk , with a population of 301,199 as of the 2021 Census, is the administrative center of the oblast. The second largest city is the nearby Severodvinsk , home to Sevmash , a major shipyard for the Russian Navy . Among the oldest populated places of the oblast are Kholmogory , Kargopol , and Solvychegodsk ; there are
1917-836: The Nenets Autonomous Okrug also contains a number of bigger lakes. The river basin of the Pinega is characteristic of the karst , with a number of caves in the region. The White Sea coast within the Oblast is split into the Onega Bay (where the Onega is the major tributary), the Dvina Bay (the Northern Dvina), and the Mezen Bay (comprising the Mezen and the Kuloy). The Solovetsky Islands , as well as
1988-419: The Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament . The Charter of Arkhangelsk Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Arkhangelsk Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising
2059-400: The Onega downstream from Severoonezhsk, and very few roads on the right bank of the Northern Dvina. Many rivers can be crossed only by ferry boats, which means they cannot be crossed during the ice melting period. There is regular bus service on the main roads. The principal railway line in the oblast is the railroad connecting Moscow and Arkhangelsk. The piece between Vologda and Arkhangelsk
2130-611: The allies were Shenkursk and Verkhnyaya Toyma . The allies were hoping that the Aleksandr Kolchak 's forces would move in the direction of Kotlas , however, the White Army was unable to advance in this direction. In January 1919, after the Battle of Shenkursk , the allied forces were driven out of the Shenkursk area. Battles around the station of Plesetskaya followed. On 20 February 1920
2201-583: The areas of exposed rock and soil around the shore of the continent. Antarctica's two flowering plant species, the Antarctic hair grass ( Deschampsia antarctica ) and Antarctic pearlwort ( Colobanthus quitensis ), are found on the northern and western parts of the Antarctic Peninsula. In contrast with the Arctic tundra, the Antarctic tundra lacks a large mammal fauna, mostly due to its physical isolation from
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2272-561: The atmosphere, creating a feedback cycle that changes climate. The term is a Russian word adapted from the Sámi languages . Arctic tundra occurs in the far Northern Hemisphere , north of the taiga belt. The word "tundra" usually refers only to the areas where the subsoil is permafrost , or permanently frozen soil. (It may also refer to the treeless plain in general so that northern Sápmi would be included.) Permafrost tundra includes vast areas of northern Russia and Canada. The polar tundra
2343-582: The chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). In 1991 the CPSU lost all power. The head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor, came to be elected or appointed. The economic crisis of 1990s , after the fall of the Soviet Union , struck Arkhangelsk Oblast very badly. Although there remains a strong demand for timber, the basis of the oblast's economy, the population of Arkhangelsk Oblast has steadily declined, especially in rural areas. Many villages either have been deserted, or are on
2414-483: The climate system activated around 2 °C (3.6 °F) of global warming suggested that at this threshold, permafrost thaw would add a further 0.09 °C (0.16 °F) to global temperatures by 2100, with a range of 0.04–0.16 °C (0.07–0.29 °F) Antarctic tundra occurs on Antarctica and on several Antarctic and subantarctic islands, including South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and
2485-713: The cold climate. Ustyansky District is notable for bee-keeping. Two notable breeds originate from Arkhangelsk Oblast. The Kholmogory cattle , from Kholmogory and Arkhangelsk countryside, mostly black and white, was particularly stable against cold climate in Northern Russia and eventually spread well beyond the Arkhangelsk Region. The Mezen horses , bred in the Mezen River valley, are rather small but suitable for difficult work and easily survive cold winters. The area of current Arkhangelsk Oblast has always been located on
2556-554: The command of Vladimir Voronin , sailing from Arkhangelsk, crossed the Northern Sea Route in a single navigation. Arkhangelsk Oblast proper was established in 1937. Before 1991, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: the first secretary of the Arkhangelsk Oblast CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and
2627-434: The implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of
2698-488: The increased amounts of warmer rain are another factor which increases permafrost thaw depths. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report estimates that carbon dioxide and methane released from permafrost could amount to the equivalent of 14–175 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide per 1 °C (1.8 °F) of warming. For comparison, by 2019, annual anthropogenic emission of carbon dioxide alone stood around 40 billion tonnes. A 2018 perspectives article discussing tipping points in
2769-399: The main river valleys. The main historical areas of the Arkhangelsk region were Poonezhye ( Поонежье ) along the Onega , the Dvina Land along the Northern Dvina , Pinezhye ( Пинежье ) along the Pinega , Mezen Lands along the Mezen , and Pomorye ( Поморье ) on the White Sea coast. The main waterway was the Northern Dvina, and Novgorod merchants used the Volga and its tributary,
2840-422: The main trading harbour of the Russian Empire. However, in the early 20th century Arkhangelsk was an important starting point for Russian Arctic expeditions . For instance, in the 1830s Pyotr Pakhtusov sailed twice from Arkhangelsk to investigate and map Novaya Zemlya . In 1918 and 1919, Arkhangelsk Governorate became one of the most active battlegrounds of the Civil War in Russia . On 2 August 1918 Arkhangelsk
2911-428: The middle of taiga are devoid of trees and covered by swamps . In the floodplains of the rivers, there are meadows. A number of areas in Arkhangelsk Oblast have been designated as protected natural areas. These are subdivided into national parks , nature reserves ( zapovedniks ), and zakazniks of the federal level. The following protected areas have been designated, Kenozersky and Vodlozersky National Parks have
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2982-455: The most remote Russian Orthodox monasteries. After the great schism in the Russian Orthodox Church in 1653, the area attracted many Old Believers , who were persecuted by the state. Most would later flee to even more remote locations such as Siberia . In 1703, with the construction of St. Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, which lacked St. Petersburg's geographical proximity to Europe and the non-freezing harbour of Murmansk , lost its significance as
3053-421: The observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia . In the period when they were the most important authority in the oblast (1937 to 1991), the following first secretaries were appointed Since 1991, governors were sometimes appointed and sometimes elected, On 8 September 2013, regular elections of deputies to the legislative Arkhangelsk Oblast Assembly of Deputies were held in
3124-406: The one (paved) from Konosha southwards, and two (unpaved) from Kargopol to Pudozh and to Solza and Belozersk . Most of the local roads are unpaved. Until 2008, there were no all-season roads connecting the main road network with the north-east of the oblast, including the town of Mezen and the selo of Leshukonskoye, and there are still no roads into the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, on the left bank of
3195-426: The only subantarctic orchids; the royal penguin ; and the Antipodean albatross . There is some ambiguity on whether Magellanic moorland , on the west coast of Patagonia , should be considered tundra or not. Phytogeographer Edmundo Pisano called it tundra ( Spanish : tundra Magallánica ) since he considered the low temperatures key to restrict plant growth. More recent approaches have since recognized it as
3266-494: The other continents. Sea mammals and sea birds, including seals and penguins, inhabit areas near the shore, and some small mammals, like rabbits and cats, have been introduced by humans to some of the subantarctic islands. The Antipodes Subantarctic Islands tundra ecoregion includes the Bounty Islands , Auckland Islands , Antipodes Islands , the Campbell Island group , and Macquarie Island . Species endemic to this ecoregion include Corybas dienemus and Corybas sulcatus ,
3337-517: The paper production and related industries were responsible for 55% of all industrial production of the Oblast, food production – 11%, timber processing (excluding paper production) and furniture production – 12%. The principal industrial enterprises in Arkhangelsk Oblast are shipyards in Arkhangelsk and Severodvinsk (including Sevmash ), pulp and paper mills in Koryazhma and Novodvinsk, and bauxite extraction plant in Severoonezhsk . Almost any town has some timber works. Fishery traditionally
3408-519: The parties of Russia, in the present convocation are: The oblast is administratively divided into six cities and towns under the oblast's jurisdiction ( Arkhangelsk , Koryazhma , Kotlas , Novodvinsk , Onega , and Severodvinsk ), one city under the federal jurisdiction ( Mirny ), twenty-one districts (one of which is Novaya Zemlya ), and two island territories ( Franz Josef Land and Victoria Island ). Another six towns ( Kargopol , Mezen , Nyandoma , Shenkursk , Solvychegodsk , and Velsk ) have
3479-413: The polar tundra areas. During the winter it is very cold, dark, and windy with the average temperature around −28 °C (−18 °F), sometimes dipping as low as −50 °C (−58 °F). However, extreme cold temperatures on the tundra do not drop as low as those experienced in taiga areas further south (for example, Russia's, Canada's, and Alaska's lowest temperatures were recorded in locations south of
3550-433: The potential diversity of climates in the ET category involving precipitation, extreme temperatures, and relative wet and dry seasons, this category is rarely subdivided, although, for example, Wainwright, Alaska can be classified ETw and Provideniya, Russia ETs , with most of the rest of the tundra fitting into the ETf subcategory. Rainfall and snowfall are generally slight due to the low vapor pressure of water in
3621-418: The region. Election results by party: The Regional Assembly of Deputies of the sixth convocation began work on 25 September 2013. Viktor Novozhilov was elected Chairman of the Arkhangelsk Oblast Assembly of Deputies, elected from the Arkhangelsk regional branch of United Russia. Party factions formed: The deputies of the State Duma of Russia, as representatives of the Arkhangelsk Oblast and members of
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#17328910059393692-417: The seven governorates of the Russian Empire. At the same time, Arkhangelsk lands were one of the most remote areas in Russia. This fact was attractive for monks fleeing the crowds. In 1436, Solovetsky Monastery was founded, and it quickly became one of the richest and most influential Russian monasteries. Other monasteries followed. For instance, Kozheozersky Monastery , founded in 1552, still remains one of
3763-426: The status of UNESCO Biosphere Reserve . In addition, there are two protected areas in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, adjacent to each other: Nenetsky Nature Reserve and Nenetsky Zakaznik . The area of Arkhangelsk Oblast has been settled by Finno-Ugric peoples since prehistoric times, and most of the toponyms in the region are in fact Finno-Ugric. It was subsequently colonized by the Novgorod Republic . Kargopol
3834-472: The status of the towns of district significance. Nenets Autonomous Okrug , which is administratively subordinated to the oblast, is administratively divided into one district ( Zapolyarny District ) and one town of okrug significance ( Naryan-Mar ). Huge areas within the limits of the oblast are included in the border security zone , intended to protect the borders of the Russian Federation from unwanted activity. These restricted areas include all islands in
3905-444: The subject of habitat conservation programs. In Canada and Russia, many of these areas are protected through a national Biodiversity Action Plan . Tundra tends to be windy, with winds often blowing upwards of 50–100 km/h (30–60 mph). However, it is desert-like, with only about 150–250 mm (6–10 in) of precipitation falling per year (the summer is typically the season of maximum precipitation). Although precipitation
3976-401: The trading routes connecting central Russia to the White Sea, and, in fact, in the 17th century the White Sea was the main sea export route for Russia. The whole course of the Northern Dvina is navigable, as well as the lower course of some of its tributaries, most notably the Vychegda, the Vaga, and the Pinega. The Mezen is also navigable in the lower course. The Onega is not navigable except for
4047-495: The transport of timber, but since then most of these became unprofitable and have been destroyed. In the 1970s and 1980s the aviation was active, with all district centers connected to Arkhangelsk with regular flights, Kotlas being the second important hub. Currently, it has almost disappeared. There are two airports in Arkhangelsk, but regular local flights are only carried out to the destinations which do not have rail or road connections, such as Novaya Zemlya , Solovetsky Islands,
4118-412: The tree line). During the summer, temperatures rise somewhat, and the top layer of seasonally-frozen soil melts, leaving the ground very soggy. The tundra is covered in marshes, lakes, bogs, and streams during the warm months. Generally daytime temperatures during the summer rise to about 12 °C (54 °F) but can often drop to 3 °C (37 °F) or even below freezing. Arctic tundras are sometimes
4189-481: The tundra and the forest is known as the tree line or timberline. The tundra soil is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus . The soil also contains large amounts of biomass and decomposed biomass that has been stored as methane and carbon dioxide in the permafrost , making the tundra soil a carbon sink . As global warming heats the ecosystem and causes soil thawing, the permafrost carbon cycle accelerates and releases much of these soil-contained greenhouse gases into
4260-438: The two relatively short stretches because of the rapids . However, except for the lower course of the Vychegda and some parts of the Northern Dvina, there is currently very little or no regular passenger navigation on these rivers. They are used for cargo traffic though. In 1765, a road was built between Saint-Petersburg and Arkhangelsk, mainly for postal service. The road still exists and passes Kargopol and Plesetsk , and it
4331-399: The verge of disappearing. During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Arkhangelsk CPSU Committee (who in reality had the highest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of
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#17328910059394402-454: The west of the Oblast, most notably the basin of the Ileksa River , drains into Lake Onega and eventually to the Baltic Sea . A very minor area in Kargopolsky District in the south-west of the Oblast drains into the Kema River which belongs to the basin of the Caspian Sea . The area in the Onega River basin containing the biggest lakes in the oblast, such as Lake Lacha , Lake Kenozero , Lake Undozero , and Lake Kozhozero . The tundra of
4473-399: The west, to Onega and further to Belomorsk , was built during World War II to secure the transport of goods from the harbour of Murmansk to central Russia. A piece of railroad between Arkhangelsk and Karpogory was also built in the 1970s and is expected to become part of the Belkomur project — a railway line connecting Arkhangelsk via the Komi Republic with the Perm Krai and
4544-455: The world. Population : 978,873 ( 2021 Census ) ; 1,227,626 ( 2010 Census ) ; 1,336,539 ( 2002 Census ) ; 1,570,256 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Vital statistics for 2022: Total fertility rate (2022): 1.49 children per woman Life expectancy (2021): Total — 69.60 years (male — 64.33, female — 75.08) Fertility rates of the region 2000–2018 A notable subgroup of Russian population are
4615-516: The world: for example, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug produces 90% of Russia's natural gas. A severe threat to tundra is global warming , which causes permafrost to thaw. The thawing of the permafrost in a given area on human time scales (decades or centuries) could radically change which species can survive there. It also represents a significant risk to infrastructure built on top of permafrost, such as roads and pipelines. In locations where dead vegetation and peat have accumulated, there
4686-426: Was and remains attractive as an area for exile, forcible resettlement, and prison camps. Actually, the first prison camp, Solovki prison camp , was created in 1920 on the premises of the former Solovetsky Monastery. Novaya Zemlya from the 1950s, when its population (mostly the Nenets ) was strongly recommended to leave, became the military ground for nuclear bomb testing. In 1932, the icebreaker Sibiryakov under
4757-471: Was constructed in 1890s and passed through previously uninhabited areas between the valleys of the Northern Dvina and the Onega. The railroad construction gave the momentum to the population and exploitation of these areas. A branch from Konosha eastwards to Kotlas and further to Vorkuta was constructed in the 1940s to facilitate the transport of coal from the Komi Republic . From Kotlas, another branch continues south to Kirov . A branch from Obozersky to
4828-408: Was first mentioned in the chronicles in 1146, Shenkursk was mentioned in 1315, and Solvychegodsk was founded in the 14th century. By the 13th century the Novgorodian merchants had already reached the White Sea , attracted to the area for fur trading . The Novgorodians penetrated the area using the waterways, and this is why most of the ancient (as well as the modern) settlements were located into
4899-428: Was occupied by British and American troops, allied with the White movement . Administratively, they established the Northern Oblast with the center in Arkhangelsk. This episode of the Civil War is known as the North Russia Intervention . The troops advanced to the south, occupied the station of Obozerskaya in September 1918, and moving along the Northern Dvina and the Vaga Rivers . The southernmost points occupied by
4970-459: Was paved in 2011. One of the principal highways in Russia, M8 , connects Moscow and Arkhangelsk, and passes Velsk . This highway is paved and heavily used. In general, the road network is grossly underdeveloped. Only several all-season highways, in addition to M8, cross the oblast boundaries: the one (partially unpaved) connecting Kotlas with Syktyvkar ; the one (paved) connecting Kotlas to Veliky Ustyug and eventually with Vologda and Nikolsk ,
5041-480: Was the main means of subsistence in the Pomor villages at the White Sea coast. During the Soviet times, the fishermen were organized into collective and state farms ( Sovkhoz 's) and the fishery was heavily subsidized. In the 1990s the subsidies were stopped, and the fishery went into a serious crisis, some of the villages were deserted. In the valleys of the main rivers, there is some cattle breeding and crop and potato growing, which is, however, difficult due to
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