64-629: McCormick Place is a convention center in Chicago . It is the largest convention center in North America . It consists of four interconnected buildings and one indoor arena sited on and near the shore of Lake Michigan , about 2 mi (3.2 km) south of the Chicago Loop . McCormick Place hosts numerous trade shows and meetings. The largest regular events are the Chicago Auto Show each February,
128-644: A 100,000 square feet (9,300 m) ballroom , the size of a football field and one of the largest ballrooms in the world. McCormick Place continued to expand in October 2017 with the opening of Wintrust Arena , a 10,387-seat arena situated on Cermak Road just north of the West Building. The new facility hosts DePaul Blue Demons men's and women's college basketball , and the WNBA 's Chicago Sky . The new arena boasts 22 suites, 479 club seats, and 2 VIP lounges. The arena
192-688: A 3,000-bed hospital in the wake of the COVID-19 crisis affecting the Chicago area. The $ 15 million project was paid for by FEMA and was scheduled for completion on April 30. In 2021, it was proposed to turn Lakeside Center into a Rivers Casino, as part of the Chicago Casino Proposals . In a move to help birds avoid colliding into its windows, McCormick Place Lakeside Center implemented a project in 2024 to make its windows more visible. The project, which cost $ 1.2 million and took three months to complete,
256-633: A Y-interchange, where I-55 begins/ends. There was once an inverted SPUI north of I-55; however, the overpass became pedestrianized and became part of McCormick Place in the mid-1990s, leading to the closure of this interchange. That same year, northbound traffic on Lake Shore Drive shifted west onto its current configuration west of Soldier Field and Museum Campus . The controlled-access portion ceases between Waldron Drive and Monroe Drive and again at Chicago Avenue. Lake Shore Drive briefly becomes double-decked between Randolph Street and Grand Avenue. The upper deck facilitates expressway-like traffic, while
320-519: A convention center. In Francophone countries, the term is palais des congrès (such as the Palais des Congrès de Paris ) or centre des congrès (such as the Centre des congrès de Quebec). The original convention centers or halls were in castles and palaces . Originally a hall in a castle would be designed to allow a large group of lords, knights and government officials to attend important meetings with
384-401: A cost of $ 43 million, it is meant to provide a true and unencumbered expressway for visitors to move between downtown hotels and the convention center, but is also used by buses for Soldier Field events, public safety workers, Metra , convention contractors, and Art Institute deliveries, along with providing a secure route for national and international government officials to utilize between
448-449: A flyover of Lake Shore Drive. Also, the medical drama ER has shot scenes at or near Lake Shore Drive over the show's 15 season run. The 1971 song " Lake Shore Drive " by Aliotta Haynes Jeremiah is a reference to the road. Styx mentions the road in their 1979 song "Borrowed Time" as well as "Back to Chicago" from 1990. The road is also mentioned in the 2005 Kanye West songs "Drive Slow" and "Grammy Family", as well as in his verse in
512-448: A pair of 90-degree turns) was known locally as the "S-Curve" or the "S-Turn" and was a bottleneck to drivers for many years until the 1980s reconstruction. Lake Shore Drive was extended from Belmont Avenue (3200n) north to Foster Avenue (5200n) in 1933, where it terminated until the 1950s when it was extended — first briefly to Bryn Mawr (5600n) and then in 1957 to its present terminus at Hollywood Avenue (5700n). The landfill used for
576-738: A political moniker. Though he often agreed with the reformers, he looked upon them with the same cynical eye as his fictional Chicago everyman, Slats Grobnik . A part of the Chicago Street Course uses Lakeshore Drive as a part of the track. Many films based in Chicago feature scenes on Lake Shore Drive, including Cheaper by the Dozen , Ferris Bueller's Day Off , The Blues Brothers , The Break-Up , Risky Business , Love Jones , My Best Friend's Wedding , Somewhere in Time and National Lampoon's Vacation . In When Harry Met Sally... ,
640-529: A semi-limited access expressway that runs alongside the shoreline of Lake Michigan and its adjacent parkland and beaches in Chicago , Illinois . Except for the portion north of Foster Avenue (5200 North), the Drive is designated part of U.S. Highway 41 . A portion of the highway on the Outer Drive Bridge and its bridge approaches is multilevel . Between 1927 and 1946, the roadway's southern portion from
704-577: A station on the “L”’s Green Line , lies two blocks west of the convention center's westernmost entrance. The McCormick Place Busway runs 2.5 miles (4.0 km) from Lower Randolph between Michigan and Columbus in downtown Chicago to the center. It uses the lower levels of the multilevel streets near downtown, and surfaces to follow the Metra Electric District right-of-way to outside the South Building of McCormick Place. Opened in 2002 at
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#1733085125448768-714: Is also equipped to host concerts, sporting events, meetings, and conventions in conjunction with the rest of the McCormick Place complex. Sporting events such as gymnastics and volleyball are also held in the McCormick Place buildings in addition to the arena. Archival materials are held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago . The McCormick Place on the Lake 1971 Collection includes photographs, drawings and project files documenting its construction. South of
832-808: Is connected to the East Building by an enclosed pedestrian bridge. In contrast to the dark, flat profile of the East Building, the North Building is white (as the original building was), with twelve concrete pylons on the roof which support the roof using 72 cables. The HVAC system for the building is incorporated into the pylons and give the building the appearance of a rigged sailing ship. The North Building has approximately 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m) of main exhibition space. The South Building, dedicated on December 12th, 1996, and designed by tvsdesign , contains more than 1 million sq ft (93,000 m) of exhibition space. It more than doubled
896-515: Is in Chicago , Cook County . All exits are unnumbered. Much of Chicago's shoreline is given over to public parks. The Drive, running through or alongside these parks, gives travelers views and access to these parks and their many amenities. In addition, the Chicago Lakefront Trail (abbreviated as LFT) is an 18-mile multi-use path that often runs in the parks near the Drive. It is popular with cyclists and joggers. From north to south,
960-531: Is used for slower local traffic and is connected to the street grid. The local drive runs from downtown in Streeterville to LaSalle Drive, (becoming Cannon Drive). Then the inner drive reappears just south of Diversey Parkway, continuing north to Irving Park Road. The portion from Belmont to just south of Irving Park was previously named Sheridan Road (which can still be seen carved in stone in at least one vintage high-rise). The Outer Drive Bridge , also known as
1024-605: The Chicago River to 57th Street was signed as Leif Ericson Drive after the Norse explorer . It was also nicknamed Field Boulevard . The entire route was resigned as Lake Shore Drive in 1946, and its scenic views of the waterfront, beaches, parks, towers and high-rises have become symbolic of Chicago . On June 25, 2021, the Chicago City Council approved a compromise ordinance renaming the outer portion of Lake Shore Drive for
1088-568: The Edgewater neighborhood. Outer Drive , signed as DuSable Lake Shore Drive, is a limited-access road that runs north from Marquette Drive in Jackson Park to Hollywood Avenue in the Edgewater neighborhood. The outer drive limits the ability of pedestrians to access the lake directly from the street grid. Trucks are prohibited on Outer Drive except for a section between I-55 and 31st Street. The original Inner Drive , signed as Lake Shore Drive,
1152-804: The International Home and Housewares Show each March, the National Restaurant Association Annual Show each May, and the International Manufacturing Technology Show in the fall every other year. As early as 1927, Robert R. McCormick , a prominent member of the McCormick family of McCormick Reaper/ International Harvester fame, and publisher of the Chicago Tribune , championed a purpose-built lakeside convention center for Chicago. In 1958, ground
1216-523: The Link Bridge , is the official name of the bridge carrying the Lake Shore Drive portion of US 41 over the main branch of the Chicago River . It is designed as a bascule bridge , and is one of only two in the city to have an upper and lower deck, both dedicated to automobile traffic (the other being on Michigan Avenue ). The Wells Street Bridge and Lake Street Bridge also have two levels, but
1280-529: The 1930s extension was mostly dirt, but the 1950s extension included rubble and debris from the destruction of homes razed for the construction of the Congress Expressway (now the Eisenhower Expressway ). Portions of the drive between Irving Park Road and Foster Avenue still contain the original concrete from the 1930s but have been paved over in 2009. Prior to the extension to Hollywood, traffic
1344-547: The 1967 fire, and so was incorporated into the interior of the new building. The theater, with the largest seating capacity of any active theater in Chicago (the Uptown Theatre having more seating, but currently closed), underwent major modifications in 1997 to improve its acoustics. On March 27, 2020, the United States Army Corps of Engineers announced that the complex would begin transforming convention space into
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#17330851254481408-515: The 1993 proposal was reintroduced by 4th Ward Alderman David Moore and co-sponsored by ten others. Due to renewed national political attention to race relations following the May 2020 murder of George Floyd and subsequent civil unrest , which also impacted Chicago, the plan gained traction. In December 2020, a hearing on the proposal was held, but the vote was delayed to April 2021 due as Mayor Lori Lightfoot sought alternatives to honor du Sable. The plan
1472-523: The 2010s and the 2020s, IDOT, CDOT, and the Chicago Park District worked on a project (dubbed "Redefine the Drive") to reconstruct a portion of Lake Shore Drive north of downtown, citing traffic congestion, deteriorating infrastructure, and safety issues. The project also sought to expand the lakefront as well as adding amenities to the lakefront (including the Lakefront Trail ) and straightening
1536-599: The Boost Mobile promotional single "Whole City Behind Us." The song "Lake Shore Drive" by Art Porter Jr. is also about the famous road. It is also mentioned in Fall Out Boy 's song, "Lake Effect Kid": "joke us, joke us 'till Lake Shore Drive comes back into focus." Lake Shore Drive is also featured in the 1999 Microsoft game Midtown Madness . In the Electronic Arts NASCAR video game series, 2005: Chase for
1600-509: The Chicago Park District spent $ 350,000 on plans for new marinas along Lake Shore Drive, including one at Devon-Granville, and in July 2005, Cong. Jan Schakowsky (IL-9) obtained federal funding reported variously as $ 800,000 and $ 1 million for a study of the possible extension of the Chicago North lakefront path; both of these developments fueled residents' suspicion of a secret city plan to extend
1664-637: The Drive. The controversy remained an issue through the 2007 aldermanic election in the 49th Ward. In 2008, proposals by Friends of the Parks to extend the lakefront park system north, possibly through offshore manmade islands linked by bike paths, met with similar resident opposition. Despite statements by FOP that no extension of the Drive was contemplated, activists contended that the Park District "has plans already drawn up that clearly show Lake Shore Drive immediately east of" Edgewater and Rogers Park. Throughout
1728-565: The Loop and points south—stop at an eponymous station underneath McCormick Place. South Shore trains also stop here, but only on weekends and during special events, and will not board northbound nor discharge southbound passengers due to a non-compete agreement with Metra. At the street level, CTA’s #3 and #21 bus lines—which run north-south and east-west through the South and Southwest Sides, respectively—serve McCormick directly. Cermak-McCormick Place ,
1792-449: The S-curve near Oak Street Beach. Organizations like Active Transportation Alliance emphasized the need to make the lakefront more welcoming to pedestrians and cyclists, suggesting that Lake Shore Drive be downsized. One proposal put forward in 2017 was to place the straightened S‑curve underground. In the fall of 2020, planners narrowed the lane configuration options down to 5: keep
1856-447: The West Building, also designed by tvsdesign and costing $ 882 million and completed eight months ahead of schedule. The publicly financed West Building contains 470,000 square feet (44,000 m) of exhibit space, bringing McCormick Place's total existing exhibition space to 2.67 million square feet (248,000 m). The West Building also has 250,000 square feet (23,000 m) of meeting space, including 61 meeting rooms, as well as
1920-475: The bridge South of the river. LSD came from the south on its current alignment, but continued straight at the curve north of Monroe Street, rising onto a viaduct. It intersected Randolph Street at grade and then continued north above the Illinois Central Railroad 's yard. At the river, it made a sharp turn to the right, and another sharp turn to the left onto the bridge. This reverse curve (actually
1984-649: The center is McCormick Place Bird Sanctuary, created in 2003. The northern end includes a recreated prairie, covering the roof of the center's underground carpark, and so requiring the use of shallow-rooted plants. McCormick Place is served by the Chicago Transit Authority ’s bus and ”L” (rapid transit) systems; by Metra , Chicago’s commuter rail network; and by the South Shore Line , an interurban passenger rail service that runs between Chicago and South Bend . Metra Electric trains—which run between
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2048-440: The city's first non-indigenous settler, Jean Baptiste Pointe du Sable . The Lakefront Trail , an 18-mile (29 km) multi-use trail, parallels Lake Shore Drive on the east side for most of its length. Pedestrians can access the lake at numerous points all along Lake Shore Drive through underpasses and overpasses that connect the lake with the city's lakefront neighborhoods. The southern portion of Lake Shore Drive begins at
2112-617: The clock to remove the vehicles and clear the roadway, and Lake Shore Drive was reopened just before dawn on February 3, 2011. A thirty-year development plan estimated to cost $ 4 billion was approved by Chicago in September 2010, for the former site of the US Steel plant in South Chicago , which operated along the neighborhood's shoreline from 1880 to 1992, and which has undergone extensive demolition and environmental remediation since; included in
2176-539: The existing lanes except for the addition of queue jump lane , add a bus lane (the "Addition"), turn the left lane into a bus lane (the "Exchange"), turn the left lane into toll lane (the "Flex"), and turn two left lanes into toll lanes (the "Double Flex"). The Drive connects the following Chicago community areas from South to North: South Shore ; Woodlawn ; Hyde Park ; Kenwood ; Oakland ; Douglas ; Near South Side ; The Loop ; Near North Side ; Lincoln Park ; Lake View ; Uptown ; and Edgewater . The entire route
2240-544: The foundations of the burned building. The new design of dark steel and glass, by Gene Summers of C. F. Murphy and Associates (and formerly of Mies van der Rohe 's office) contrasted markedly with the white look of the structure that had burned. On January 3, 1971, the replacement building, later called the East Building and now called the Lakeside Center, opened with a 300,000 square feet (28,000 m) main exhibition hall. The Arie Crown Theatre sustained only minor damage in
2304-443: The intersection of Ewing Avenue (US 41), Harbor Avenue, and Mackinaw Avenue. Lake Shore Drive runs through the former South Works steel plant as a four-lane divided highway, effectively bypassing the built-up area in South Chicago . Lake Shore Drive ends at the intersection of 79th Street and South Shore Drive; US 41 continues north through South Shore via South Shore Drive. The main section of Lake Shore Drive begins at
2368-419: The intersection of Jeffery Drive and Marquette Drive. After 57th Street, Lake Shore Drive becomes an expressway. Exits to Hyde Park Boulevard and 53rd Street are only accessible for southbound traffic. The interchange design at 47th Street is unusual as traffic would exit or enter on the left side of northbound Lake Shore Drive instead of on the right side. South of McCormick Place , Lake Shore Drive meets I-55 at
2432-589: The king. A more ancient tradition would have the king or lord decide disputes among his people. These administrative actions would be done in the great hall and would exhibit the wisdom of the king as judge to the general populace. One of the most famous convention center debacles happened in France on June 20, 1789. King Louis XVI locked a group known as the Third Estate out of the meeting hall in Versailles. This led to
2496-481: The lower deck facilitates local traffic. After intersecting with Chicago Avenue, Lake Shore Drive travels in a sharp reverse curve at Oak Street Beach before returning to controlled-access once again. In Uptown , three diamond interchanges are spaced 1 ⁄ 4 mile (0.40 km) apart. US 41 leaves Lake Shore Drive at an interchange with Foster Avenue. The expressway continues north, serving Bryn Mawr Avenue, before ending at Hollywood Avenue/Sheridan Road in
2560-450: The name change, with a majority of white residents critical of the plan and a majority of non-white residents in support. This divide was reflected in the Council vote: the ordinance received predominantly non-white aldermanic support, while two-thirds of the aldermen in opposition were white. By contrast to the 2010s southern extension, the extension of Lake Shore Drive to the north has been
2624-569: The northbound lane ran on the east side of Soldier Field while the southbound lane ran on the west side. On March 20, 2003, some 15,000 anti-war protesters marched along Lake Shore Drive the day after the United States invasion of Iraq , stopping all traffic for several hours. The spontaneous direct action occurred after the original protest route through downtown Chicago, as planned by the Chicago Coalition Against War & Racism,
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2688-421: The parks are Lincoln Park , Grant Park , Burnham Park and Jackson Park . In the 20th century, the tiny neighborhoods near Lake Shore Drive came to be occupied by exclusive high-rise apartments, condominiums and co-op buildings. To the political columnist Mike Royko , Lake Shore Drive was goo-goo territory, a land occupied by Chicago's wealthy "good-government" types. Royko sometimes used Lake Shore Drive as
2752-407: The plan was an extension of Lake Shore Drive through the property. This extension opened at 9 am October 27, 2013. As early as 1993, a proposal to rename Lake Shore Drive in honor of du Sable was backed by former Aldermen Toni Preckwinkle (4th Ward) and Madeline Haithcock (2nd Ward). However, this plan was rejected by former Mayor Richard M. Daley , who cited its high cost. In October 2019,
2816-591: The present-day feeder ramp, connecting to present-day Bishop Ford Freeway. An I-494 proposal was also considered around the same time for the Crosstown Expressway . In 1966, the I-494 designation was relocated to the Crosstown Expressway. At the same time, further extensions and upgrades on the freeway were canceled. When Wacker Drive was extended east to LSD in the 1970s, its upper level ended at LSD at
2880-572: The revolutionary group holding their meeting in an indoor tennis court. This was the first modern democratic conference center and lead to the Tennis Court Oath and the French Revolution . Lake Shore Drive Lake Shore Drive (officially Jean Baptiste Pointe du Sable Lake Shore Drive ; also known as DuSable Lake Shore Drive , the Outer Drive , the Drive , LSD or DLSD ) is
2944-751: The road as a benefit to potential customers. Convention center A convention center ( American English ; or conference centre in British English ) is a large building that is designed to hold a convention , where individuals and groups gather to promote and share common interests. Convention centers typically offer sufficient floor area to accommodate several thousand attendees. Very large venues, suitable for major trade shows , are sometimes known as exhibition halls . Convention centers typically have at least one auditorium and may also contain concert halls , lecture halls , meeting rooms , and conference rooms . Some large resort area hotels include
3008-546: The southbound side opened in November 1986. A new lower level was built, using the lower level of the bridge, and providing access to the new Wacker Drive and the roads on the north side of the river. The old road south of Randolph became the Richard and Annette Bloch Cancer Survivors Garden : the east–west part was reconstructed as part of Wacker Drive (which was being rebuilt at the time). The rest, between Randolph and Wacker,
3072-517: The space in the complex and made McCormick Place the largest convention center in the nation. The South Building was built on the former site of the McCormick Inn, a 25-story, 619-room hotel built in 1973 as part of the McCormick City complex and demolished in 1993 when ground was broken for the South Building. On August 2, 2007, McCormick Place officials opened yet another addition to the complex,
3136-472: The subject of controversy in recent years. In 2004, a private foundation solicited plans, and the Chicago Park District considered a feasibility study, to extend Lake Shore Drive farther north through Rogers Park and into Evanston . Residents protested against cutting neighborhoods off from the lake, and Rogers Park and Edgewater voters rejected the extension in a referendum placed on the ballot by citizen initiative in November 2004. However, in spring 2005,
3200-556: The title characters are seen taking Lake Shore Drive in the opposite compass direction to that which their origin point and destination would require. In television, Lake Shore Drive is seen in AT&;T's / "The New Cingular's" "Weight" ad with the ad's protagonist driving south along Lake Shore Drive towards the John Hancock Building . The opening credits of the late 1980s and early 1990s sitcom Married... with Children features
3264-511: The two points. It is not necessarily restricted only to buses, despite its name. It is also known as the "Mayor's Road" (as it runs to Maggie Daley Park , which was named in memoriam for mayor Richard M. Daley 's wife), the " Bat Cave ", the "Magic Road" and a "secret road". Road use is administered by the Chicago OEMC (Office of Emergency Management and Communications), and regular users are granted access cards. The convention center advertises
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#17330851254483328-501: The upper level is for elevated train traffic into the Loop . The Link Bridge was constructed in 1937. At the time of its construction, it was considered to be both the widest and longest bascule bridge in the world. Lake Shore Drive's origins date back to Potter Palmer , who coerced the city to build the street adjacent to his lakefront property to enhance its value. Palmer built his " castle " at 1350 N. Lake Shore Drive in 1882. The drive
3392-476: The west curve (the lower level dead-ended underneath). A new development at the northeast corner of the Randolph Street intersection resulted in an extension of Randolph across LSD. Construction began in 1982 on a realignment of LSD south of the river (along with a reconstruction north of the river). A whole new alignment was built, greatly smoothing the S-curve. The northbound side opened in October 1985, and
3456-494: Was also amended to reduce the price tag, only renaming the Outer Drive from Hollywood Avenue to 67th Street. In late April 2021, this amended plan was reported favorably out of committee. A full Council vote was expected to take place in late May, but this was delayed further to late June due to Lightfoot's opposition. In late June, the proposal was passed by the City Council, 33-15. Polls indicated racial polarization around
3520-659: Was blocked by law enforcement. Approximately 900 marchers were arrested and a City Council investigation was held before all charges were dropped. During the Groundhog Day Blizzard , Lake Shore Drive had to be closed because of the large amount of snow present on the roadway. The city estimated 900 vehicles became stuck on Lake Shore Drive, with the Associated Press reporting approximately 1,500 vehicles stuck. Hundreds of motorists had become stranded on Lake Shore Drive, some for as long as 12 hours. Crews worked around
3584-531: Was broken for a $ 35 million facility that opened in November 1960, and was named after McCormick, who died in 1955. The lead architect was Alfred Shaw, one of the architects of the Merchandise Mart . This building included the Arie Crown Theater , designed by Edward Durell Stone . It seated nearly 5,000 people and was the second largest theater (by seating capacity ) in Chicago. The 1960 exposition hall
3648-422: Was destroyed in a major fire on January 16, 1967, despite being thought fireproof by virtue of its steel and concrete construction. At the time of the fire, the building contained highly combustible exhibits, several hydrants were shut off, and there were no sprinklers on the main floor where the fire started. Thus the fire spread quickly and destructively, taking the life of security guard Kenneth Goodman. The fire
3712-472: Was funneled onto Foster, then north onto Sheridan Road, which still remains a wide 4-lane street to this day, though most traffic doesn't rejoin Sheridan until LSD ends at Hollywood Avenue now. Sheridan Road south of Foster narrows to 2 lanes of traffic with street parking on each side as well. In the 1950s and 1960s, Illinois and Cook County presented plans for an Interstate 494 to run along part of LSD. I-494
3776-619: Was initially planned to run from the Chicago Skyway at Stony Island Avenue to the Kennedy Expressway at the Ohio Street feeder ramp. The freeway would travel along Stony Island Avenue, Lake Shore Drive, and Ohio Street, bisecting Jackson Park in the process. Later, it was planned to connect south towards the currently-named Bishop Ford Freeway. The extension of a proposed freeway would have continued south along Stony Island Avenue, including
3840-624: Was initiated following an incident in 2023 when, on a single night at the height of the fall bird migration, nearly 1,000 birds collided into the building's windows and died. The modified windows are covered with an array of small white dots designed to be visible to birds. (The dots were applied to the building's existing windows on sheets of adhesive film; the film was later removed, leaving the dots in place.) The windows at McCormick Place Lakeside Center encompass an area equivalent to two U.S. football fields, or roughly 2.6 acres. The North Building, located west of Lake Shore Drive and completed in 1986,
3904-494: Was investigated by a team led by Rolf H. Jensen, Professor of Fire Protection Engineering at the Illinois Institute of Technology, who later went on to found RJA Group. Many lessons were learned and multiple building, electrical, and fire codes for the city and worldwide were amended to avert a repeat situation. Although many wanted to rebuild the hall on a different site, Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley elected to rebuild on
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#17330851254483968-523: Was kept for several years as Field Boulevard but was demolished in 1994. Only some old street lighting, sidewalks & fire hydrants remain, marking the former route. Current plans are for new upper-level streets in the area as part of the Lakeshore East development. On November 10, 1996, new northbound lanes opened next to the original southbound lanes at Soldier Field , eliminating the original wide median from 1943. Prior to this 1996 reconstruction,
4032-481: Was never used until LSD was rebuilt in 1986. At the time the bridge was built, it was the longest and widest bascule bridge in the world. The Lake Shore Drive (Outer Drive) and Link Bridge Photograph Album, c1937, documents the bridge's construction. The album is held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago . North of the river, LSD intersected Ohio Street at grade, and then passed over Grand Avenue and Illinois Street on its way to
4096-482: Was originally intended for leisurely strolls for the wealthy in their carriages, but as the auto age dawned it took on a different role completely. In 1937, the double-decker Link Bridge (officially the Outer Drive Bridge) over the Chicago River opened, along with viaducts over rail yards and other industrial areas connecting to both ends of it. The lower level was intended for a railroad connection, but it
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