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62-531: Maximilian Oskar Bircher-Benner was born on 22 August 1867 in Aarau , Switzerland, to Heinrich Bircher and Berta Krüsi. He attended the University of Zurich to study medicine, and later opened his own general clinic. During the first year the clinic was open, Bircher-Benner developed jaundice , and he claimed he recovered by eating raw apples. From this observation, he experimented with the health effects raw foods have on

124-510: A Fachhochschule ). Of the school age population (in the 2008/2009 school year ), there are 861 students attending primary school , there are 280 students attending secondary school, there are 455 students attending tertiary or university level schooling , there are 35 students who are seeking a job after school in the municipality. The football club FC Aarau play in the Stadion Brügglifeld . From 1981 until 2010 they played in

186-648: A bunk bed in a dormitory sleeping 4–20 people, with shared use of a lounge and usually a kitchen. Rooms can be mixed or single-sex and have private or shared bathrooms. Private rooms may also be available. Hostels are popular forms of lodging for backpackers , however very few impose age limits, so hostels are an option for travellers of all ages and styles. The benefits of hostels include lower costs and opportunities to meet people from different places, find travel partners, and share travel experiences. Some hostels, such as in India or Hostelling International , cater to

248-506: A receptionist or in housekeeping . There are approximately 10,000 hostels in Europe and approximately 300 hostels in the United States. In 2023, the hostel industry worldwide was estimated to be worth US$ 6 billion annually, and growing. The typical guest is between 16 and 34 years old, although it can vary depending on the country. In addition to shared kitchen facilities, some hostels have

310-473: A vegetarian . Other scientists of the time did not respond well to what Bircher-Benner referred to as his "new food science," but was sufficiently popular with the general public that he expanded his sanatorium practice. His nutritional habits and eating patterns steadily grew in popularity until he died on 24 January 1939 in Zürich . At his sanatorium in Zürich , a balanced diet of raw vegetables and fruit

372-505: A 13.5% share of lodging guests/nights in 2007. Guests are advised to be respectful of others: In August 1909, Richard Schirrmann , a teacher in Germany, first published his idea of inexpensive accommodation for youth travel after leading a school camping trip that was derailed by a thunderstorm. Schirrmann received considerable support and opened a makeshift hostel for hikers in the school in which he taught. On June 1, 1912, Schirrmann opened

434-563: A French envoy continued to foment the revolutionary opinions of the city. The contrast between a high level of education and a low level of political rights was particularly great in Aarau, and the city refused to send troops to defend the Bernese border. By Mid-March 1798 Aarau was occupied by French troops. On 22 March 1798 Aarau was declared the capital of the Helvetic Republic . It is therefore

496-503: A diet of raw foods seem more appealing. Because of this help from his sisters, his sanatorium gained enormous popularity and he expanded the size of his clinic. Bircher-Benner postulated eating fruit, vegetables and nuts instead of meat. He also advocated a spartan physical regime. At his Zürich sanatorium off Bircher-Benner-Platz, the patients had to follow a somewhat monastic daily schedule including early bedtime (21:00), physical training and active gardening work. Each meal began with

558-461: A good reputation, and was home to Nobel Prize winners Albert Einstein , Paul Karrer , and Werner Arber , as well as several Swiss politicians and authors. The purchase of a manuscript collection in 1803 laid the foundation for what would become the Cantonal Library, which contains a Bible annotated by Huldrych Zwingli , along with the manuscripts and incunabula. More newspapers developed in

620-436: A key component of a German lifestyle reform movement, and the reason he named his clinic "Vital Force." Bircher-Benner held pseudoscientific ideas about nutrition, including vitalism . He believed that all people including babies should eat only raw food. Bircher-Benner developed the idea that cooking deprived foods of their nutritional content and destroyed their "vital substance". He believed that cooked foods leave decay in

682-599: A niche market of travelers. Different hostels can be known for offering different experiences. For example, one hostel might feature in-house social gatherings such as movie nights or communal dinners, another might feature local tours, one might be known for its parties, and another might have a quieter place to relax in serenity, or be located on the beach. Newer hostels focus on a more trendy design, some of which are on par with boutique hotels . Some may cater to older digital nomads , global nomads , and perpetual travelers who prefer slightly more upmarket private rooms or

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744-406: A quieter atmosphere. Hostels may also differentiate themselves by being environmentally friendly ecohostels. In countries where wages are lower, the cost of staying at a hostel may be similar to staying in a budget hotel. Many hostels are locally owned and operated, and are usually cheaper than hotels. Hostels may offer long-term lodging to guests for free or at a discount in exchange for work as

806-649: A restaurant and/or bar. Washing machines and clothes dryers are often provided for an additional fee. Hostels sometimes provide luggage storage. Most hostels offer lockers for safely storing valuables. Some hostels do not provide linens. Some hostels may have a curfew and daytime lockouts. In some cities, hostels reported a higher average income per room than hotels. For example, in Honolulu , Hawaii , upscale hotels reported average daily room rates of $ 173 in 2006, while hostel rooms brought in as much as $ 200 per night, for rooms of eight guests paying $ 25 each. Even during

868-430: A small dish of muesli, developed by Bircher-Benner, followed by mostly raw vegetables and a dessert. Patients were not allowed to consume alcohol, coffee, chocolate or tobacco while they were being treated. Bircher-Benner also recommended his patients to sunbathe, take cold showers and use a medicinal bath developed by American physician John Harvey Kellogg . His theory of life was based on harmony between people and nature,

930-431: A statue of Lady Justice made of sandstone , hence the name. It was originally in the street in front of city hall, but was moved to its present location in front of the town church in 1905 due to increased traffic. As of  2007 , Aarau had an unemployment rate of 2.35%. As of 2005 , there were 48 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 9 businesses involved in this sector. 4,181 people are employed in

992-456: Is Unterentfelden whose settlements are divided from Aarau by the extensive forests of Gönhard and Zelgli. Approximately nine-tenths of the city is south of the Aare, and one tenth is to the north. It has an area, as of 2006 , of 8.9 km (3.4 sq mi). Of this area, 6.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 34% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 55.2% is settled (buildings or roads) and

1054-657: Is a town , a municipality , and the capital of the northern Swiss canton of Aargau . The town is also the capital of the district of Aarau . It is German-speaking and predominantly Protestant . Aarau is situated on the Swiss plateau , in the valley of the Aare , on the river's right bank, and at the southern foot of the Jura Mountains , and is west of Zürich , 58 kilometres (36 miles) south of Basel and 65 kilometres (40 miles) northeast of Bern . The municipality borders directly on

1116-479: Is a terminus of the S-Bahn Zürich on the line S11 . The town is also served with public transport provided by Busbetrieb Aarau AG . The population of Aarau grew continuously from 1800 until about 1960, when the city reached a peak population of 17,045, more than five times its population in 1800. However, since 1960 the population has fallen by 8%. There are three reasons for this population loss: firstly, since

1178-679: Is a vegetable market in the Graben at the edge of the Old City. It is supplied with regional products. In the last week of September the MAG (Market of Aarauer Tradesmen) takes place there, with regional companies selling their products. The "Rüeblimärt" is held in the same place on the first Wednesday in November, which is a Carrot fair. The Aarau fair is held at the ice skating rink during the Spring. Aarau railway station

1240-462: Is responsible for approving tax levels, preparing the annual account, and the business report. In addition, it can issue regulations. The term of office is four years. In the last two elections the parties had the following representation: At the district level, some elements of the government remain a direct democracy. There are optional and obligatory referendums, and the population retains the right to establish an initiative. The executive authority

1302-462: Is the town council ( Stadtrat ). The term of office is four years, and its members are elected by a plurality voting system . It leads and represents the municipality. It carries out the resolutions of the assembly, and those requested by the canton and national level governments. The seven members (and their party) are: In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 27.9% of

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1364-434: Is today marked by a wide street named "Graben" (meaning Ditch). In 1415 Bern invaded lower Aargau with the help of Solothurn. Aarau capitulated after a short resistance, and was forced to swear allegiance to the new rulers. In the 16th century, the rights of the lower classes were abolished. In March 1528 the citizens of Aarau allowed the introduction of Protestantism at the urging of the Bernese. A growth in population during

1426-583: The MySports League , the third highest league of Swiss ice hockey. They play their home games in the 3,000-seat KeBa Aarau Arena. BC Alte Kanti Aarau plays in the Swiss Women's Basketball Championship , the country's top division. Aarau is home to a number of sites that are listed as Swiss heritage sites of national significance . The list includes three churches; the Christian Catholic parish house,

1488-744: The Roman Catholic parish house, and the Reformed City Church . There are five government buildings on the list; the Cantonal Library, which contains many pieces important to the nation's history, and Art Gallery, the old Cantonal School, the Legislature, the Cantonal Administration building, and the archives. Three gardens or parks are on the list; Garten Schmidlin , Naturama Aargau and the Schlossgarten . The remaining four buildings on

1550-564: The canton of Solothurn to the west. It is the largest town in Aargau. At the beginning of 2010 Rohr became a district of Aarau. The official language of Aarau is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German , but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect. The old city of Aarau is situated on a rocky outcrop at a narrowing of the Aare river valley, at

1612-513: The financial crisis of 2007–2008 , many hostels reported increased occupancy numbers at a time when hotel bookings were down. A 2013 study in Australia showed that youth travel was the fastest-growing travel demographic and that the hostel industry was growing at a faster rate than the hotel industry. It showed that youth travel can lead to higher overall spending due to longer trips than traditional vacations. In New Zealand, backpackers hostels had

1674-466: The secondary sector and there are 164 businesses in this sector. 20,186 people are employed in the tertiary sector , with 1,461 businesses in this sector. This is a total of over 24,000 jobs, since Aarau's population is about 16,000 it draws workers from many surrounding communities. As of 2000 there were 8,050 total workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 4,308 or about 53.5% of the residents worked outside Aarau while 17,419 people commuted into

1736-425: The "Rore" tower, which has been incorporated into the modern city hall. In 1273 the counts of Kyburg died out. Agnes of Kyburg, who had no male relations, sold the family's lands to King Rudolf I von Habsburg . He granted Aarau its city rights in 1283. In the 14th century the city was expanded in two stages, and a second defensive wall was constructed. A deep ditch separated the city from its "suburb;" its location

1798-464: The 16th Century led to taller buildings and denser construction methods. Early forms of industry developed at this time; however, unlike in other cities, no guilds were formed in Aarau. On 11 August 1712, the Peace of Aarau was signed into effect. This granted each canton the right to choose their own religion thereby ending Catholicism 's control. Starting in the early 18th century, the textile industry

1860-501: The 2000 census , 4,473 or 28.9% are Roman Catholic , while 6,738 or 43.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church . Of the rest of the population, there are 51 individuals (or about 0.33% of the population) who belong to the Christian Catholic i.e. Old Catholic faith. In place of a town meeting, a town assembly ( Einwohnerrat ) of 50 members is elected by the citizens, and follows the policy of proportional representation . It

1922-657: The German word Au , meaning floodplain . The historic old town forms an irregular square, consisting of four parts (called Stöcke ). To the south lies the Laurenzenvorstadt , that is, the part of the town formerly outside the city wall. One characteristic of the city is its painted gables , for which Aarau is sometimes called the "City of beautiful Gables". The old town, Laurenzenvorstadt, government building, cantonal library, state archive and art museum are all listed as heritage sites of national significance . The buildings in

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1984-564: The Middle Ages, across the Aare was destroyed by floods three times in thirty years, and was replaced with a steel suspension bridge in 1851. This was replaced by a concrete bridge in 1952. The city was linked up to the Swiss Central Railway in 1856. The textile industry in Aarau broke down in about 1850 because of the protectionist tariff policies of neighboring states. Other industries had developed by that time to replace it, including

2046-487: The Middle Ages. A Carillon was installed in the tower in the middle of the 20th century, the bells for which were provided by the centuries-old bell manufacturers of Aarau. The town church was built between 1471 and 1478. During the Reformation , in 1528, its twelve altars and accompanying pictures were destroyed. The "Justice fountain" (Gerechtigkeitsbrunnen) was built in 1634, and is made of French limestone ; it includes

2108-458: The area, along the route now covered by the Bahnhofstrasse. In 1976 divers in the Aare found part of a seven-meter wide wooden bridge from the late Roman times. Aarau was founded around AD 1240 by the counts of Kyburg . Aarau is first mentioned in 1248 as Arowe . Around 1250 it was mentioned as Arowa . However the first mention of a city sized settlement was in 1256. The town was ruled from

2170-422: The body, and from this he promoted muesli; a dish based on raw oats, fruits and nuts. Bircher-Benner expanded on his nutritional research and opened a sanatorium called "Vital Force" in 1897. He believed raw fruits and vegetables held the most nutritional value, cooked and commercially processed foods held even less, and meat held the least nutritional value. Eventually, Bircher-Benner gave up meat entirely and became

2232-399: The city, maintaining the revolutionary atmosphere of Aarau. Beginning in 1820, Aarau has been a refuge for political refugees. The urban educational and cultural opportunities of Aarau were extended through numerous new institutions. A Theatre and Concert Hall was constructed in 1883, which was renovated and expanded in 1995–96. The Aargau Nature Museum opened in 1922. A former cloth warehouse

2294-421: The completion of Telli (a large apartment complex), the city has not had any more considerable land developments. Secondly, the number of people per household has fallen; thus, the existing dwellings do not hold as many people. Thirdly, population growth was absorbed by neighboring municipalities in the regional urban area, and numerous citizens of Aarau moved into the countryside. This trend might have stopped since

2356-425: The digestive tract, that may cause autointoxication . Bircher-Benner's work was not recognized by other scientists until the discovery of vitamins in fruits and vegetables in the 1930s. Because his ideas about nutrition were not supported by the science of his day, he was dismissed as a quack by the medical profession. A contemporaneous academic review of Bircher-Benner's cookbook Health-Giving Dishes claims that

2418-453: The first capital of a unified Switzerland. Parliament met in the city hall. On 20 September, the capital was moved to Lucerne . In 1803, Napoleon ordered the fusion of the cantons of Aargau, Baden and Fricktal. Aarau was declared the capital of the new, enlarged canton of Aargau. In 1820 the city wall was torn down, with the exception of the individual towers and gates, and the defensive ditches were filled in. The wooden bridge, dating from

2480-921: The first hostel in Altena Castle . The original hostel rooms are now a museum. Schirrmann served in World War I and after observing the Christmas truce on the Western Front in December 1915, he wondered whether "thoughtful young people of all countries could be provided with suitable meeting places where they could get to know each other". In 1919, he founded the German Youth Hostel Association . By 1932, Germany had more than 2,000 hostels recording more than 4.5 million overnights annually. The International Youth Hostel Federation (now Hostelling International )

2542-484: The household, 3,845 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 2,119 homes with 5 or more persons in the household. The average number of people per household was 1.99 individuals. In 2008 there were 1,594 single family homes (or 18.4% of the total) out of a total of 8,661 homes and apartments. In Aarau about 74.2% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or

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2604-648: The list are; the former Rickenbach Factory, the Crematorium, the Haus zum Erker at Rathausgasse 10 and the Restaurant Zunftstube at Pelzgasse. The Bally Shoe company has a unique shoe museum in the city. There is also the Trade Museum which contain stained glass windows from Muri Convent and paintings. Each May, Aarau plays host to the annual Jazzaar Festival attracting the world's top jazz musicians. From

2666-593: The municipality for work. There were a total of 21,161 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. The largest employer in Aarau is the cantonal government, the offices of which are distributed across the entire city at numerous locations. One of the two head offices of the Aargauer Zeitung , Switzerland's fifth largest newspaper, is located in Aarau, as are the Tele M1 television channel studios, and several radio stations. Kern & Co. , founded in 1819,

2728-418: The neighboring large cities. The idea of merging Aarau with its neighboring suburbs has been recently discussed in the hope of arresting the slowly progressing losses. Manufacture include bells, mathematical instruments, electrical goods, cotton textiles, cutlery, chemicals, shoes, and other products. Aarau is famous for the quality of their instruments, cutlery and their bells. Every Saturday morning there

2790-454: The old city originate, on the whole, from building projects during the 16th century, when nearly all the Middle Age period buildings were replaced or expanded. The architectural development of the city ended in the 18th century, when the city began to expand beyond its (still existing) wall. Most of the buildings in the "suburb" date from this time. The "Schlössli" (small Castle), Rore Tower and

2852-660: The population are between 0 and 9 years old and 1,334 teenagers or 8.4% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 2,520 people or 15.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 2,518 people or 15.8% are between 30 and 39, 2,320 people or 14.6% are between 40 and 49, and 1,987 people or 12.5% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 1,588 people or 10.0% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 1,219 people or 7.7% are between 70 and 79, there are 942 people or 5.9% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 180 people or 1.1% who are 90 and older. As of 2000 , there were 1,365 homes with 1 or 2 persons in

2914-530: The production of mathematical instruments , shoes and cement. Beginning in 1900, numerous electrical enterprises developed. By the 1960s, more citizens worked in service industries or for the canton-level government than in manufacturing. During the 1980s many of the industries left Aarau completely. In 1802 the Canton School was established; it was the first non-parochial high school in Switzerland. It developed

2976-462: The public's eye and his sanatorium stayed in business until some time after his death. Shortly after his death, a second sanatorium was opened and named "People's Sanatorium for a Lifestyle Based on Nature," and was run according to Bircher-Benner's ideas. In 1939, the Vital Force clinic was renamed the "Bircher-Benner Clinic" in his memory. In the late 20th century, after closure of the sanatorium, it

3038-728: The remainder (4.5%) is non-productive (rivers or lakes). The lowest elevation, 365 meters (1,198 ft), is found at the banks of the Aar, and the highest elevation, at 471 meters (1,545 ft), is the Hungerberg on the border with Küttigen. A few artifacts from the Neolithic period were found in Aarau. Near the location of the present train station, the ruins of a settlement from the Bronze Age (about 1000 BC) have been excavated. The Roman road between Salodurum ( Solothurn ) and Vindonissa passed through

3100-567: The southern foot of the Jura mountains. Newer districts of the city lie to the south and east of the outcrop, as well as higher up the mountain, and in the valley on both sides of the Aare. The neighboring municipalities are Küttigen to the north and Buchs to the east, Suhr to the south-east, Unterentfelden to the south, and Eppenberg-Wöschnau and Erlinsbach to the west. Aarau and the nearby neighboring municipalities have grown together and now form an interconnected agglomeration. The only exception

3162-579: The top tier of the Swiss football league system when they were relegated to the Swiss Challenge League . In the 2013/2014 they climbed back to the highest tier only to be relegated again. In the 2016/17 season they will play in the Swiss Challenge League. They won the Swiss Cup in 1985 and were three times Swiss football champions , in 1912, in 1914 and in 1993. The Argovia Stars play in

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3224-543: The turn of the 21st century. Existing industrial developments are being used for new purposes instead of standing empty. Aarau has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 21,726. As of 2008 , 19.8% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 1%. Most of the population (as of 2000 ) speaks German (84.5%), with Italian being second most common ( 3.3%) and Serbo-Croatian being third ( 2.9%). The age distribution, as of 2008 , in Aarau is; 1,296 children or 8.1% of

3286-437: The upper gate tower have remained nearly unchanged since the 13th century. The "Schlössli" is the oldest building in the city. It was already founded at the time of the establishment of the city shortly after 1200; the exact date is not known. City hall was built around Rore Tower in 1515. The upper gate tower stands beside the southern gate in the city wall, along the road to Lucerne and Bern. The jail has been housed in it since

3348-559: The vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (22.1%), the FDP (17.5%) and the Green Party (11.8%). The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent an Eagle displayed Sable beaked langued and membered Gules and a Chief of the last. Aarau is twinned with: Hostel A hostel is a form of low-cost, short-term shared sociable lodging where guests can rent a bed , usually

3410-415: The work contains "a mixture of physiological half-truths and fantasies" and concludes that the number of people capable of eating solely raw fruits and vegetables as Bircher-Benner encouraged is limited because only few humans can live as herbivores. Thomas Mann , a well-known novelist, visited the sanatorium and described it as a "health jail." Despite disapproval from others, Bircher-Benner's ideas caught

3472-459: Was a proponent of hostels and was president for several years. During World War II , many hostels in Europe were temporarily shut down or placed under the control of the Hitler Youth . In the 1960s and 1970s, hostelling prospered. The industry declined during the 1970s energy crisis . Hostels continued to grow during the financial crisis of 2007–2008 , in part due to their cost appeal. After

3534-439: Was an internationally known geodetic instrument manufacturer based in Aarau. However, it was taken over by Wild Leitz in 1988, and was closed in 1991. The small scale of Aarau causes it to continually expand the borders of its growth. The urban center lies in the middle of the "Golden Triangle" between Zürich , Bern , and Basel , and Aarau is having increasing difficulty in maintaining the independence of its economic base from

3596-633: Was briefly a student hostel . It has since been purchased by Zürich Financial Services , and is named the Zürich Development Center. It is used for executive training, and also houses an extensive private art collection. Several brands of factory-made cereals based on Bircher-Benner's original recipe for wholegrain-fruit-and-nut muesli are widely marketed as popular breakfast and snack foods in Europe and North America. Aarau Aarau ( Swiss Standard German: [ˈaːraʊ] , Alemannic German pronunciation: [ˈɑːræu̯] )

3658-487: Was converted into a small theatre in 1974, and the alternative culture center KIFF (Culture in the fodder factory) was established in a former animal fodder factory. The earliest use of the place name was in 1248 (in the form Arowe), and probably referred to the settlement in the area before the founding of the city. It comes, along with the name of the River Aare (which was called Arula, Arola, and Araris in early times), from

3720-468: Was established in Aarau. German immigration contributed to the city's favorable conditions, in that they introduced the cotton and silk factories. These highly educated immigrants were also responsible for educational reform and the enlightened , revolutionary spirit that developed in Aarau. On 27 December 1797, the last Tagsatzung of the Old Swiss Confederacy was held in Aarau. Two weeks later

3782-457: Was founded in October 1932. It is now an organization composed of more than 90 hostel associations representing over 4,500 hostels in over 80 countries. These hostels cater more to school-aged children, sometimes through school trips, and families with school-aged children. In 1936, Franklin D. Roosevelt was the honorary president of AYH (now Hostelling International USA ). John D. Rockefeller III

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3844-471: Was used as a means to heal patients , contrary to the beliefs commonly held at the end of the 19th century. Bircher-Benner believed raw foods were more nutritious because they contain direct energy from the sun. He encouraged people of good health to eat approximately 50% raw foods on a daily basis, and for those with poor health to eat 100% raw foods. Bircher-Benner's sisters, Alice Bircher and Berta Brupbacher-Bircher, created many recipes using raw foods to help

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