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19-504: Gough was a son of Owen Gough and Hawys Hanmer. He is known to have taken part in the battles of Cravant (1423) and Verneuil (1424). He was subsequently in command of various towns and fortresses, including Laval, Saint Denis, Le Mans , Bellême , and Bayeux . In 1432 he was taken prisoner at Saint Denis. Matthew as Captain of Bayeux, reinforced an English army in Normandy, under the command of Thomas Kyriell in 1450. A French army under

38-555: The Dowager Duchess of Burgundy , who raised troops and in turn sought support from Burgundy's English allies, which was forthcoming. The two allied armies, one English, one Burgundian, rendezvoused at Auxerre on 29 July. The allied commanders held a council of war in Auxerre Cathedral on the evening of 29 July. This led to the drafting of an order of battle, covering a mixture of tactical and disciplinary matters. The army

57-575: The Stewart Kings of Scotland, being descended from the second son of Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland , Sir John Stewart of Bonkyll . Darnley inherited his father's estates in 1404, and was knighted c.  1418 . In 1418 the Dauphin of France asked James I, King of Scotland , for aid against the English, requesting Darnley by name, and he left in 1419 with the expeditionary force under

76-638: The Earls of Buchan (Darnley's cousin) and Wigtown . By 1420 Darnley was referred to as Constable of the Scottish Army there. Darnley fought at the Dauphin's first victory against the English at the Battle of Baugé in 1421. He was made Seigneur of Concressault in 1421. When the Dauphin became Charles VII King of France , Darnley entered his service, and Charles rewarded him with the seigneurie (lordship) of Aubigny-sur-Nère in 1422. Charles ordered Darnley to cross

95-638: The King of France. Following a victory over the English at Mont Saint-Michel , Darnley was made Count of Évreux to compensate him for his expenses, and Darnley promised to relinquish it for 50,000 gold crowns. Darnley raised the siege of Montargis. Charles, unable to pay him, permitted him to quarter the Fleur-de-Lis to his coat of arms . In 1428, he along with Renaud of Chartres, the Archbishop of Rheims , returned to Scotland to raise further troops, and to negotiate

114-617: The Loire and retake Auxerrois  [ fr ] and Nevernois, and he besieged Cravant , but was defeated, captured and lost an eye. He was therefore not at the Battle of Verneuil , at which the Franco-Scottish army was heavily defeated. His ransom was reimbursed by Charles , and Darnley commanded the remaining Scots soldiers in France to form what became the Garde Écossaise , or Scottish Guards for

133-703: The Scots across the narrow bridge and divided the Dauphin's army. The French began to withdraw, but the Scots refused to flee and fought on, to be cut down by the hundreds. Perhaps 1,200–3,000 of them fell at the bridgehead or along the riverbanks, and over 2,000 prisoners were taken, including Darnley (who also lost an eye) and the Comte de Vendôme. While the Anglo-Burgundians were fighting, the Burgundian knights in Cravant came out from

152-477: The Scots archers began shooting into the allied ranks. The allied artillery replied, supported by their own archers and crossbowmen. Seeing the Dauphinists were suffering casualties and becoming disordered, Salisbury took the initiative and his army began to cross the waist-high river, some 50 metres wide, under a covering barrage of arrows from the English archers. Meanwhile, another force under Willoughby attacked

171-560: The banks of the river Yonne , a left-bank tributary of the Seine , southeast of Auxerre . The battle ended in a victory for the English and their Burgundian allies. After the Treaty of Troyes in 1420, the English king was permitted to occupy all the country north of the Loire . In 1422, with Henry V suddenly dead and an infant King Henry VI of England assuming the throne, hostilities resumed. In

190-542: The citizens of Auxerre. The French army was commanded by Sir John Stewart of Darnley with Louis, Count of Vendôme , as second in command. There were about 4,000 Scots. A sizeable French force was present with smaller forces of Aragonese and Lombard mercenaries. The Dauphinist army was larger than the Anglo-Burgundian force perhaps by two to three times. The allied army marched throughout 30 July and that evening, 6 kilometres (4 mi) short of Cravant, sighted

209-465: The command of Jean de Bourbon , together with a force of Breton cavalry, under Arthur de Richemont , defeated the English army at the Battle of Formigny , with the remnants of Gough's force able to flee the battlefield. Returning to England, Gough was placed in joint command of the Tower of London . Whilst defending the city against Jack Cade's rebels , he was killed upon London Bridge on 5 July 1450. He

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228-465: The early summer of 1423, the French Dauphin Charles assembled an army at Bourges intending to invade Burgundian territory. This French army contained a large number of Scots under John Stewart, Earl of Buchan , who was commanding the entire mixed force, as well as Spanish and Lombard mercenaries. This army besieged the town of Cravant . The garrison of Cravant requested help from

247-469: The enemy. The following day, having assessed the enemy position as too strong, they crossed the river Yonne and attempted to reach Cravant by another route. Approaching the town from across the river, the allies saw that the French army had changed position and was now waiting for them on the other bank. For three hours the forces watched each other, neither willing to attempt an opposed river crossing. Eventually,

266-558: The fortress following the lord of Chastellux and launched a devastating cavalry charge against the Dauphinist forces which completely broke their lines. Being crushed from two sides the Dauphinist army fled the battlefield. The Dauphin's forces retreated to the Loire. On 2 August, the English and Burgundian armies withdrew separately from Cravant, the Burgundians marching to Dijon , the English to Montaiguillon . The success at Cravant

285-601: The future marriage between Princess Margaret of Scotland , and the Charles' son Louis . He returned again to France in 1429, where he took part in the Siege of Orléans where he arrived with 1000 men. Four days later, he commanded the Scottish contingent at the Battle of the Herrings , where he was killed, and his brother William, who tried to rescue him. John Stewart of Darnley was buried in

304-506: Was a Scottish nobleman and famous military commander who served as Constable of the Scottish Army in France, supporting the French against the English during the Hundred Years War . He was a fourth cousin of King James I of Scotland (reigned 1406 to 1437), the third monarch of the House of Stewart . The son of Sir Alexander Stewart of Darnley and Janet Keith, he was a distant cousin of

323-622: Was buried in the choir of St. Mary's of the Carmelite Friars in London. He married Margaret, daughter of Rhys Moythe and Margaret Harley, they are known to have had the following known issue: Battle of Cravant The Battle of Cravant was fought on 31 July 1423, during the Hundred Years' War between English and French forces at the village of Cravant in Burgundy , at a bridge and ford on

342-681: Was clearly intending to fight a dismounted action, with horses taken to the rear, and archers were to prepare anti-cavalry stakes . That night the army was ordered to pray for victory. The march was to begin at 10 o'clock the following morning. The combined English and Burgundian forces were led by Jean de Toulongeon, Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury , with Lord Willoughby as second in command. The Anglo-Burgundian army mustered about 4,000 men (2,000 Burgundians and 2,000 English), including 1,500 men-at-arms (500 English and 1,000 Burgundian), 1,500 English archers, some Burgundian crossbowmen and pioneers and 40 veuglaires (light artillery), manned by

361-565: Was the first for a joint English and Burgundian army. Despite this success, the allies would rarely fight together again, usually operating separately from one another. The Dauphinists would suffer an even greater defeat the following year at the Battle of Verneuil . 47°41′02″N 3°41′30″E  /  47.6839°N 3.6917°E  / 47.6839; 3.6917 John Stewart of Darnley Sir John Stewart of Darnley, 1st Comte d'Évreux , 1st Seigneur de Concressault, 1st Seigneur d'Aubigny ( c.  1380  – 1429)

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