158-404: Pierre Mauroy ( French: [pjɛʁ moʁwa] ; 5 July 1928 – 7 June 2013) was a French Socialist politician who was Prime Minister of France from 1981 to 1984 under President François Mitterrand . Mauroy also served as Mayor of Lille from 1973 to 2001. At the time of his death Mauroy was the emeritus mayor of the city of Lille. He died from complications of lung cancer on 7 June 2013 at
316-573: A sex assault complaint in New York and was de facto eliminated from the primary. Eventually, former party leader François Hollande won the primary and ran as the official Socialist Party candidate for President of France. He narrowly defeated incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy, becoming president-elect of France on Sunday 6 May 2012. The idea for holding an open primary to choose the Socialist Party presidential candidate had first been suggested in 2008, by
474-640: A "bourgeois government". Three years later, Jaurès, Allemane and the possibilists founded the possibilist French Socialist Party , which supported participation in government, while Guesde and Vaillant formed the Socialist Party of France , which opposed such co-operation. In 1905, during the Globe Congress , the two groups merged in the French Section of the Workers International (SFIO). Leader of
632-408: A Presidential primary and a special low membership rate, the party's membership grew from 127,000 to 217,000 between 2005 and 2006. Many potential candidates appeared for the 2007 presidential election : François Hollande , Laurent Fabius (from the left wing of the party), Dominique Strauss-Kahn (who claimed to represent "social democracy"), Jack Lang , Martine Aubry and Ségolène Royal , who
790-498: A candidate for the 1965 presidential election . Consequently, it supported the candidacy of François Mitterrand , a former minister of the Fourth Republic who had been a conservative, then a leftist independent. He was resolutely anti-Gaullist. Supported by all the left-wing parties, he obtained a good result and faced De Gaulle in an unexpected second ballot, becoming the leader of the non-Communist left. In order to exist between
948-462: A circular on 4 July 1984. A circular of July 1982 on maximum concentrations was supplemented by two others, dated December 1983 and May 1984, with a view to the introduction of EEC Directive 80-1107 November 1980 on the protection of workers from exposure to chemical, physical and biological agents at work. A law on worker's democracy in public-sector companies was passed in July 1983 which sought to recreate
1106-462: A decree of June 1982. In regards to the agricultural sector, a decree of 8 March 1982 laid down the conditions attached to the approval of electrical installations in agricultural undertakings and specified which offices are authorized to test these installations. In 1983, leave was introduced for setting up businesses and sabbatical leave for wage-earners, and in June that year, a law was passed that completed
1264-499: A good image in the polls, a strong loyalty to the party (as former First Secretary) and governmental experience (as former Education Minister, and the teachers were numerous and influential in the PS), he defeated Emmanuelli in the internal ballot. Then, he was defeated by Jacques Chirac in the run-off election but, given the PS crisis, his result was judged good and he returned as First Secretary. In
1422-485: A housebuilding drive. It also reduced the burden of direct taxes on lower-income groups, increased the minimum wage and unemployment benefits, and extended health care coverage. The Mauroy government also introduced measures to promote voluntary retirement, early retirement, and improve socio-economic conditions in low-income neighborhoods. Harsh immigration statutes were reversed, new rights were introduced for helper spouses, and an anti-discriminatory Professional Equality Law
1580-444: A law was passed in 1982 to prevent gender segregation in recruitment and to ensure that the situation was monitored carefully. Under a law of May the 7th 1982 “civil service jobs previously closed to women had been opened to them.” Under the 1983 finance law, abolished “the notion of head of family that had been preserved in the tax law” was abolished and both spouses “must now sign a joint income tax return.” An Act of July 1982 allowed
1738-539: A moderate text and obtained 55%. Fabius's allies ("To Rally the Left") advocated more radical policies and gained 20%. Finally, another faction ("New Socialist Party") claimed it was necessary to renovate the party by proposing left-wing policies and a profound reform of French institutions. It obtained 25% of the vote. Virtually all factions agreed on a common agenda, broadly based on the moderate and pro-European majority's position with some left-wing amendments. In anticipation of
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#17328757464541896-563: A national "assises" of researchers, where some 3,000 met in Paris to establish guidelines for future research policy. A law was passed that allowed researchers in universities and agencies to sign contracts with industry. CESTA, an agency for evaluating new fields of science and technology, was established, while more money was allocate to ANVAR, the national agency for promoting the application of basic research. To safeguard workers from exposure to dangerous substances and agents, three Orders containing
2054-455: A new minimum contributory pension was introduced “with increments according to the number of children,” a collaborative 'interministerial' approach to employment and the social rehabilitation of 'at risk' youth was adopted, and in 1983 the Banlieue 89 project was instigated for social and educational measures on estates in the educational priority areas. As a result of such policies, urban grants (as
2212-622: A new popular savings book paying index-linked interest was introduced, under which Individuals domiciled for tax purposes in France and whose tax liability was under FF 1 000 were entitled to hold a maximum of FF 10000 (FF 20000 for households) savings in that scheme. Also in 1982, holidays for the low-paid were encouraged by an extension of holiday Vouchers (Cheques-Vacances), subsidized by the employer and requiring regular saving out of earnings. A banking law of January 1984 entitled individuals lacking current accounts who had been refused by three banks to ask
2370-597: A proportion of local authority revenues) significantly increased during the first three years of the Mitterrand presidency, especially in municipalities controlled by the Left. In 1982, the Missions locales pour l’insertion professionnelle et sociale des jeunes were established, local advice centres that targeted young people (essentially in the 16-25 age group) experiencing major difficulties in finding work. A military reform law, passed in July 1983, enabled those who were opposed to
2528-451: A redundancy payment based on gross earnings prior to termination of the work contract. The law further provided that workers aged 60 or above who voluntarily left the firm would receive a retirement severance grant. Various measures were also undertaken to encourage research. Higher spending was allocated to research, while the directors of the various research councils were changed and a series of regional colloquia set up, which culminated in
2686-521: A referendum for the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty . He left domestic policy to his prime ministers: Michel Rocard, Édith Cresson and Pierre Bérégovoy . The party was hit by scandals about its financing and weakened by the struggle between the heirs of " Mitterrandism ". In 1990, during the Rennes Congress , the " Mitterrandist group" split between the supporters of Laurent Fabius and
2844-598: A result of this additional library expenditure, 17 departments which had previously lacked a "bibliothèque centrale de pret in 1981 had acquired one by 1986. In addition, as a result of the Mauroy Government's library programme, 10 million more people obtained access to major lending library resources. As Paris' share of the cultural budget fell from 60% to 45% between 1981 and 1985, the provinces acquired new theatres, artistic centres, music halls, ballet companies, and popular culture facilities. During its first year in office,
3002-474: A spirit of tripartism in a sector of the economy where existing statutory rights had failed to provide anything more than a consultative role for representatives. Previously, workers had the right to be represented on the boards of public sector companies with 50 or more staff and were entitled to at least 2 board seats, but under the new legislation, public sector companies (previously nationalized companies plus those companies that were nationalized in 1982 in which
3160-428: A splinter group of Socialist MPs known as frondeurs (rebels). Facing the emergence of centrist Emmanuel Macron and left-winger Jean-Luc Mélenchon , PS candidate Benoît Hamon finished 5th in the 2017 presidential election . The PS also declined to the 4th largest party in the 2017 legislative election , and to the 6th largest in 2022 . Several figures who acted at the international level have also been members of
3318-452: A split and the foundation of the dissident Unified Socialist Party (PSU). The SFIO returned to opposition in 1959. Discredited by its fluctuating policy during the Fourth Republic, it reached its lowest ebb in the 1960s. Both because of its opposition to the principle of presidential election by universal suffrage and because De Gaulle's re-election appeared inevitable, the SFIO did not nominate
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#17328757464543476-708: A strike of assistants to call attention to their unmet grievances, the new education minister Alain Savary assured union leaders that all assistants who wished to continue a university career would be granted tenure. Promotion would be facilitated by the establishment of a thousand new maitre-assistant post per year for 4 years. In April 1982, following several demonstrations and strikes by the National Associations of Assistants (ANA), 2000 new tenured assistant positions were created. Government decrees of September and October 1982 introduced various reforms aimed at making entry to
3634-477: A tripling in real terms in state aid to the arts, a quadrupling of spending on public libraries, which led to the number of library loans growing by a third, and the removal of obstacles to cheaper book-retailing. Aid was provided to provincial art museums and local archives for working-class affairs established, while funding to provincial libraries was significantly increased, with the national library budget going up from 163 million to 677 million francs. As
3792-575: A wide range of social reforms including the reduction of the legal workweek from 40 to 39 hours, the limiting of continuous shift working to an average of no more than 35 hours per week, the lowering of the retirement age to 60, and a rise in social welfare benefits. Entitlement to paid holidays was also extended from four to five weeks. During the Mauroy government's first year in office, minimum pensions were increased by 38%, rent allowances by 50%, family allowances by 25% (50% for households with two children), and
3950-592: A year at the level of the firm, and to negotiate real wages once a year and to revise job classifications once every five years at the national industry level. Mandatory collective bargaining at the firm level of industry was introduced, while the laws also strengthened the rules on health and safety in the workplace, bestowing more rights upon the Comites d’hygiene et securite (though not the right to stop production in case of extreme danger), while also granting working-class representatives release time, training for involvement in
4108-635: A year, however, his government collapsed over economic policy and also over the issue of the Spanish Civil War . The fall of the Popular Front caused a new split from the SFIO, with the departure of the left wing of the party, led by Marceau Pivert , to the Workers and Peasants' Socialist Party . The demoralised Left fell apart and was unable to resist the collapse of the French Third Republic after
4266-607: Is a centre-left to left-wing political party in France. It holds social-democratic and pro-European views. The PS was for decades the largest party of the " French Left " and used to be one of the two major political parties under the Fifth Republic , along with the Rally for the Republic in the late 20th century, and with the Union for a Popular Movement in the early 2000s. It
4424-631: Is currently led by First Secretary Olivier Faure . The PS is a member of the Party of European Socialists , Progressive Alliance and Socialist International . The PS was founded in 1969 from a merger of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), the Convention of Republican Institutions led by François Mitterrand , and other groups. In the 1970s, the PS surpassed the Communist Party 's share of
4582-458: Is required. Another decree, made that same month, contained new regulations governing health, safety and preventive health measures in public undertakings. It laid down detailed health and safety requirements and specified how these were to be met. It also contained provisions on training in the area, medical surveillance, and health and safety services. Two Orders of July 1982 amended the rules applicable to fixed-term contracts and temporary work with
4740-716: The 1956 elections . Consequently, he was Prime Minister at the head of a minority government. But the party was in decline, as were the Radicals, and the left never came close to forming a united front. Indeed, this led Mollet to assert, "the Communist Party is not on the left, but in the East". The repressive policy of Mollet in the Algerian War and his support for Charles de Gaulle 's come-back in 1958 (the party lead called to vote "yes" in referendum on Fifth Republic 's constitution) caused
4898-489: The 1994 European Parliament election . He was overthrown by a motley coalition led by Henri Emmanuelli , a "Mitterrandist" left-winger. One year before the 1995 presidential election , the PS was affected by a leadership crisis. Rocard lost the most part of his followers after his 1994 electoral crash, Fabius was weakened by the infected blood scandal , the presidentiability of Emannuelli was questioned. The hope of some party members transferred to Jacques Delors , president of
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5056-657: The Common Programme and the PCF leader Georges Marchais denounced a "turn towards the Right" of the PS. In spite of positive polls, the "Union of the Left" lost the 1978 legislative election . For the first time since 1936 , the Socialists scored better in the polls than the Communists, becoming the main left-wing party, but their defeat caused an internal crisis. Mitterrand's leadership
5214-519: The European Commission and a favourite according to the polls, but he declined due to the radicalisation of the party which prevented his centrist strategy. Finally, Lionel Jospin , who had announced his political retirement after the loss of his parliamentary seat in 1993, came back and proposed to "take stock" of Mitterrand's inheritance. For the first time, the party members were called to nominate their candidate for presidency. Benefiting from
5372-646: The Federation of the Socialist Workers of France (FTSF), was founded in 1879. It was characterised as "possibilist" because it promoted gradual reforms . Two parties split off from it: in 1882, the French Workers' Party (POF) of Jules Guesde and Paul Lafargue (the son-in-law of Karl Marx ), then in 1890 the Revolutionary Socialist Workers' Party (POSR) of Jean Allemane . At the same time,
5530-564: The National Assembly , leaving it in 4th place in terms of seats, and with 7.44% of the 1st round vote. The Parliamentary left group that it dominated (with 30 out of 45 seats after the election, down from 280 out of 331 seats before) finished as the 3rd largest group in the National Assembly. Following the election, Cambadélis resigned from the post of first secretary and Rachid Temal was appointed as acting secretary. The Socialist group
5688-616: The Republican-Socialist Party , which supported socialist participation in liberal governments. Together with the Radicals, who wished to install laicism , the SFIO was a component of the Left Block ( Bloc des gauches ) without to sit in the government. In 1906, the General Confederation of Labour trade union claimed its independence from all political parties. The French socialists were strongly anti-war, but following
5846-603: The Socialist Republican Union . In 1934, the Communists changed their line, and the four left-wing parties came together in the Popular Front , which won the 1936 elections and brought Blum to power as France's first SFIO Prime Minister. Indeed, for the first time in its history, the SFIO obtained more votes and seats than the Radical Party and it formed the central axis of a left-wing parliamentary majority. Within
6004-485: The contrats de préretraites progressive s and the contrats de solidarité-démission . These programmes were aimed at stimulating consumption and aggregate demand by providing firms with incentives to hire younger workers as replacements for early retirees. A year later, "solidarity contracts" were introduced which provided early retirement for older workers aged 55 or above on the condition that firms replace recipients with younger workers. Elderly people benefited greatly from
6162-453: The 1950s. He became a leading figure in the Socialist federation of Nord département , which was among the third biggest of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) party and climbed quickly in the party. In 1966, he became the second most powerful person of the party behind the secretary general, Guy Mollet . Nevertheless, when Mollet resigned as leader in 1969, Alain Savary
6320-412: The 1972 Common Program . Workers' wages were increased and working hours reduced to 39, and many other sweeping reforms carried out, but the economic crisis continued. Reforms included the abolition of death penalty , creation of a solidarity tax on wealth (ISF), introduction of proportional representation in legislative elections (which was applied only at the 1986 election ), decentralization of
6478-497: The 1982 budget. In addition, private investment failed to respond to the government's initiatives, with a 12% decline in volume in 1981. This led Mauroy to advocate the abandonment of Socialist economic policies (which failed to reduce unemployment and inflation), a controversial "U-turn" which was ratified by President Mitterrand in March 1983, and a number of austerity measures were carried out. In 1982, housing allowances were decoupled from
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6636-531: The 1983 budget provided tenure for 14,399 "auxiliariat", teachers were only employed on a casual basis. A decree of June 1982 established a commission for public education staff training (or MAFPEN) in each "académie," while CPR (or "regional teacher training centre", which were established in 1952) training placements were extended to 8–9 hours a week. That same year, the Delegation for Training and Research in Education
6794-471: The Bank of France to designate a bank or the postal bank to provide them with free accounts. An Act of January 1984 asserted a right for all parents to benefit from a parental leave of absence for childrearing, providing that they have one year's seniority. This legislation also allowed parents (under the same conditions) to request part-time work and to shift freely between part-time work and parental leave. In 1982,
6952-623: The Communist International (SFIC) to join the Third International founded by Vladimir Lenin . The right wing, led by Léon Blum , kept the "old house" and remained in the SFIO. In 1924 and in 1932, the Socialists joined with the Radicals in the Coalition of the Left ( Cartel des Gauches ), but refused to join the non-Socialist governments led by the Radicals Édouard Herriot and Édouard Daladier . These governments failed because
7110-614: The Communist Party, leading the left, and the Gaullist Party , leading the country, the SFIO, Radicals, and left-wing republican groups created the Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left under Mitterrand's leadership. But unable to benefit from the May 1968 events, it imploded after its disastrous defeat at the June 1968 legislative elections . One year later, the SFIO candidate Gaston Defferre
7268-610: The Council of Europe's Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers. The Association Law of 1981 allowed foreigners for the first time to form associations in France under the same rules that governed citizens, and these new immigrant associations were thereafter eligible to receive public funding. New policies removed the French language requirements of immigrants to run for seats in employee institutions, and foreign workers became eligible for
7426-627: The ENA more accessible and implemented a new healthcare policy that abolished private beds in hospitals. Additionally, the Mauroy Government promoted arts, culture and education by tripling state aid to the arts, quadrupling spending on public libraries and providing aid to provincial art museums and local archives. They also increased funding to provincial libraries, which resulted in more people obtaining access to major lending library resources. The provinces acquired new theatres, artistic centres, music halls, ballet companies, and popular culture facilities. Overall,
7584-534: The European Constitution , where the proposed Constitution was rejected. Fabius was ejected from the executive office of the party. The split over the European Constitution, as well as party leaders' competing ambitions to win the presidential nomination in 2007, led the party into considerable disarray. In November 2005, during the Le Mans Congress , three main groups were present. The majority supported
7742-492: The Federation Nationale des Syndicats d'Exploitants Agricoles (or FNSEA, the chief farming syndicat). In addition, the Mauroy Government had helped in the establishment of 12,000 farms with young farmers by mid-1983. From 1982 onwards, all self-employed women in France were provided with a lump-sum maternity grant which may be supplemented by an income-replacement allowance. In 1983, the unemployment compensation programme
7900-566: The Issy-les-Moulineaux Congress, Alain Savary was elected First Secretary with the support of his predecessor Guy Mollet. He proposed an "ideological dialogue" with the Communists. The new party inherited the old daily Le Populaire from the SFIO, but it ceased publication soon after on 28 February 1970. Two years later, during the Epinay Congress , pro-François Mitterrand clubs ( Convention of Republican Institutions ), joined
8058-580: The Left" died and the Communist ministers resigned. Although there were two periods of mild economic reflation (first from 1984 to 1986 and again from 1988 to 1990), monetary and fiscal restraint was the essential policy orientation of the Mitterrand presidency from 1983 onwards. The PS lost its majority in the French National Assembly in 1986, forcing Mitterrand to "cohabit" with the conservative government of Jacques Chirac . Nevertheless, Mitterrand
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#17328757464548216-1012: The Lille mayoralty in 2001. Considered a moral authority of the French Left, he supported the candidacy of Ségolène Royal during the 2007 primary election. Governmental functions Prime minister : 1981–1984. Electoral mandates European Parliament Member of European Parliament : 1979–1980 (Resignation). National Assembly of France Member of the National Assembly of France for Nord (French department) (2nd, then 1st constituency from 1988 to 1992) : 1973–1981 (Became Prime minister in 1981) / 1984–1992 (Elected senator in 1992). Elected in 1973, reelected in 1978, 1981, 1984, 1986, 1988. Senate of France Senator of Nord (French department) : 1992–2011. Elected in 1992, reelected in 2001. Regional Council French Socialist Party The Socialist Party ( French : Parti socialiste , [paʁti sɔsjalist] , PS )
8374-414: The Mauroy government increased spending on culture from 0.45% of the national budget to 0.75%, a figure which rose to 0.84% in 1984. The incomes of the poorest sections of society were increased exponentially as a result of social security reforms and a 25% increase in the minimum wage. Allowances for the handicapped were also increased, while the right to deduct the cost of child care for all children under
8532-512: The National School of Administration (or ENA) more accessible to a wider range of French society. The age limit was raised to enable less favoured candidates to catch up on career advancement, the element in the entrance examination for "general culture" (which had proven advantageous to upper-class applicants) was reduced, students from other grandes ecoles were prevented from making claims that they were already civil servants when they applied to
8690-586: The National School of Administration more accessible to a wider range of French society, including raising the age limit and reducing the advantage of upper-class applicants. The Auroux Laws of 1982 improved the rights of trade unions and employees in France, including collective bargaining, representation, information, health and safety, and protection against unfair dismissal. The laws required compensation for overtime and increased paid time off for union activities. They also established mandatory collective bargaining and strengthened rules on health and safety. However,
8848-525: The National School of Administration, and a rule of parity between students and lower civil servants among candidates for admission to the ENA was established. In addition, a law of January 1983 introduced a third route of access to the National School of Administration, reserved for those who had held important posts in mutual aid societies, voluntary associations, and trade unions for a period of at least eight years, and extended this opportunity to certain local elected officials. The Auroux laws (1982) increased
9006-510: The PS against the will of Mitterrand, who supported Laurent Fabius . Until the end of his term, in 1992, he tried to appease the relations between the factions which composed the PS, notably during the very strained 1990 Rennes Congress . He allied with the rocardien group and Lionel Jospin 's supporters, who came from the mitterrandist group. President of the Socialist International from 1992 to 1999, Senator since 1992, he left
9164-580: The PS by the end of the Seventies. One was represented by the Mitterrandists who wanted reform but not a complete break with capitalism. A second faction was led by Michel Rocard and his supporters, who sought social democracy with a strong measure of autogestion, while a third faction formed around Jean-Pierre Chevènement and the CERES group which stood for revolutionary socialism. In 1981, Mitterrand defeated
9322-746: The PS, including Jacques Delors , who was the president of the European Commission from 1985 to 1994 and the first person to serve three terms in that office; Dominique Strauss-Kahn , who was the managing director of the International Monetary Fund from 2007 to 2011; and Pascal Lamy , who was Director-General of the World Trade Organization from 2005 to 2013. Party membership has declined precipitously, standing at 22,000 members in 2021, down from 42,300 in 2016, 60,000 in 2014 and 173,486 members in 2012. However, before
9480-426: The PS. They represented the "left-wing Christian" and non-Marxist group. The most conservative members of the PS, they advocated an alignment of French socialism along the lines of European social democracy , that is, a clear acceptance of the market economy . While the "Union of the Left" triumphed at the 1977 municipal election, the electoral rise of the PS worried the Communist Party. The two parties failed to update
9638-399: The Republic and Union for French Democracy ), as well as the Communist Party. Mitterrand attempted to carry out socialist-inspired reforms (the 110 Propositions ), furthering the dirigiste economic planning trends of the preceding conservative governments. The Prime Minister Pierre Mauroy nationalised the banks, the insurance industry and the defence industries, in accordance with
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#17328757464549796-418: The Socialist Party candidate for the 2012 presidential election . The nominations for the candidacy were opened on 28 June. Though he had not officially declared his candidacy, Dominique Strauss-Kahn , a prominent member of the Socialist Party and the managing director of the International Monetary Fund was the polls' clear favorite to defeat the incumbent conservative president, Nicolas Sarkozy. But he faced
9954-473: The Socialist Party has experienced considerable difficulty in formulating an alternative to right-wing policy. On 1 December 2004, 59% of Socialist Party members approved the proposed European Constitution . However, several well-known members of the Party, including Laurent Fabius , and left-wingers Henri Emmanuelli and Jean-Luc Mélenchon , asked the public for a "no" vote in the 29 May 2005 French referendum on
10112-516: The Socialist Party won 186 out of 577 seats, and about 10 affiliated, gain of 40 seats. After the winning March 2008 municipal election, the campaign with a view to the Reims Congress started. Some candidates proposed to succeed François Hollande , who had announced he will not compete for another term as First Secretary: In the pre-vote, the text of Royal arrived the first with 29%, followed by Delanoë (25%), Aubry (25%) and Hamon (19%). A part of
10270-556: The Socialist Prime Minister Paul Ramadier dismissed the Communist ministers. Blum proposed the construction of a Third Force with the centre-left and the centre-right, against the Gaullists and the Communists. However, his candidate to lead of the SFIO, Daniel Mayer , was defeated by Guy Mollet . Mollet was supported by the left wing of the party. Paradoxically, he spoke a Marxist language without questioning
10428-475: The Socialists and the Radicals could not agree on economic policy, and also because the Communists, following the policy laid down by the Soviet Union, refused to support governments presiding over capitalist economies. The question of the possibility of a government participation with Radicals caused the split of " neosocialists " at the beginning of the 1930s. They merged with the Republican-Socialist Party in
10586-399: The age of 84. As prime minister, Mauroy's government implemented a range of social reforms during its term. These included reducing the legal workweek, lowering the retirement age, increasing social welfare benefits, and extending entitlement to paid holidays. The government increased state industrial investment, provided credit to private industry, created new civil service jobs, and launched
10744-421: The age of three was introduced (a right later extended to include all children under the age of five in some cases). Unemployed workers ineligible for jobless benefits were given back the right to claim sickness insurance that they had lost in 1979 while the reimbursal of the costs of dental fees, hearing aids, and glasses was improved. An 80-franc-per-month charge that had been imposed on certain long-term illnesses
10902-539: The alliance with the centre and the centre-right. His leadership was shaken when the party divided in 1954 about the European Defence Community . Half of the SFIO parliamentary group voted "no", against the instructions of the party leaders. This led to the failure of the project. But later, Mollet got involved the SFIO in the build of a centre-left coalition, the Republican Front , which won a plurality in
11060-622: The anti-discriminatory Professional Equality Law (1983), which defined equality between men and women "in sweeping terms," required all businesses to furnish statistics on the situation of women in the workplace. This legislation marked a new departure in anti-discriminatory efforts and, reinforced by a series of measures taken by the Rocard government in 1989, brought an end to wage differentials hidden by different job descriptions. Decentralising laws were also passed which transferred responsibilities for urban planning to municipalities and economic planning to
11218-413: The assassination of Jaurès in 1914 they were unable to resist the wave of militarism which followed the outbreak of World War I. They suffered a severe split over participation in the wartime government of national unity. In 1919 the anti-war socialists were heavily defeated in elections. In 1920, during the Tours Congress , the majority and left wing of the party broke away and formed the French Section of
11376-423: The banner of La France insoumise . The primary was won by Socialist rebel Benoît Hamon , who defeated ex-Prime Minister Manuel Valls in the second round of the primary on 29 January 2017. Hamon finished fifth in the subsequent Presidential election, with 6.36% of the vote. In the 2017 legislative election that followed the election of President Emmanuel Macron , the Socialist party dropped from 280 to 30 seats in
11534-574: The comite d'entreprise remained a consultative body with limited influence on economic policy, and smaller firms were not required to provide economic information to their comite. The government also introduced measures to provide greater employment security for part-time and fixed-term workers, ensure equal benefits for women in civil service, and encourage the formation of immigrant associations. New policies removed language requirements for immigrants in employee institutions and allowed foreign workers to sit on industrial relations councils. A program to assist
11692-402: The comite d’entreprise and other representative bodies in the firm, recourse to expert consultants. Unions acquired rights to organise, to hold meetings in firms, and to call in outside speakers to address the workers. Worker representation on the comite d’rentreprise was increased and the comite was provided with additional powers, such as the right to obtain confidential economic information from
11850-475: The commitment of 430 million francs per year for three years for the introduction of new technologies into the school programme. However, these actions (particularly the creation of only 400 new technical teachers' positions in 1981, when enrolment went up by 11,000) were seen as inadequate by the National Union of Technical Education-Autonomous Apprenticeship. In December 1981, a general science programme in
12008-400: The contrats d’adaptation, ranging from 6 to 24 months, and a 3 to 6-month programme known as the stages d’initiation a la vie professionnelle, which was designed to familiarise young people with factory and firm. A 1983 law on apprenticeships laid down the principle that apprenticeship is a method of giving young workers having completed schooling a general theoretical and practical training, for
12166-514: The cost of unemployment insurance. In spite of austerity, however, the real value of social protection made modest increases. Within the total, the greatest benefits was reserved for the poorest whilst income was raised in ways which saw a modest shift from traditional financing methods towards general community financing. Failing to restrict the financing of private schools via the Savary Law , he resigned in 1984. In 1988 he became First Secretary of
12324-412: The cost-of-living adjustment index. In 1982 and 1983, eligibility for unemployment benefits was tightened. A complex set of changes introduced in 1983 surrounding early retirement effectively reduced guarantees to full pensions for early retirees. Daily charges for hospital beds were introduced, while a variety of medical reimbursements were reduced. In September 1982, the indexation of wages and salaries in
12482-453: The duration of fixed-term contracts and assignments, opening up civil service jobs to women, abolishing tax laws that favored the head of the household, and providing special aid to farmers. The government also increased funding for education and created new teaching positions, particularly in technical education, and established Educational Priority Zones to address academic failure in depressed areas. Reforms were also introduced to make entry to
12640-410: The duration of unemployment benefits was reduced, while a basic hospital charge (with exemptions) was introduced, and contributions from the early retired and unemployed towards health care were demanded although, once again, the worse off were exempt. Austerity measures also led to efforts to restrain family costs while at the same time trying to safeguard priority groups. In February 1982, a 25% increase
12798-729: The education budget was increased by 17.3% in 1982 and by 15% in 1983. In 1981–82, as a means of tackling cases of education failure, the Ministry of Education subsidized projects designed to help weaker students in 4,500 of the country's 7,300 secondary schools. Although these subsidies were only of 30 million francs, the programme encouraged secondary schools to pay attention to the problem. They were heaviest in designated priority education and action zones. In 1981, Educational Priority Zones were set up to provide additional resources to schools in depressed areas and to combat academic failure. The 1982 budget increased spending on education by 17%, while
12956-427: The elderly poor was raised by 62%. The SAFER was extended to assist young farmers, and various measures were introduced to boost farmers' incomes. Self-employed women were provided with a lump-sum maternity grant, and unemployment compensation was expanded to include workers who had resigned from their jobs. However, the reflationary economic strategy failed to improve the French economy in the long term, with increases in
13114-402: The elementary and secondary levels in June 1981, and provided for 16,800 more in the 1982 budget and an additional 8,370 in the 1983 budget. A major increase in the modest salaries of elementary school teachers was announced. Technical education at the secondary level was declared to be a priority area, with special attention in the form of more scholarship money, additional teaching positions, and
13272-528: The eleventh grade (premier) was created to replace the mathematics programme (the Bac C ) which, after the fall from favour of Latin and Greek, had come to be known as a "royal road into élitist schools and careers". The Premier S programme was an attempt to postpone definitive scholastic and social segregation, and also to reduce the importance of mathematical aptitude as the primary criterion for selection into élite schools. Greater funds were allocated to education, with
13430-473: The firm to use in advising it on policy. In spite of these positive changes, however, the comite d'entreprise remained a consultative body with little influence on economic policy, while only large firms were required to provide their comite d’enterprises with economic information. This meant that almost two-thirds of the workers were excluded from exercising this oversight function. A government decree of March 1982 sought to provide greater employment security for
13588-544: The first time to sit on important industrial relations councils known as the Conseils des Prud’hommes. In 1982, an existing programme to assist the repatriation of Algerian nationals was replaced by a system offering a choice between vocational training, assistance to set up a small business and a repatriation grant. Decrees were made in January 1982 concerning official recognition of persons and bodies responsible for noise monitoring,
13746-574: The friends of Lionel Jospin . Furthermore, a part of the left wing of the party, led by Jean-Pierre Chevènement split off due to his opposition to the Gulf War and the Maastricht Treaty. This section created the Citizen and Republican Movement (MDC). Finally, many on the left were disappointed by the results of the Socialist governments. At the 1993 legislative election , the PS did poorly, returning to
13904-454: The goal of his strategy was "to regain 3 million of the 5 million of PCF voters". The left, and notably the Socialist Party, experienced an electoral recovery at the 1973 legislative election . Mitterrand, the candidate of the left-wing alliance, came close to winning the 1974 presidential election . Indeed, he obtained 49.2% of votes in the second round. At the end of 1974, some PSU members, including leader Michel Rocard , re-joined
14062-486: The government significantly increased spending on culture from 0.45% of the national budget to 0.84% in 1984. The social security reforms in France during the 1980s led to increased incomes for the poor, with a 25% increase in the minimum wage and improved allowances for the handicapped and child care. The right to claim sickness insurance was given back to unemployed workers and the costs of dental fees, hearing aids, and glasses were reimbursed. The minimum pension benefit for
14220-443: The heads of medical services by the entire staff, rather than just by doctors, as had previously been the case. The Mauroy Government also withdrew a ministerial circular issued by the previous government that limited initiatives by regional councils, while a grant was created for the purpose of subsidizing local cultural projects and activities. The Mauroy Government did much to promote arts, culture, and education, as characterised by
14378-562: The heirs of Louis Auguste Blanqui , a symbol of the French revolutionary tradition, created the Central Revolutionary Committee (CRC) led by Édouard Vaillant . There were also some declared socialist deputies such as Alexandre Millerand and Jean Jaurès who did not belong to any party. In 1899, the participation of Millerand in Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau 's cabinet caused a debate about socialist participation in
14536-436: The income base upon which employers and the self-employed were assessed for contributions was changed. The cost of support for handicapped adults was transferred to the national government, although some taxation on tobacco and alcohol was also earmarked for this purpose. A 1% tax on personal incomes was imposed (although the poorest 33% of taxpayers was excluded), and a 1% "solidarity" contribution levied on civil servants towards
14694-460: The incorporation into French Law of a 1977 European Council Directive on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safeguarding of employees' rights in the event of transfers of undertakings, businesses or parts of businesses. The Deferre Law reduced the powers of the prefect, set up elected regional councils, and increased the powers of local government. The security court
14852-486: The increase in production costs, while an income assistance programme (introduced in 1982 to compensate for a decline in farmers' incomes in 1981) contributed to a reduction in sectoral inequalities. In addition, an EEC price hike which the government negotiated in May 1982 represented an improvement over that of the previous year (11.2% compared with 10.3%). Consultative channels between farmers and government were also widened beyond
15010-488: The increasing number of workers on part-time and fixed-term contracts by restricting the circumstances in which employers could use such labour (this was largely to ensure that permanent employees were not displaced by cheaper and more easily dismissed part-time workers). The law set out to ensure that such workers receive the same benefits as full-time workers and trade unions were given statutory rights to institute legal proceedings against employers or temporary work agencies if
15168-490: The incumbent conservative, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing , to become the first socialist of the Fifth Republic to be elected President of France by universal suffrage. He dissolved the National Assembly and, for the first time in their history, the French Socialists won an absolute majority of the seats. This landslide victory for the Socialists took place to the detriment of the right-wing parliamentary parties ( Rally for
15326-401: The independent left-leaning think tank Terra Nova . The Socialist Party decided to hold a presidential primary in 2017, against the backdrop of the unprecedented unpopularity of incumbent François Hollande , with a 4 percent approval rating, who announced on 1 December 2016 that he would not seek re-election, making him the first president of the Fifth Republic not to seek a second term. It
15484-401: The intention of restricting the use of casual labour and improving the living and working conditions of workers in insecure jobs. A law of July 1982 concerning the spouses of craftsmen and tradesmen employed in the family business amended the provisions of the labour code, social security system, civil code and company law to establish an occupational status for this group of people. In June 1982,
15642-419: The law governing the age of consent for homosexual activity was reduced from 18 to 15 years to match the age of consent for heterosexual activity. For those with disabilities, a 1982 law on urban transport reform stated that special measures must be taken to accommodate the special needs of people with limited mobility. A law passed on 9 July 1984 provided that a worker with at least two years' service must receive
15800-467: The left wing split and founded the Left Party . During the Reims Congress , which happened in a very tense climate, the leaders of the factions failed to form a majority. Consequently, the PS members had to elect directly the next First Secretary. Disappointed by his result in the pre-vote, Delanoë renounced and called to vote for Aubry. On 22 November 2008, it was announced that Aubry had defeated Royal by
15958-408: The left-wing vote. It first won power in 1981, when Mitterrand was elected president . The PS achieved a governing majority in the National Assembly from 1981 to 1986, and again from 1988 to 1993. PS leader Lionel Jospin lost his bid to succeed Mitterrand as president in 1995 to conservative Jacques Chirac , but he served as prime minister in a cohabitation government from 1997 to 2002, when he
16116-638: The legislature, the PS reconstructed a coalition with other left-wing parties: the French Communist Party , the Greens , the Radical Party of the Left , and the MDC. This " Plural Left " won the 1997 legislative election and Jospin became Prime Minister of the third " cohabitation ". His policy was broadly progressive. The Aubry laws reduced the working time to 35 hours a week, while Universal medical insurance
16274-433: The less well off in French society, with poverty reduced during Mauroy's term in office. Family allowances were increased by 81% for families with two children and by 49% for families with three children, while old-age pensions were raised by 300 francs a month for a single person and 3,700 francs for a couple. Altogether, the purchasing power of social transfers went up by 45% in 1981 and by 7.6% in 1982. Health care coverage
16432-402: The level of inflation and trade and budget deficits. The number of people out of work topped 2 million, and austerity measures were carried out, including reducing unemployment benefits' duration and tightening eligibility, reducing guarantees to full pensions for early retirees, introducing hospital charges, and reducing medical reimbursements. The aim of the Socialists during the austerity period
16590-440: The levels of the SFIO in the 1960s. The Socialist group of the National Assembly numbered 53 deputies against 260 during the previous term. Rocard became First Secretary of the party, and was considered the "natural candidate" for the next presidential election. He called for a political "big bang", an agreement with the centre and the centre-right, but his efforts were in vain. One year later, his party obtained only 14% of votes at
16748-469: The lists and the conditions for the labelling and packaging of dangerous substances (10 October 1983), of dangerous preparations solvents (11 October 1983) and of paints, varnishes, printing inks, glues and similar products (12 October 1983) gave effect to the corresponding EEC Directives under national legislation. A circular implementing these three Orders was issued in January 1984 and the substances and preparations not included in these orders were covered by
16906-406: The long term, with increases in the level of inflation as well as in the trade and budget deficits. Although the government's reflationary policies tended to stabilise unemployment, the number of people out of work topped 2 million, in spite of a pledge made by Mitterrand to keep it below this figure. A large budget deficit emerged, with social benefits and aid to industry alone going up by 50% in
17064-585: The military defeat of 1940. After the liberation of France in 1944, the SFIO re-emerged in a coalition with a powerful French Communist Party (PCF), which became the largest left-wing party, and the Christian democratic Popular Republican Movement (MRP). This alliance installed the main elements of the French welfare state and the French Fourth Republic , but it did not survive the Cold War. In May 1947,
17222-399: The minimum old age pension was increased by 30%. 800,000 elderly people were exempted from paying TV licenses, while 1.5 million were also exempted from local taxes. Between May 1981 and January 1983, family benefits were significantly increased, with the purchasing power of the 2,700,000 families with two children raised by 40%. These policies significantly improved the living standards of
17380-444: The minimum wage by 25%. During the 1981–82 period, state industrial investment was substantially increased, 17 billion francs in ”soft loan" credit was provided to private industry, 7 billion francs was set aside to help school leavers, 54,000 new civil service jobs were created, and a major housebuilding drive was launched. Efforts were made to shift the burden of direct taxes away from lower- income groups, while increases in
17538-475: The minimum wage gave the low paid a real increase in their living standards of about 15% in 1981–82. Unemployment benefits were also increased, together with the duration of time in which one could receive them. In addition, the maximum allowable workweek was reduced from 50 to 48 hours. Upon taking office, the Mauroy Government embarked upon an ambitious redistributive programme. The minimum wage went up in real terms by 11% between May 1981 and September 1982, while
17696-504: The monitoring of carbon monoxide and benzene levels in the atmosphere at workplaces, and the inspection of electrical installations. A decree issued in February 1982 laid down safety measures to be taken against electrical hazards arising during the construction, operation and maintenance of electric power distribution installations. A decree issued by the Minister of Labour in March 1982 specified
17854-445: The narrow margin of 42 votes, and Royal asked for a recount. After checking, Martine Aubry was elected by a margin of 102 votes and 50.03% of votes. Denouncing frauds, Royal's team threatened to lodge a complaint before to renounce. After that, the public image of the party was deteriorated. In the 2009 European Parliament election , the PS did not succeed to benefit from the unpopularity of President Sarkozy. It obtained only 16.5% of
18012-547: The offices responsible for carrying out the technical tests on particularly dangerous machinery (listed in a decree of April 1981) which are required before the machinery can be officially approved. It also specified the information to be provided by the person applying for official approval. A decree of May 1982 contained provisions on the setting up, restructuring, organization, financing and tasks of occupational health services in agricultural undertakings and listed those agricultural undertakings for which special medical surveillance
18170-410: The parliamentary group and director of the party paper L'Humanité , Jaurès was its most influential figure. The party was hemmed in between the middle-class liberals of the Radical Party and the revolutionary syndicalists who dominated the trade unions. Furthermore, the goal to rally all the Socialists in one single party was partially reached: some elects refused to join the SFIO and created
18328-552: The party. Mitterrand defeated the Savary-Mollet duo by proposing an electoral programme with the Communists and took the lead. A new emblem, the fist and rose , was adopted to signal change in 1971. In 1972, the Common Programme was signed with the PCF and Radical Party of the Left . During the Socialist International conference, he explained the alliance of left-wing parties is a yearning of French left-wing voters. In this,
18486-633: The party; Faure announced the party would be in opposition to Macron and Philippe. Because of financial problems, the party was forced to sell its historical seat in Rue de Solférino and moved into a smaller one in Rue Molière , on Ivry-sur-Seine . Following the Benalla affair , the Socialist Party entered a motion of no confidence against the government, together with the French Communist Party and La France Insoumise . The motions obtained 63 ayes and failed to reach
18644-417: The provisions of the new law were evaded. That same year, the government passed legislation to ensure the full, legal eligibility of women for all civil service posts and an active policy was adopted to encourage them to come forward for promotion. In 1981, legislation was passed which permitted the establishment of local private radio stations. In March 1982, a "Special Statute" was granted to Corsica, which set
18802-407: The public sector was abolished. During the austerity period, the aim of the Socialists was limited to that of safeguarding the position of beneficiaries as far as possible and of giving special consideration to the poorest amongst them. While further increases in benefits for the elderly, the handicapped, and in some family allowances later became possible, extra costs were also imposed. For instance,
18960-486: The purpose of acquiring professional qualifications leading to technology diplomas. The law laid down a number of general rules on apprenticeship. Training is organised on the basis of alternation, part in industry, and part in the apprenticeship centre, while a contractual relationship must be created between the apprentice and the employer, by means of an apprenticeship contract. A higher education law of 1983 restored democratic representation on university councils and granted
19118-478: The quorum of 289 votes required in the National Assembly . Cartignies Cartignies ( French pronunciation: [kaʁtiɲi] ) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France . Bendy Or and gules. ( Avesnes-sur-Helpe , Cartignies , Damousies , Dimechaux , Dimont , Felleries , Larouillies , Lomme , and Ramousies use the same arms.) This Nord geographical article
19276-417: The regions. In addition, various measures were introduced to improve socio-economic conditions in low-income neighbourhoods. Aid for the improvement of older HLM housing was increased, with the allocation for 1982 being about 40% higher than in 1981. A guiding law about domestic transport enacted in 1982 stipulated “that the government needs to provide reasonably priced public transport for all citizens.” In 1983
19434-556: The repatriation of Algerian nationals was also replaced with a choice between vocational training, business assistance, and a repatriation grant. The Mauroy Government in France passed several laws that reduced the powers of the prefect, increased the powers of local government and set up elected regional councils. They also abolished the security court and introduced measures to control police harassment. The government extended legal aid and passed legislation that combated discrimination against homosexuals. They reformed higher education, made
19592-426: The replacement of former SFIO members from important positions by allies of Mitterrand. In this, he formed an alliance with Michel Rocard , the main opponent of Mitterrand, during the 1979 Metz Congress . However, Mitterrand chose him as spokesperson during the 1981 presidential campaign ; after Mitterrand's election, he appointed Mauroy as Prime Minister. Mauroy's government was a radical reforming one, implementing
19750-402: The right to join a union to people who were retired, and a law of February 1984 increased state support for the development and training activities of companies. Although the Mauroy government's social policies improved the living standards of the less well-off in French society, its reflationary economic strategy (based on encouraging domestic consumption) failed to improve the French economy in
19908-561: The rights of trade unions and employees in the workplace, covering collective bargaining, representation, information, health and safety, and unfair dismissal. The Auroux Laws included a requirement that half of all overtime worked in excess of 130 hours per year must be compensated by additional time off, while trade union delegates became entitled to an increase in paid time off for union activities and to increased protection against dismissal. In addition, an Auroux Law of November 1982 established an obligation to negotiate real wages and hours once
20066-450: The second round of voting but lost with 46.94% to Nicolas Sarkozy on 6 May 2007. Immediately after her defeat several party bosses (notably Strauss-Kahn), held Ségolène Royal personally responsible for the unsuccessful campaign. At the same time, some personalities of the right wing of the party (such as Bernard Kouchner ) accepted to join the government nominated by Nicolas Sarkozy. In the 10 and 17 June 2007 National Assembly elections ,
20224-450: The social and economic measures undertaken by the Mauroy Government, with the real income of pensioners rising by a quarter. Harsh immigration statutes introduced during the presidency of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing were reversed, while an immigration law was passed (1981) to limit the grounds for expelling foreigners to facilitate family reunions and amnesty 130,000 illegal immigrants. A 1982 law introduced new rights for helper spouses, while
20382-452: The social security schemes. In order to make the elite political academy (the ENA) accessible to a wider section of the population, a special entry pathway was established for those who had held trade union or political office. A new health care policy was implemented, which included the abolition of private beds in hospitals, reform of medical training, modernisation of facilities, and the election of
20540-421: The spouses of shopkeepers and artisans to receive social or work-related entitlements. An Act of August 1982 raised employers' participation in financing the public transportation expenses of employees. In April 1982 special aids were extended to farmers who had invested between 1 April 1981 and 31 March 1982. Pursuant to its campaign pledges, the Mauroy Government established 14,760 new permanent teaching posts at
20698-496: The start of the 2023 Marseille Congress, the party announced that it had more than 41,000 members, almost double that of the previous count announced during the 2021 Villeurbanne Congress. By November 2024, the Socialist Party claimed 47,000 members. The defeat of the Paris Commune (1871) greatly reduced the power and influence of the socialist movements in France. Its leaders were killed or exiled. France's first socialist party,
20856-610: The state (1982–83 laws), repeal of price liberalization for books ( Lang Law of 1981), etc. As early as 1982, Mitterrand faced a clear choice between maintaining France's membership in the European Monetary System , and thus the country's commitment to European integration , and pursuing his socialist reforms. He chose the former, starting the Socialist Party's acceptance of the private market economy. In 1984, Mitterrand and his second Prime Minister, Laurent Fabius , clearly abandoned any further socialist measures. The "Union of
21014-410: The state monopoly of audiovisual broadcasting and established a High Authority to guarantee the independence of public television channels. Laws were passed in 1982 to reform higher education to make the academy more responsive to the needs of the state. High security wings in prisons were abolished, while social security reform increased workers' representation on the bodies that oversaw the management of
21172-419: The state was the majority shareholder) would be obliged to have tripartite administrative or supervisory boards to which employee representatives would be elected by the workforce. A couple of autogestionary measures were also introduced. One measure involved workers' representation on the administrative councils of the nationalized industries, under which one-third of the members of these councils being drawn from
21330-406: The support of the main Socialist personalities, against the left wing of the party. In the 2004 regional elections , the Socialists had a major comeback. In coalition with the former "Plural Left", they gained power in 20 of the 22 metropolitan regions (all except Alsace and Corsica ) and in the four overseas regions. The party benefited from increasing frustration with right-wing parties. However,
21488-462: The territory apart legally from other regions and provided it with additional state subsidies and greater autonomy over cultural, social, economic, and educational policies. Various measures were also introduced to improve conditions for migrants. A new drive began in 1981 to encourage local authorities to establish programmes including literacy programmes, housing schemes, and the setting up of young people's and women's groups, and in 1983 France ratified
21646-580: The universities greater autonomy and more power to conduct research and to make contacts with industry. A decree of 23 March 1982 listed the offices responsible for testing lifting equipment other than lifts and building-site hoists, while a decree issued in May that same year 1982 extended its provisions to agriculture. Under a decree of 31 March 1982, the general health and safety regulations for dangerous machinery and appliances were extended to include portable hand-operated machinery and appliances. Exceptions for certain less dangerous appliances were laid down in
21804-481: The usage of arms on grounds of conscience to be accepted for civilian service. An Ordinance of February 1982 limited the duration of fixed-term contracts to 6 to 12 months, and introduced an end of contract bonus of 5% total gross pay over the contract's period. Another Ordinance passed that same month restricted the duration of assignments to 6 months, and increased the 'precarious employment allowance' from 4% to 15% of gross pay per assignment. For public sector workers,
21962-449: The vote and only just got ahead of Europe Ecology (16.3%). However, the PS strengthened its network of local elects in winning comfortably the 2010 departmental and regional elections. In September 2011, for the first time a Socialist, Jean-Pierre Bel , was elected Chairman of the Senate of France . Candidates for the presidency of France contested an open primary on 9 October 2011 to select
22120-478: The vote. He announced his retirement from politics, and the PS called on its supporters to vote for Chirac in order to defeat the far-right National Front leader Jean-Marie Le Pen , who had surprisingly advanced to the run-off. Two months later, the "Plural Left" lost the 2002 legislative election . François Hollande , who became First Secretary in 1997, was re-elected in 2003 during the Dijon Congress with
22278-425: The workforce. The other measure involved elections to the administrative commissions for social security, under which 15 and 25 members of these commissions were chosen through elections among those who were insured by the fund. A law on vocational training in February 1984 established employment contracts for six months for further training on the job while taking courses. These included the contrats de qualification,
22436-441: Was abolished, and measures were introduced to control police harassment. Legal aid was extended, legislation was introduced which effectively combated discrimination against homosexuals, and the traditional powers of the juge d’instruction in the preparation of criminal cases was reduced. The Quillot Law of 1982 provided renters with additional rights in housing matters, while an audiovisual law passed that same year brought an end to
22594-633: Was abrogated, and certain individuals who had retired before 1973 had the base upon which their pensions were calculated adjusted upward. Between 1981 and 1983, the minimum vieillesse (the basic pension benefit for the elderly poor) was raised by 62%. To assist young farmers, the role of the SAFER (Societe d'Amenagemcnt Foncier et d'Etablissement Rural) was extended in 1982 to give preferential aid to this group to enlarge their holdings. Various measures were also introduced that helped to boost farmers' incomes. A partial price freeze instituted in June 1982 helped to limit
22752-444: Was again defeated by Chirac in the presidential election. In the 2007 presidential election , the PS's candidate, Ségolène Royal , was defeated by conservative Nicolas Sarkozy . In 2012, François Hollande , the leader of the party from 1997 to 2008, was elected president, and the party also won a governing majority. During his term, Hollande battled with high unemployment, multiple Jihadi terrorist attacks , poor opinion ratings and
22910-447: Was also extended, with health insurance benefits made more widely available to part-time employees and the unemployed. Efforts were also made to promote voluntary retirement at sixty, with a pension ranging upwards from 80% of the SMIC ( fr ) to 50% of a middle-management salary. In 1982, two measures were introduced that extended eligibility for early retirement for workers aged 55 to 59:
23068-481: Was also set against the fragmentation of the left between three major candidates, with polls indicating that the party's candidate would come in fifth, behind the National Front 's Marine Le Pen , François Fillon of the centre-right Republicans , Emmanuel Macron , former economy minister under Hollande who founded his centrist political movement, En Marche! , and left-wing ex-Socialist Jean-Luc Mélenchon under
23226-475: Was challenged by Rocard, who wanted to abandon the Common Programme which he considered archaic and unrealistic. Mitterrand felt that the left could not win without the alliance between the Socialists and the Communists. In 1979, Mitterrand won the Metz Congress , then, despite Rocard's popularity, was chosen as PS candidate for the 1981 presidential election . Three major tendencies or factions emerged within
23384-417: Was chosen to succeed him. After the electoral disasters of 1968 and 1969 , he was persuaded of the necessity to renew the party. In 1971, during the Epinay Congress , he supported François Mitterrand 's election to the party leadership and became the second most powerful person in the Socialist Party (PS). Two years later, he was elected as a deputy and Mayor of Lille. Increasingly, Mauroy criticized
23542-544: Was eliminated in the first round of the 1969 presidential election , with only 5% of votes. In 1969, during the Alfortville Congress , the SFIO was replaced by the Socialist Party ( Parti socialiste or PS). It was joined by pro- Pierre Mendès-France clubs ( Union of Clubs for the Renewal of the Left led by Alain Savary ) and left-wing republican groups ( Union of Socialist Groups and Clubs of Jean Poperen ). During
23700-512: Was enacted. The government also passed decentralizing laws that transferred responsibilities for urban and economic planning to municipalities and regions. These policies significantly improved the living standards of the less well-off in French society, reducing poverty during Mauroy's term in office In the early 1980s, the Mauroy government introduced several ordinances and laws aimed at promoting gender equality, improving working conditions, and increasing access to education. These included limiting
23858-494: Was expanded to include workers who had resigned from their jobs. A law of July 1984 introduced a new benefit called the Insertion Allowance, providing short-term support for those in periods of transition into the labour market. Another law passed that same month introduced a Special Solidarity Allowance for long-term unemployed persons with no insurance entitlements remaining. In addition, an Act of October 1982 fully extended
24016-450: Was favoured according to the polls. Some Socialist leaders asked Jospin to return. He declared he was "available" then finally refused. On 16 November 2006, the members of the Socialist Party chose Ségolène Royal to be their candidate with a majority of 60%. Her challengers, Strauss-Kahn and Fabius, obtained 21% and 19% respectively. After obtaining 25.87% of the vote in the first round of France's presidential elections, Royal qualified for
24174-505: Was instituted. However, the policy of privatisation was pursued. His coalition dissolved when the MDC leader Jean-Pierre Chevènement resigned from the Cabinet. The Green and Communist allies were weakened by their governmental participation. The 2002 presidential election was focused on the theme of insecurity. Jospin, again the Socialists' candidate, was eliminated in the first round due to there being too many left-wing candidates who split
24332-399: Was made in allowances for families containing two eligible children, but some benefits were abandoned and the starting and finishing dates for eligibility altered. Later, cash increases were less than the amounts necessary to maintain the real value of family benefits except for the poorest groups in French society. The limits on income assessed for social insurance contributions were raised and
24490-485: Was re-elected President in 1988 with a moderate programme entitled "United France". He proposed neither nationalisations nor privatisations . He chose as Prime Minister the most popular and moderate of the Socialist politicians, Michel Rocard. His cabinet included four centre-right ministers but it was supported by only a plurality in the National Assembly elected in June 1988 . During his second term, Mitterrand focused on foreign policy and European integration. He convened
24648-467: Was set up to coordinate the activities of the MAFPENs. The outgoing centre-right government was perceived to have harassed university assistants, the most junior faculty rank, by publicly questioning their qualifications, by increasing the teaching load of those who had not completed doctoral theses, and by limiting prospects for promotion and tenure. In May 1982, after several unions and associations announced
24806-666: Was to safeguard the position of beneficiaries and give special consideration to the poorest among them. While extra costs were imposed, efforts were made to restrain family costs while safeguarding priority groups. Failing to restrict the financing of private schools via the Savary Law, he resigned in 1984. Mauroy was born in Cartignies . A teacher, he led the Socialist Youth Movement and the Technical Teaching Union in
24964-586: Was ultimately refounded as the New Left (NG). On 1 July 2017, Hamon left the Socialist Party and founded the 1st July Movement (later renamed Génération.s). The Socialist Party abstained from the confidence vote on the Second Philippe government . The party later elected 78 senators in the 2017 election . On 7–8 April 2018, the Aubervilliers Congress elected Olivier Faure as new first secretary of
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