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36-686: Mbuya is located in Nakawa Division , one of the five administrative divisions of Kampala. It is bordered by Kyambogo to the north, Kinawataka and Kireka to the northeast, Butabika and Biina to the east, Mutungo to the southeast, Port Bell , Kitintale and Bugoloobi to the south, Namuwongo to the southwest, Nakawa to the west and Ntinda to the northwest. Mbuya is located approximately 9 kilometres (5.6 mi), by road, east of Kampala's central business district . The coordinates of Mbuya are: 0°19'39.0"N, 32°37'48.0"E (Latitude: 0.3275; Longitude: 32.6300). Before Europeans came to Uganda, Mbuya

72-409: A hard surface with their edges slightly overlapping, and then another layer of strips is laid on top at right angles. The strips may have been soaked in water long enough for decomposition to begin, perhaps increasing adhesion, but this is not certain. The two layers possibly were glued together. While still moist, the two layers were hammered together, mashing the layers into a single sheet. The sheet

108-618: A loanword of unknown (perhaps Pre-Greek ) origin. Greek has a second word for it, βύβλος ( byblos ), said to derive from the name of the Phoenician city of Byblos . The Greek writer Theophrastus , who flourished during the 4th century BCE, uses papyros when referring to the plant used as a foodstuff and byblos for the same plant when used for nonfood products, such as cordage, basketry, or writing surfaces. The more specific term βίβλος biblos , which finds its way into English in such words as 'bibliography', 'bibliophile', and 'bible', refers to

144-449: A long roll, or scroll, was required to create large-volume texts. Papyrus had the advantage of being relatively cheap and easy to produce, but it was fragile and susceptible to both moisture and excessive dryness. Unless the papyrus was of perfect quality, the writing surface was irregular, and the range of media that could be used was also limited. Papyrus was gradually overtaken in Europe by

180-663: A matter of decades; a 200-year-old papyrus was considered extraordinary. Imported papyrus once commonplace in Greece and Italy has since deteriorated beyond repair, but papyri are still being found in Egypt; extraordinary examples include the Elephantine papyri and the famous finds at Oxyrhynchus and Nag Hammadi . The Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum , containing the library of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus , Julius Caesar 's father-in-law,

216-436: A rival writing surface that rose in prominence known as parchment , which was made from animal skins . By the beginning of the fourth century A.D., the most important books began to be manufactured in parchment, and works worth preserving were transferred from papyrus to parchment. Parchment had significant advantages over papyrus, including higher durability in moist climates and being more conducive to writing on both sides of

252-492: A tertiary referral hospital for the UPDF (f) Naguru General Hospital (g) Butabika National Referral Hospital , Uganda's only psychiatric referral hospital (h) Luzira Maximum Security Prison (i) Nakawa Market (j) Quality Chemical Industries Limited . 00°20′N 32°37′E  /  0.333°N 32.617°E  / 0.333; 32.617 Papyrus Papyrus ( / p ə ˈ p aɪ r ə s / pə- PY -rəs )

288-497: Is a material similar to thick paper that was used in ancient times as a writing surface . It was made from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus , a wetland sedge . Papyrus (plural: papyri or papyruses ) can also refer to a document written on sheets of such material, joined side by side and rolled up into a scroll , an early form of a book. Papyrus was first known to have been used in Egypt (at least as far back as

324-442: Is of highly rot-resistant cellulose , but storage in humid conditions can result in molds attacking and destroying the material. Library papyrus rolls were stored in wooden boxes and chests made in the form of statues. Papyrus scrolls were organized according to subject or author and identified with clay labels that specified their contents without having to unroll the scroll. In European conditions, papyrus seems to have lasted only

360-419: Is one of the five administrative divisions of the city of Kampala , the capital and largest city of Uganda . The town of Nakawa is the site of the division headquarters. Nakawa Division lies in the eastern part of the city, bordering Kira Town to the east, Wakiso District to the north, Kawempe Division to the north-west, Kampala Central Division to the west, Makindye Division across Murchison Bay to

396-650: The Cambridge Antiquarian Society , one of the Papyri Graecae Magicae V, translated into English with commentary in 1853. Papyrus was made in several qualities and prices. Pliny the Elder and Isidore of Seville described six variations of papyrus that were sold in the Roman market of the day. These were graded by quality based on how fine, firm, white, and smooth the writing surface was. Grades ranged from

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432-609: The First Dynasty ), as the papyrus plant was once abundant across the Nile Delta . It was also used throughout the Mediterranean region. Apart from writing material, ancient Egyptians employed papyrus in the construction of other artifacts , such as reed boats , mats , rope , sandals , and baskets . Papyrus was first manufactured in Egypt as far back as the third millennium BCE. The earliest archaeological evidence of papyrus

468-569: The Islamic world , which originally learned of it from the Chinese. By the 12th century, parchment and paper were in use in the Byzantine Empire , but papyrus was still an option. Until the middle of the 19th century, only some isolated documents written on papyrus were known, and museums simply showed them as curiosities. They did not contain literary works. The first modern discovery of papyri rolls

504-538: The Merovingian chancery was with a document from 692 A.D., though it was known in Gaul until the middle of the following century. The latest certain dates for the use of papyrus in Europe are 1057 for a papal decree (typically conservative, all papal bulls were on papyrus until 1022), under Pope Victor II , and 1087 for an Arabic document. Its use in Egypt continued until it was replaced by less expensive paper introduced by

540-560: The 18th century, a library of ancient papyri was found in Herculaneum , ripples of expectation spread among the learned men of the time. However, since these papyri were badly charred, their unscrolling and deciphering are still going on today. Papyrus was made from the stem of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus . The outer rind was first removed, and the sticky fibrous inner pith is cut lengthwise into thin strips about 40 cm (16 in) long. The strips were then placed side by side on

576-411: The division is characterized by flat-topped hills of uniform height divided by shallow valleys forming papyrus swamps. Most of the streams flow into Lake Victoria. The streams are characterized by low gradient and comparatively broad valley floors. Owing to alluvial aggregation, low gradient, and frequent local silting, many valley floors have become seasonal or permanent swamps. The soil geology from which

612-452: The division vegetation can be considered as natural. The vegetation of the hills, which was originally shrubs and forests, has been modified to a greater extent as a result of clearing to give way for settlement (high income residential neighborhoods on the hills) and the papyrus swamps have been encroached on, in the valleys, by illegal developers. The 1991 national census estimated the division's population at 135,519. The 2002 census put

648-410: The figure at 246,781, with 122,249 (49.5 percent) females and 124,532 (50.5 percent) males. In 2002, the division had 20.3 percent of the total Kampala District population. Children below five years of age were 20 percent of the division population. Youth aged 10 to 24 were 30 percent of the population, and 26.7 percent of the population were women of child-bearing age. The population growth rate in 2002

684-453: The form of codices akin to the modern book. This may have been mimicking the book-form of codices created with parchment . Early Christian writers soon adopted the codex form, and in the Greco-Roman world, it became common to cut sheets from papyrus rolls to form codices. Codices were an improvement on the papyrus scroll, as the papyrus was not pliable enough to fold without cracking, and

720-479: The inner bark of the papyrus plant. Papyrus is also the etymon of 'paper', a similar substance. In the Egyptian language , papyrus was called wadj ( w3ḏ ), tjufy ( ṯwfy ) , or djet ( ḏt ). The word for the material papyrus is also used to designate documents written on sheets of it, often rolled up into scrolls. The plural for such documents is papyri. Historical papyri are given identifying names – generally

756-399: The lake surface and to regular winds, which drift across the lake from east to west all seasons, the average annual rainfall is high; 1,558 millimetres (61.3 in). There is a tendency of the rainfall to decrease as one moves northwards from the lake shores. The rain falls in 160 to 170 days each year, with two peaks from March to May and from October to November. Only a small proportion of

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792-440: The long strip scrolls required, several such sheets were united and placed so all the horizontal fibres parallel with the roll's length were on one side and all the vertical fibres on the other. Normally, texts were first written on the recto , the lines following the fibres, parallel to the long edges of the scroll. Secondarily, papyrus was often reused, writing across the fibres on the verso . One source used for determining

828-416: The method by which papyrus was created in antiquity is through the examination of tombs in the ancient Egyptian city of Thebes , which housed a necropolis containing many murals displaying the process of papyrus-making. The Roman commander Pliny the Elder also describes the methods of preparing papyrus in his Naturalis Historia . In a dry climate , like that of Egypt, papyrus is stable, formed as it

864-851: The name of the discoverer, first owner, or institution where they are kept – and numbered, such as " Papyrus Harris I ". Often an abbreviated form is used, such as "pHarris I". These documents provide important information on ancient writings; they give us the only extant copy of Menander , the Egyptian Book of the Dead , Egyptian treatises on medicine (the Ebers Papyrus ) and on surgery (the Edwin Smith papyrus ), Egyptian mathematical treatises (the Rhind papyrus ), and Egyptian folk tales (the Westcar Papyrus ). When, in

900-473: The soils of the corridor formed belongs to the Basement Complex. It consists of a variety of metamorphic largely granitoid rocks, acid gneisses, schists and sand stones. Most of these rocks are highly weathered. The meteorological data for Kampala City is typical of Nakawa Division. The division is characterized by comparatively small seasonal variations in temperature. Due to a high rate of evaporation from

936-454: The south-west and Lake Victoria to the south. The coordinates of the division are 0°20'00.0"N, 32°37'00.0"E (Latitude:0.333333; Longitude:32.616667). Neighborhoods in the division include Bugoloobi , Bukoto , Butabika , Kiswa, Kiwaatule , Kyambogo , Kyanja , Luzira , Mbuya , Mutungo , Nabisunsa, Naguru , Nakawa , and Ntinda . The average elevation of Nakawa is about 1,083 metres (3,553 ft), above sea level. The topography of

972-408: The superfine Augustan, which was produced in sheets of 13 digits (10 inches) wide, to the least expensive and most coarse, measuring six digits (four inches) wide. Materials deemed unusable for writing or less than six digits were considered commercial quality and were pasted edge to edge to be used only for wrapping. The English word "papyrus" derives, via Latin , from Greek πάπυρος ( papyros ),

1008-488: The surface. The main advantage of papyrus had been its cheaper raw material — the papyrus plant is easy to cultivate in a suitable climate and produces more writing material than animal hides (the most expensive books, made from foetal vellum would take up to dozens of bovine fetuses to produce). However, as trade networks declined, the availability of papyrus outside the range of the papyrus plant became limited and it thus lost its cost advantage. Papyrus' last appearance in

1044-547: The tourist trade was developed in 1962 by the Egyptian engineer Hassan Ragab using plants that had been reintroduced into Egypt in 1872 from France. Both Sicily and Egypt have centres of limited papyrus production. Papyrus is still used by communities living in the vicinity of swamps, to the extent that rural householders derive up to 75% of their income from swamp goods. Particularly in East and Central Africa, people harvest papyrus, which

1080-564: The wild. During the 1920s, when Egyptologist Battiscombe Gunn lived in Maadi , outside Cairo, he experimented with the manufacture of papyrus, growing the plant in his garden. He beat the sliced papyrus stalks between two layers of linen and produced successful examples of papyrus, one of which was exhibited in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. The modern technique of papyrus production used in Egypt for

1116-497: Was 4.8 percent and the total fertility rate was 5.1 percent. The average family size was 4 and the maternal mortality rate was 265 per 100,000 live births. The points of interest located in Nakawa Division include the following: (a) Kyambogo University (b) Makerere University Business School (c) Headquarters of Uganda Revenue Authority (d) Headquarters of Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF) (e) Mbuya Military Hospital ,

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1152-634: Was excavated in 2012 and 2013 at Wadi al-Jarf , an ancient Egyptian harbor located on the Red Sea coast. These documents, the Diary of Merer , date from c.  2560 –2550 BCE (end of the reign of Khufu ). The papyrus rolls describe the last years of building the Great Pyramid of Giza . For multiple millennia, papyrus was commonly rolled into scrolls as a form of storage. However, at some point late in its history, papyrus began being collected together in

1188-557: Was made at Herculaneum in 1752. Until then, the only papyri known had been a few surviving from medieval times. Scholarly investigations began with the Dutch historian Caspar Jacob Christiaan Reuvens (1793–1835). He wrote about the content of the Leyden papyrus , published in 1830. The first publication has been credited to the British scholar Charles Wycliffe Goodwin (1817–1878), who published for

1224-472: Was preserved by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius but has only been partially excavated. Sporadic attempts to revive the manufacture of papyrus have been made since the mid-18th century. Scottish explorer James Bruce experimented in the late 18th century with papyrus plants from Sudan , for papyrus had become extinct in Egypt. Also in the 18th century, Sicilian Saverio Landolina manufactured papyrus at Syracuse , where papyrus plants had continued to grow in

1260-705: Was the seat of Kaggo , a Luganda word meaning whip . Kaggo is the title of the County Chief of Kyaddondo, then one of the 20 counties of Buganda . Today Kyaddondo surrounds Kampala to the north and east and includes most of present-day Kampala . The county headquarters were eventually moved to Kasangati and Mbuya was converted into an upscale residential and commercial area. The following points of interest are located in Mbuya: 00°19′39″N 32°37′48″E  /  0.32750°N 32.63000°E  / 0.32750; 32.63000 Nakawa Division Nakawa Division

1296-467: Was then dried under pressure. After drying, the sheet was polished with a rounded object, possibly a stone, seashell , or round hardwood. Sheets, or Mollema, could be cut to fit the obligatory size or glued together to create a longer roll. The point where the Mollema are joined with glue is called the kollesis. A wooden stick would be attached to the last sheet in a roll, making it easier to handle. To form

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