Sikka is a regency within East Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia , on the island of Flores . It is bordered to the west by Ende Regency and to the east by East Flores Regency . It covers an area of 1,675.36 km and had a population of 300,301 at the 2010 census and 321,953 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 337,011. The capital is the town of Maumere , which comprises the districts of Alok Barat, Alok and Alok Timur (although the last two also include a number of notable islands to the north of Flores).
49-460: Maumere is the administrative seat of the Sikka Regency and the second largest town (its nominal population has recently overtaken Ende , but of these over 10,500 live in rural areas on outlying islands) on Flores Island, Indonesia . It lies on the north coast of the island and the port is in the north-west part of the town. Administratively the town is not a single district ( kecamatan ) within
98-676: A back-strap loom . Pre-dyed warp threads are a common item in traditional markets- saving the weaver much mess, expense, time and labour. A Latin American innovation which may also be employed elsewhere is to employ a round stick around which warp threads are wrapped in groups, thus allowing more precise control of the desired design. The "corte" is the typical wrap-skirt used worn by Guatemalan women. In India , Ikat art has been present for thousands of years. In some parts of India, ikat processed cloth such as saree and kurtis are very popular, along with bedsheets, door screens, and towels. Ikat
147-469: A black ikat used for older women's clothing; khoja 'e-atlas , a yellow, blue, or purple ikat used for married women; qizil-atlas , a red ikat used for girls; and Yarkent -atlas , a khan or royal atlas. Yarkent-atlas has more diverse styles; during the Yarkent Khanate (1514–1705), there were ten different styles of Yarkent-atlas. In warp ikat it is only the warp yarns that are dyed using
196-452: A blurred aesthetic in the design. Other traditions favour a more precise and more difficult to achieve alignment of the ikat yarns. South American and Indonesian ikat are known for a high degree of warp alignment. Weavers carefully adjust the warp threads when they are placed on the loom so the patterns appear clearly. Thin strips of bamboo are then lashed to the warps to maintain the pattern alignment during weaving. Patterns are visible in
245-422: A tight wrapping applied in the desired pattern. The yarns are then dyed. The bindings may then be altered to create a new pattern and the yarns dyed again with another colour. This process may be repeated multiple times to produce elaborate, multicolored patterns. When the dyeing is finished all the bindings are removed and the yarns are woven into cloth. In other resist-dyeing techniques such as tie-dye and batik
294-435: Is 28 metres or 92 feet tall. The 6-ton copper-clad statue was constructed on 2005, located at the peak of the 500 metres or 1,640 feet Keli hill, Nilo village, and has become the tallest statue raised in Sikka Regency . The city is served by Frans Xavier Seda Airport or Maumere Airport. Maumere has a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen Aw ) with a long dry season and short wet season. Sikka Regency The regency
343-554: Is a common weaving technique in Uzbek culture. The Uzbek ikat , locally referred to as abrbandi , is distinguished by its bold and flamboyant patterns. The history of the Uzbek ikat dates back to the 19th century, when it was mastered by the Uzbeks. Since then, it has become an integral part of their cultural identity and an important aspect of traditional clothing. As of 2010, the government of
392-496: Is associated with the Austronesian and Daic -speaking peoples. This is based on a 2012 comparative study on loom technologies, textile patterns, and linguistics. It was spread outwards along with the Austronesian expansion to maritime Southeast Asia , reaching as far as Madagascar by the 1st millennium BC. Previously, ikat traditions were suggested by some authors to be originally acquired by Austronesians from contact with
441-436: Is completed. The thread bundles may be folded around a vertical and/or horizontal axis. The bundles may be covered with wax, as in batik . (However, in making batik, the crafts person applies the resist to the finished cloth rather than to the yarns to be woven.) The warp yarns are then wrapped tightly with thread or some other dye-resistant material with the desired pattern so as to prevent unwanted dye penetration. The procedure
490-433: Is created by resist-dyeing both the warp and weft prior to weaving. Some sources use the term double ikat only when the warp and weft patterning overlap to form common, identical motifs. If they do not, the result is referred to as compound ikat . This form of weaving requires the most skill for precise patterns to be woven and is considered the premiere form of ikat . The amount of labour and skill required also make it
539-411: Is divided into twenty-one districts ( kecamatan ), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census and the 2020 census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 147 rural desa and 13 urban kelurahan - the latter all in
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#1733084688320588-1001: Is most prevalent in Indonesia, India and Japan . In South America , Central and North America , ikat is still common in Argentina , Bolivia , Ecuador , Guatemala and Mexico , respectively. In the 19th century, the Silk Road desert oases of Bukhara , Samarkand , Hotan and Kashgar (in what is now Uzbekistan and Xinjiang in Central Asia ) were famous for their fine silk Uzbek/ Uyghur ikat . India, Japan, Indonesia and many other Southeast Asian nations including Cambodia , Myanmar , Philippines and Thailand have weaving cultures with long histories of ikat resist dyeing. Double ikat textiles are still found in India, Japan and Indonesia. In Indonesia, ikat textiles are produced throughout
637-495: Is most prominently associated with the textile traditions of Indonesia in modern times, from where the term ikat originates. Similar unrelated dyeing and weaving techniques that developed independently are also present in other regions of the world, including India , Central Asia , Japan (where it is called kasuri ), Africa, and the Americas . In ikat , the resist is formed by binding individual yarns or bundles of yarns with
686-628: Is only woven in the Bali Aga village of Tenganan . These cloths have high spiritual significance. In Tenganan they are still worn for specific ceremonies. Outside Tenganan, geringsing are treasured as they are purported to have magical powers. The double ikat of Japan is woven in the Okinawa islands and is called tate-yoko gasuri . Pochampally Saree , a variety from the small village of Andhra Pradesh in Nalgonda district, India, are silk saris woven in
735-523: Is repeated, according to the number of colours required to complete the design. Multiple coloration is common, requiring multiple rounds of tying and dyeing. After the dyeing is finished the bindings are removed and the threads are wound onto the loom as the warp (longitudinal yarns). The threads are adjusted to precisely align the motifs and thin bamboo strips are lashed to the threads to prevent them from tangling or slipping out of alignment during weaving. Some ikat traditions, such as Central Asia's, embrace
784-415: Is the most widespread, ikat weaving traditions can be divided into two general groups of related traditions. The first is found among Daic -speaking peoples ( Laos , northern Vietnam , and Hainan ). The second, larger group is found among the Austronesian peoples ( Indonesia , Philippines , Malaysia , Brunei , and Timor-Leste ) and spread via the Austronesian expansion to as far as Madagascar . It
833-442: Is usually done by the womenfolk, who suffer physical strain through constantly moving their hands back and forth over 9000 times for each sari. In 1999 a young weaver, C. Mallesham, developed a machine which automated asu , thus developing a technological solution for a decades-old problem. Ōshima ikat is a uniquely Japanese ikat . In Amami Ōshima , the warp and weft threads are both used as warp to weave stiff fabric, upon which
882-605: The Dong Son culture of Vietnam , but this was deemed unlikely in a 2012 study. Elsewhere, particularly in India and Central Asia , very similar traditions have also developed that are also known as " ikat ". These likely developed independently. Uyghurs call it atlas ( IPA [ɛtlɛs]) and use it only for woman's clothing. The historical record indicates that there were 27 types of atlas during Qing Chinese occupation. Now there are only four types of Uyghur atlas remaining: qara-atlas ,
931-559: The Huaso cowboys of Chile is perhaps the item best known in the West. Wool and cabuya fibre are the most commonly used. The Mexican rebozos can be made from silk, wool or cotton and are frequently ikat dyed. These shawls are seen as a part of the Mexican national identity and most women own at least one. Latin American ikat (Jaspe, as it is known to Maya weavers) textiles are commonly woven on
980-507: The ikat technique. The weft yarns are dyed a solid colour. The ikat pattern is clearly visible in the warp yarns wound onto the loom even before the weft is woven in. Warp ikat is, amongst others, produced in Indonesia; more specifically in Kalimantan , Sulawesi , and Sumatra by respectively the Dayaks , Torajans and Bataks . In weft ikat it is the weaving of weft yarn that carries
1029-735: The weft yarns. The movement of the weft yarns in the weaving process means precisely delineated patterns are more difficult to achieve. The weft yarn must be adjusted after each passing of the shuttle to preserve the clarity of the patterns. Nevertheless, highly skilled artisans can produce precise weft ikat . Japanese weavers produce very accurate indigo and white weft ikat with small scale motifs in cotton. Weavers in Odisha , India have replicated fine patterns in weft ikat . In Thailand, weavers make silk sarongs depicting birds and complex geometrical designs in seven-colour weft ikat . In some precise weft ikat traditions (Gujarat, India), two artisans weave
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#17330846883201078-534: The Tenganan double ikat motifs are taken directly from the patola tradition. In India, double ikat is also woven in Puttapaka, Nalgonda district , and is called Puttapaka Saree . In Japan, double ikat is woven in the Okinawa islands where it is called tate-yoko gasuri . Ikat is a resist dyeing technique common to many world cultures. It is probably one of the oldest forms of textile decoration. However, it
1127-647: The art and have taught it to a new generation. In Thailand, the local weft ikat type of woven cloth is known as matmi (also spelled 'mudmee' or 'mudmi'). Traditional Mudmi cloth was woven for daily use among the nobility. Other uses included ceremonial costumes. Warp ikat in cotton is also produced by the Karen and Lawa tribal peoples in northern Thailand. This type of cloth is the favourite silk item woven by Khmer people living in southern Isan , mainly in Surin , Sisaket and Buriram provinces. In Iran, ikat , known by
1176-510: The blurriness that is so characteristic of ikat is often prized by textile collectors. Ikat is an Indonesian word, which depending on context, can be the nouns : cord , thread , knot , or bundle, also the finished ikat fabric, as well as the verbs "to tie" or "to bind"; the term ikatan is a noun for bond or tie. It has a direct etymological relation to cognates in various Indonesian languages from Sumatra , Borneo , Java , Bali , Sulawesi , Sumba , Flores and Timor . Thus,
1225-428: The cloth: one passes the shuttle and the other adjusts the way the yarn lies in the shed. As the weft is a continuous strand, aberrations or variations in the weaving tension are cumulative. Some weft ikat traditions incorporate this affect into their aesthetic. Patterns become transformed by the weaving process into irregular and erratic designs. Guatemalan ikat is well-noted for its beautiful "blurs." Double ikat
1274-432: The double ikat . The Puttapaka Saree is made in Puttapaka village, Samsthan Narayanpuram mandal in Nalgonda district, India. It is known for its unique style of silk saris. The symmetric design is over 200 years old. The ikat is warp-based. The Puttapaka Saree is a double ikat . Before the weaving is done, a manual winding of yarn, called asu , needs to be performed. This process takes up to five hours per sari and
1323-403: The dyed patterns. Therefore, the pattern only appears as the weaving proceeds. Weft ikat s are much slower to weave than warp ikat because the weft yarns must be carefully adjusted after each passing of the shuttle to maintain the clarity of the design. Double ikat is a technique in which both warp and the weft are resist-dyed prior to weaving. Obviously it is the most difficult to make and
1372-489: The finest diving in the world. However, a 2007 report found that 75% of the coral reefs had been significantly damaged or destroyed by the practice of bomb fishing , the use of toxic chemicals in fishing, and due to earthquakes . One priority of the local community and government is the promotion of tourism. An annual cultural event, Maumere in Love , has been initiated as a step towards fostering both local and wider interest in
1421-532: The islands from Sumatra in the west to Timor in the east and Kalimantan and Sulawesi in the north. Ikat is also found in Iran, where the Persian name is daraee . Daraee means wealth, and this fabric is often included in a bride's dowry during wedding ceremonies; the people who bought these fabrics were rich. Ikat created by dyeing the warps (warp ikat ) is simpler to make than either weft ikat or double ikat . First
1470-433: The most expensive, and many poor quality cloths flood the tourist markets. Indian and Indonesian examples typify highly precise double ikat . Especially prized are the double ikat s woven in silk known in India as patola (singular: patolu ). These are from Khambat , Gujarat. During the colonial era, Dutch merchants used patola as prestigious trade cloths during the peak of the spice trade. In Indonesia, double ikat
1519-580: The most expensive. Double ikat is only produced in three countries: India, Japan and Indonesia . The double ikat made in Patan, Gujarat in India is the most complicated. Called "patola", it is made using fine silk yarns and many colours. It may be patterned with a small motif that is repeated many times across the length of a six-meter sari. Sometimes the Patan double ikat is pictorial with no repeats across its length. That is, each small design element in each colour
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1568-554: The name darayee , has been woven in different areas. In Yazd , there are some workshops that produce it. It is said that this kind of cloth historically used to be included in a bride's dowry. In popular culture, a quote states that people who bought this type of cloth were wealthy. Ikat patterns are common among the Andes peoples, and native people of Argentina , Bolivia , Brazil, Chile , Colombia , Ecuador , Guatemala , Mexico, Peru , and Venezuela . The Mapuche shawl or poncho of
1617-424: The name of the finished ikat woven fabric originates from the tali (threads, ropes) being ikat (tied, bound, knotted) before they are being put in celupan (dyed by way of dipping), then berjalin (woven, intertwined) resulting in a berjalin ikat - reduced to ikat . The introduction of the term ikat into European language is attributed to Rouffaer. Ikat is now a generic English loanword used to describe
1666-475: The offshore islands of Pulau Koja or Pulau Besar (with 3,038 inhabitants in mid 2023), Pulau Parumaan (with 1,900 inhabitants in mid 2023 - including Pulau Pangabatan, Pulau Mermaan and Pulau Dambila) - and (further northeast) Pulau Babi . (f) comprising five kelurahan (Beru, Kota Baru, Nangameting, Waioti and Wairotang) and five desa (including three on the offshore islands). A small Sikka region (non administrative) called Iwangeté or Iwang Geté encompasses
1715-622: The process and the cloth itself regardless of where the fabric was produced or how it is patterned. In Indonesian , the plural of ikat remains ikat . While in English, a suffix plural 's' is commonly added, as in ikats . However, these terms are interchangeable and both are correct. Warp ikat traditions in Southeast Asia are believed to have originated in Neolithic weaving traditions (older than at least 6000 BP ) somewhere in mainland Asia, and
1764-438: The regency, but is divided into three districts – Alok Barat (West Alok), Alok and Alok Timur (East Alok) – although the latter two districts also include a number of substantial islands off the north coast of Flores. In 1992 Maumere had a total population of about 70,000, but the town suffered considerable damage in the 1992 Flores earthquake and tsunami , with 90 percent of all buildings being destroyed. The Census population of
1813-667: The region around Maumere. The 3 districts ( kecamatan ) are sub-divided into 13 urban ( kelurahan ) and 8 rural ( desa ) villages: Thus the population of the urban town itself in 2023 was 77,909 (including 3,698 in Lepolima and Watugong desa ) while the other 10,875 inhabitants were on the various offshore islands. Mother of All Nations (Indonesian: Bunda Segala Bangsa ) is a statue of Mother Mary in Nilo hill, 5 kilometres or 3.1 miles south-west from Maumere. The statue stands 18 metres or 59 feet tall, but with its pedestal and foundation it
1862-426: The resist is applied to the woven cloth, whereas in ikat the resist is applied to the yarns before they are woven into cloth. Because the surface design is created in the yarns rather than on the finished cloth, in ikat both fabric faces are patterned. Ikat can be classified into three general types: warp ikat and weft ikat , in which the warp and weft yarns are dyed, respectively; and double ikat , where both
1911-498: The thread for the ikat weaving is spot-dyed. Then the mats are unravelled and the dyed thread is woven into Ōshima cloth. The Ōshima process is duplicated in Java and Bali, and was reserved for ruling royalty, notably Klungkung and Ubud : most especially the dodot cloth semi- cummerbund of Javanese court attire. The Cambodian ikat is a weft ikat woven of silk on a multi-shaft loom with an uneven twill weave, which results in
1960-558: The three "Alok" districts which compose Maumere town), and its post code. Notes: (a) Palu'e is an island district, situated off the north coast of Flores. (b) includes the offshore islands of Pulau Pemana Besar and Pulau Pemana Kecil (with a combined population of 4,917 in mid 2023) and, further north, Pulau Sukun or Samparong (with a population of 1,020 in mid 2023). (c) comprises 4 kelurahan (Kabor, Kota Uneng, Madawat and Nangalimang) and 3 desa . (d) comprising four kelurahan (Hewuli, Wailiti, Wolomarang and Wuring). (e) includes
2009-543: The three districts (Alak Barat, Alak, and Alak Timur) in 2010 was 82,039 and 87,720 in 2020; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 88,784; however this included 10,875 inhabitants of offshore islands, so that the figure for the town itself was 77,909. In 2005, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Maumere was established in the town. The reefs in areas surrounding Maumere (the Maumere Gulf) were once considered some of
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2058-535: The villages of Watublapi (Hewokloang district), Héwokloang, Kloangpopot (Doreng district), Hale (Mapitara district), and Hebingare (and quite a few others in between). Krowe is another name for this area, although neither names are quite accurate. People of this area produce a very distinctive ikat cloth: the widest bands (called ina geté ) bear such motifs as lizard ( teké ), a circular motif seen on some antique plates ( pigan uben ), spinning wheel ( jata selér ) and pineapple flower ( petan puhun ). Paulus Moa
2107-505: The warp and weft yarns are dyed. A characteristic of ikat textiles is an apparent "blurriness" to the design. The blurriness is a result of the extreme difficulty the weaver has lining up the dyed yarns so that the pattern comes out perfectly in the finished cloth. The blurriness can be reduced by using finer yarns or by the skill of the craftsperson. Ikat with little blurriness, multiple colours and complicated patterns are more difficult to create and therefore often more expensive. However,
2156-512: The warp threads even before the weft, a plain colored thread, is woven in. Some warp ikat traditions are designed with vertical-axis symmetry or have a "mirror-image" running along their long centre line. That is, whatever pattern or design is woven on the right is duplicated on the left in reverse order about a central warp thread group. Patterns can be created in the vertical, horizontal or diagonal. Weft ikat ( endek in Bali) uses resist-dyeing for
2205-602: The weft threads showing more prominently on the front of the fabric than the back. By the 19th century, Cambodian ikat was considered among the finest textiles of the world. When the King of Thailand came to the USA in 1856, he brought fine Cambodian ikat cloth as a gift for President Franklin Pierce . The most intricately patterned of the Cambodian fabrics are the sampot hol — skirts worn by
2254-610: The women — and the pidans — wall hangings used to decorate the pagoda or the home for special ceremonies. Unfortunately, Cambodian culture suffered massive disruption and destruction during the mid-20th century Indochina wars but most especially during the Khmer Rouge regime. Most weavers were killed and the whole art of Cambodian ikat was in danger of disappearing. Kikuo Morimoto is a prominent pioneer in re-introducing ikat to Cambodia. In 1995, he moved from Japan and located one or two elderly weavers and Khmer Rouge survivors who knew
2303-406: The yarns-- cotton , silk , wool or other fibres—are wound onto a tying frame. Then they are separated into bundles. As the binding process is very labor-intensive an effort is made to reduce the work to a minimum by folding the thread bundles like in paper dolls and binding a basic ikat motif (BIM) that will be repeated like in paper dolls when the threads are unfolded for weaving after the dyeing
2352-487: Was Regent of Sikka for a few years between 2002 and 2006. This East Nusa Tenggara location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ikat Ikat (literally "to bind" in Malayo-Polynesian languages ) is a dyeing technique from Southeast Asia used to pattern textiles that employs resist dyeing on the yarns prior to dyeing and weaving the fabric. In Southeast Asia , where it
2401-516: Was individually tied in the warp and weft yarns. It's an extraordinary achievement in the textile arts. These much sought after textiles were traded by the Dutch East Indies company for exclusive spice trading rights with the sultanates of Indonesia. The double ikat woven in the small Bali Aga village, Tenganan in east Bali in Indonesia reflects the influence of these prized textiles. Some of
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