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40-585: In 2018, IREX launched a dynamic data platform, the Media Sustainability Explorer , that enables users to analyze and examine data from all years of the Europe and Eurasia MSI and to compare data trends across time, MSI objectives, regions and individual countries. The Media Sustainability Index (MSI) was elaborated by the International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX) in collaboration with

80-576: A distinction between local and international sources and only the Freedom of the Press Index differentiates between official and unofficial sources. The MSI has more than one question regarding this category because it specifies the viewpoints. Private and public news sources, niche reporting and programming, local, national and international information as well as social interests and minority languages should be reflected. This differentiation cannot be found in

120-402: A sustainable and independent media system. Under each of these objectives are seven to nine indicators defining how well a country achieves that objective. Each indicator is scored from 0 to 4. The scores for the indicators are then averaged to generate a single score for each objective. Next the five objectives’ scores are averaged to produce a final score for every country. In a following step

160-414: Is compared to each other and assigned to new categories in table 2. Questions concerning the same subject but of two different indices are opposed to each other in two columns. If only one index measures a certain issue or category, the corresponding place in the second column remains empty, meaning this issue is not covered by the other index. As some questions contain different aspects, sometimes only one of

200-493: Is the worst score. Freedom House uses scores from 0 to 100, in which 0 is the best score. In advance Freedom House attaches different importance to the questions by giving some questions higher scores than others. So the panelists score the questions of the Freedom of the Press Index with a different number of points. The scoring system of the MSI is constantly the same. The surveyed persons score each indicator from 0 to 4. For this reason

240-1158: The American Council of Learned Societies , the Ford Foundation , the Social Science Research Council , and the US Department of State . IREX conducted scholarly exchanges between the US and the Soviet Union until the fall of the Iron Curtain. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, IREX implemented projects to support democratic reforms and strengthen organizations. IREX administered programs to conduct educational exchanges, strengthen civil society in developing countries, increase internet access, and provide training and support to journalists and media organizations. IREX designs and implements programs that focus on civil society, education, gender, governance, leadership, media, technology, and youth. These programs include

280-651: The Mandela Washington Fellowship for Young African Leaders , the World Smarts STEM Challenge , and Learn to Discern , which has been discussed for its approach to helping citizens recognize disinformation and fake news . International Research and Exchanges Board The International Research & Exchanges Board ( IREX ) is an international, nonprofit organization that specializes in global education and development . IREX works with partners in more than 100 countries. IREX

320-607: The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in 2001. Since then annual reports about “the development of media systems over time and across countries” have been published. The reports rate independent media sustainability in today 80 countries across Africa , Asia , Europe & Eurasia and Middle East & North Africa . The reports not only contain ratings, but also “an extensive Executive Summary of regional findings as well as individual country reports”. However, not all regions have been evaluated from

360-452: The American government or from agencies like USAID or NED , which are subsidized on their part by the government. Furthermore, both indices measures are designed to evaluate characteristics of media systems from the point of view of elite evaluators. Means the survey in a certain country is conducted by experts of the media environment of the country concerned. But the two indices do not assess

400-514: The Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights says. With the aid of the MSI an international comparison of the independence and/or sustainability of media systems is possible. An international comparison allows policymakers to parse media systems and examine the areas in which media development assistance can advance citizens’ access to news and information. Moreover, the results of

440-474: The Freedom of the Press Index compiled by Freedom House . Table 1 compares the basic characteristics of the two indices, whereas table 2 is a more detailed analysis of the questionnaires . First of all you can see in table 1 that there are some similarities between the indices. Both IREX and Freedom House have their headquarters in America, both are nonprofit organizations , which receive financial support from

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480-431: The Freedom of the Press Index's main concern and underlying concept - that is the freedom of the press. This concept of the freedom of the press must be seen together with "the legal environment for the media, political pressures that influence reporting, and economic factors that affect access to information". So the Freedom of the Press Index also includes for example questions about independent judiciary , censorship and

520-489: The Freedom of the Press Index. So Freedom House includes the access to plurality viewpoints, which is no subject within the MSI. Here the MSI differentiates between access to information for media, journalists and citizens, whereas the Index of Freedom House focuses more on existing laws protecting the access to information for journalists. MSI compares the entry to the media market to entries to other industries. The Freedom of

560-411: The MSI provide essential information for the media, their representatives and outlets and inform them as well as the civil society and the governments of the strengths and weaknesses of each country. The MSI uses five fundamental objectives to assess to what extent a media system is independent, sustainable and successful. The five objectives are: These five objectives are the most central aspects of

600-414: The MSI question contains the aspect of the civil law against libeling. Both indices ask if everyone has the freedom to become a professional journalist. But MSI also raises the question if there are restrictions against or special laws in favour of freedom. The Freedom of the Press Index instead contains the question if professional groups have the freedom to support journalists. This is just one example for

640-682: The MSI questionnaire seems to be clearer and more transparent and the questions can be better compared to each other. USAID U.S. state department UNESCO Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) U.S. National Endowment for Democracy (NED) U.S. government European Commission 0-4, 0 = worst; 4 = best 0-100, 0 = best; 100 = worst At first glance the questionnaires appear to differ because of their different content and categories, their different structure and different number of questions, which you can see in table 1. But recent literature shows that there are similarities. For example, Becker and Vlad found out that although

680-461: The Press Index contains in addition or penalties of journalists and also the distinction between freedom of expression and freedom of the press. However, they both measure protection of free speech. In this category the questions are all about free access to media and its protection. Here the MSI specifies the protection against economic threats and law restrictions. Whereas the Freedom of the Press Index just asks about it in general. The MSI also makes

720-550: The Press Index operates in this category on a more specific and operational level. It includes both individuals and business entities, which can establish and operate media. And it also deals with the legal regulations for establishing media. The Freedom of the Press Index distinguishes between crimes committed by the state, authorities and other actors and the type of crimes such as legal intimidation, physical violence. It examines if local and foreign journalists can work freely without harassments. The MSI deals with legal prosecution of

760-458: The aspects fits to the associated question. To make this clear the non-fitting aspect is written in italics in table 2. The MSI as well as the Freedom of the Press Index contain questions concerning the following categories: The questions are about legal protection for free speech. But there are slight differences between the questions. For example, the MSI includes social protection and a distinction between state and public media. The Freedom of

800-616: The beginning. Middle East & North Africa were added first in 2005 and the Africa MSI was launched in 2007. The MSI does not gauge Western Europe or the United States . The surveys are funded by USAID , the US state department , UNESCO , Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and the People Technology Foundation. "Sustainability" within this concept "refers to the ability of media to play its vital role as

840-409: The content and have access to different points of view. In the Freedom of the Press Index the question to what extent the government controls the media and what impact control has on the diversity of views is put in a way that public broadcasting is subliminally criticized. IREX, however, words the question in a more positive way. The way of putting a question, the choice of words may have an influence on

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880-469: The country's media or an NGO . Then it is revised by IREX editorial staff. Panelists are allowed to change their scores during the discussion, but it is not promoted by IREX . In a third step the "IREX editorial staff review the panelists’ scores, and then score the country independently of the MSI panel" . The following two tables show a synopsis of the Media Sustainability Index (MSI) and

920-460: The crime but does not specify the type of crime nor who commits the crime. Both indices, however, differentiate against whom crimes are committed. The question about libeling asked by the Freedom of the Press Index concerns existing penalties for libeling officials or the state. The MSI relates more to the person who is defamed and what they can do to prevent libeling (e.g. public officials are held to higher standards, must prove falsity). Furthermore,

960-464: The fact that the MSI as well as the Freedom of the Press Index sometimes ask two questions in one, which makes it difficult for the panelists to score. In this category the questions are relatively similar except that the MSI also queries the self-censorship of the editors. Another little difference is the fact that the MSI indicator is formulated negatively. Only the Freedom of the Press Index differentiates between private and public payments. Overall

1000-448: The final score is interpreted as shown below: In each country IREX compiles a panel of local experts who undertake the scoring. The recruited experts represent a broad range of local media workers (editors, reports, owners, managers, media development workers) of urban and rural populations, of the main local ethnic groups in addition to representatives from different geographic regions as well as representatives from academia, NGO ’s and

1040-577: The government. Here all questions are put positively. But they contain different external media bodies. Whereas the MSI indicators include independent broadcasting ratings and market researches and its duties, the question of the Freedom of the Press Index includes independent media regulatory bodies like the communications council. The MSI questions in this category are more detailed. They divide production and distribution in their different branches like media equipment, newsprint, and printing facilities, kiosks, transmitters, cable, Internet, mobile. And again

1080-522: The impact of the overall economic stability on the media, subjects that are not covered by the MSI. The MSI, however, operates on a wider field. That means it also focuses on professional standards, quality journalism, trainees for journalists, modern technical facilities for distributing and infrastructure, NGOs supporting free media, and the existence of private media as one can see in table 2. But one should keep in mind that both indices have an American bias underlying their measures and concepts. Therefore,

1120-401: The indices examine much the same phenomenon. It also explains why only about one-third of the questions could not be assigned in table 2 or why about two thirds of the questionnaires could be assigned. To find out what questions of the two indices really match and measure the same issues, the questionnaires need to be regarded in more detail. For that reason each single question of the two indices

1160-424: The indices may not fit perfectly in order to access media freedom in countries with a different cultural background. International Research and Exchanges Board The International Research & Exchanges Board ( IREX ) is an international, nonprofit organization that specializes in global education and development . IREX works with partners in more than 100 countries. IREX was established in 1968 by

1200-460: The indices pretend to measure different concepts (sustainable media vs. press freedom) they have a high average correlation ( *Pearson r .87 ) across the years 2001 to 2007. This is so because press freedom is clearly a part of what the MSI assesses, because a media system cannot be sustainable without having a high level of press freedom. So press freedom is definitely one condition for a sustainable media system and therefore it becomes evident that

1240-533: The last report of Middle East & North Africa one can download is from 2009. This means it is not possible to compare the development of the media environment in the surveyed countries at the same time within one year. Another point is that Freedom House has measured Freedom of the Press since 1980, more than twenty years longer than IREX measures Media Sustainability. So it becomes evident that Freedom House has more experience in conducting these studies. Furthermore,

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1280-404: The legal field. All panelists receive the objectives, the indicators with descriptions and an explanation of how the scoring is done correctly. First each panel member individually completes the questionnaire and scores the indicators. In a second step the panelists get together to talk about the objectives and indicators. This discussion is written up by a panel moderator, mostly a representative of

1320-509: The media content and diversity. Again the MSI question is put in a more positive way due to the use of positive adjectives, whereas the Freedom of the Press Index uses negatively connoted verbs like determine . Generally speaking, the Freedom of the Press Index operates with more direct questions and on a more restrictive level. The questions mostly refer to possible media restrictions, influences or control by someone or something. As already indicated by its name, this way of asking questions shows

1360-473: The question about corruption is put more directly in the Freedom of the Press Index than in the MSI. The MSI asks in one question if the payment of journalists is high enough and if the quality standard of the journalists is good enough to prevent corruption. Put that way, the question concerning corruption seems less direct and aggressive in the MSI index. Both indices ask if media ownership and concentration allows transparency so that consumers are able to judge

1400-417: The questions are devised positively with words like apolitical or not restricted. In contrast the Freedom of the Press Index does not divide production and distribution in different branches and here again the question is asked in a direct way in order to get an exact answer to what it wants to measure: the restrictions. These questions examine to what extent the state, politicians or others affect or influence

1440-523: The same number of countries. The MSI rates 80 countries, whereas the Freedom of the Press Index rates more than twice as much countries. Another difference is that Freedom House captures all 196 countries in one annual report, which allows a comparison of all 196 countries at the same time, whereas IREX assesses the 80 countries in five studies ( Africa , Asia , Europe & Eurasia and Middle East & North Africa ), that are not published simultaneously and some of them not even annually. For example,

1480-566: The two indices have different underlying concepts. The underlying concept of the Freedom of the Press Index is to evaluate the status of press freedom in an individual country. IREX ’s concept however is to assess how successful, independent, sustainable a media system is in an individual country and “how media systems change over time and across borders”. To evaluate their respective target they use different questionnaires and scoring systems. The scoring systems as one can see in table 1 do not have much in common. IREX uses scores from 0 to 4, in which 0

1520-454: The valuation. Again the question of the Freedom of the Press Index is asked more directly than the MSI one. It focuses on the control-aspect someone (state or other actors) can have through subsidies or advertising. By contrast the MSI indicator deals more with a fair and law-based distribution of subsidies and advertising that promotes editorial independence. But the MSI question does not refer to subsidies and advertising from other actors than

1560-446: The ‘fourth estate’". In other words, it relates to a media system that provides citizens with "useful, timely and objective information" and as well to a media system that can operate free and independent without political, legal, social or economic restrictions. Furthermore, it refers to a media system in which Journalists have professional standards. And to a system where everybody has the right of free speech and access to information as

1600-787: Was established in 1968 by the American Council of Learned Societies , the Ford Foundation , the Social Science Research Council , and the US Department of State . IREX conducted scholarly exchanges between the US and the Soviet Union until the fall of the Iron Curtain. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, IREX implemented projects to support democratic reforms and strengthen organizations. IREX administered programs to conduct educational exchanges, strengthen civil society in developing countries, increase internet access, and provide training and support to journalists and media organizations. IREX designs and implements programs that focus on civil society, education, gender, governance, leadership, media, technology, and youth. These programs include

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