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119-607: Mateusz Jakub Morawiecki ( Polish: [maˈtɛuʂ ˈjakup mɔraˈvjɛt͡skʲi] ; born 20 June 1968) is a Polish economist, historian and politician who served as the prime minister of Poland between 2017 and 2023. A member of the Law and Justice (PiS) party, he previously served in the cabinet of prime minister Beata Szydło as deputy prime minister from 2015 to 2017, Minister of Development from 2015 to 2018 and Minister of Finance from 2016 to 2018. Prior to his political appointment, Morawiecki had an extensive business career. He

238-543: A "dangerous" China-Russian alliance . On 14 April after the visit of Emmanuel Macron to Beijing , where he met Xi Jinping and caused alarm in Washington because he spoke of France's "sovereign autonomy", Morawiecki went there and read a prepared paper to a diplomatic audience. In those remarks he said that "You can not protect Ukraine today and tomorrow by saying that Taiwan is none of our business. You have to support Ukraine if you want Taiwan to remain independent. If Ukraine

357-544: A democratically elected Sejm , a prime minister and cabinet, and an executive branch. Despite outlining a parliamentary system , the Small Constitution vested many executive powers into Piłsudski's position as Chief of State. The executive branch could select and organise cabinets (with the Sejm's consent), be responsible to the ministries for their duties, and require the countersignature of ministers for all official acts. By

476-719: A dependence on Kaczynski's leadership and failed to convey Poland's commitment to Ukrainian aspirations and regional stability. While attempting to assert Poland's position, Morawiecki's actions damaged the country's reputation as a reliable international actor and neglected the tradition of fostering strong alliances, particularly with allies facing adversity. Under his government, hundreds of people, including leading opposition figures, were spied on using Pegasus software. Among those targeted whose names have been revealed are Krzysztof Brejza ( Civic Platform campaign leader), former foreign minister Radoslaw Sikorski , former finance minister Jacek Rostowski , Michał Kołodziejczak (leader of

595-792: A formal meeting at the Bucharest Nine summit in Warsaw that "We must prepare for years-long deterrence and defense against the Russian threat." In February 2023, Morawiecki said that Poland would "use its own good relations" with Turkey under Erdoğan to persuade it "to the fastest possible, and preferably concurrent, accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO." In March 2023, he visited Saudi Arabia and met with Saudi Crown Prince and de facto ruler Mohammed bin Salman . In March 2023, after Xi Jinping 's three-day visit to Russia , Morawiecki expressed concern about

714-725: A general strike to demand the ouster of a newly appointed rector at the Radom Engineering School. In late November and early December 1981, another important event took place. On November 25, students of Warsaw's School of Fire Service Officers went on strike to protest their college's being subjected directly to the Ministry of Interior and Administration versus the Higher Education Bill. The cadets demanded both an exemption from police duties, and academic rights. Polish students did not enjoy their freedom for long. Following

833-428: A general strike. After martial law was declared in 1981, he helped print and distribute underground Solidarity magazines. As a son of a well known opposition activist, he was sometimes detained and intimidated by the police. In an interview, he said he threw Molotov cocktails at police cars and was on many occasions stopped and beaten by Poland's secret police ( Służba Bezpieczeństwa , SB ). Another reason for this

952-723: A meeting of G20 finance ministers in Baden-Baden , becoming Poland's first-ever representative at that summit. In December 2017, Jarosław Kaczyński , the Chairman of the Law and Justice party, declared that he no longer had confidence in Beata Szydło to be the party's prime ministerial candidate, in part due to perceived conflict between her and other European Union leaders. With her position untenable, Szydło resigned, and Morawiecki quickly won internal party approval to be nominated as her successor. He

1071-429: A member of the winning party. The four opposition parties criticised Duda's decision as a delay tactic. The opposition parties subsequently signed a coalition agreement on 10 November, de facto taking over control of the Sejm, and agreed to nominate former Prime Minister and European Council President Donald Tusk as their candidate. Morawiecki's new cabinet , dubbed the "two-week government" and "zombie government" by

1190-525: A new cabinet. However, heavy losses for Law and Justice left his cabinet well short of majority support in the Sejm. His cabinet was defeated in the legislature on 11 December, and former prime minister Donald Tusk was elected his successor. Morawiecki is married to Iwona Morawiecka, with whom he has four children: two daughters (Olga and Magdalena) and two sons (Jeremiasz and Ignacy). [REDACTED]   Poland : [REDACTED]   Lithuania : [REDACTED]   Ukraine : In 2008 Morawiecki

1309-425: A new prime minister must be simultaneously appointed. Additionally, the premier must submit the resignation of their cabinet at the first sitting of a newly elected parliament, as well as after a vote of no confidence has been successfully passed against the council of ministers or upon their own individual resignation. In the event of the prime minister's resignation or death, the president can either accept or refuse

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1428-411: A peasant protest movement). In addition to these leading figures, there are also former ministers from Donald Tusk's first governments (2007–2014), three retired Polish army generals, two lobbyists for US arms firms, the president of one of the main employers' organizations, as well as a number of PiS representatives. Much of the information obtained with the software, notably SMS and e-mail correspondence,

1547-611: A president to the Supreme Court of Poland , exercising pardons , making a referral to the Constitutional Tribunal , or appointing members to the National Broadcasting Council . The presidency's most significant power over the prime minister is the right to veto the government's legislation, but this procedure may be overruled by a three-fifths voting majority in the Sejm. The prime minister can also submit

1666-403: A prime minister within fourteen days, who will again propose the composition of the cabinet. An absolute majority of votes in the presence of at least half of all Sejm deputies is required to approve the cabinet, and the president is required to accept and swear in the Sejm's nominee. If the vote of confidence fails again, the process of nomination is handed back to the presidency, who will appoint

1785-522: A prime minister, who will then nominate other members of the cabinet. If the vote of confidence fails a third time, the president is obliged to dissolve the Sejm and call new elections. As part of political tradition, the prime minister and the ministers take the oath of office inside the Column Hall at the Presidential Palace , in a ceremony administered by the president. Upon their inauguration,

1904-408: A semi-authoritarian power behind the throne presence over the premiership and presidency. Piłsudski's August Novelisation of the 1921 Constitution retained the prime minister's post and the parliamentary system, though modified the president's powers to rule by decree, dismiss the Sejm, and decide budgetary matters. By the mid-1930s, Piłsudski and fellow Sanationists further stripped parliament and

2023-403: A series of reform laws passed through parliament, strengthening and centralising the prime minister's prerogatives. These reforms would form the basis of the current 1997 Constitution . Significant changes included the ability for the prime minister to call a vote of confidence, the premier's exclusive right to allocate and reshuffle ministers, and also for the prime minister to solely determine

2142-453: A sit-in, which was brutally broken by the riot police. Another strike was broken at Kraków's Pedagogical University . At some point in the mid-1980s, the Association began cooperation with high-school students organization Federation of Fighting Youth . The NZS, which in the years 1984-1985 was in the decline, began to flourish, beginning in 1986, when a new generation of students replaced

2261-523: A situation, the prime minister is authorised to call upon the president to deploy the Polish Armed Forces to bring law and order. Throughout the history of the Third Republic, the relationship between the prime minister and the president has ebbed and flowed. In the early to mid-1990s, the relationship largely depended on different interpretations of the vague, legal prerogatives of each office at

2380-531: A solidarity strike. On February 17, 1981, the government accepted registration of the Association, under the condition that it would abide by the Constitution. The following day, the strikes in Łódź ended. The government pledged to grant more autonomy to the students and agreed that the students would no longer be obliged to study the Russian language. Another concession was the elimination of compulsory Marxist-Leninist courses. The Government's decision to register

2499-422: A vote of confidence of their cabinet to the Sejm. A vote of confidence in the cabinet can be granted by at least half of all of the Sejm's deputies. Similarly, if the council of ministers loses its majority support within the Sejm, the cabinet can be forced to resign in a constructive vote of no confidence . The motion must be approved by at least 46 deputies, and then passed by a majority vote. In such an event,

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2618-559: Is Donald Tusk of the Civic Platform party who replaced Mateusz Morawiecki following the 2023 Polish parliamentary election , after Morawiecki's third government failed to receive a vote of confidence on 11 December 2023, which Tusk's third government subsequently received on the same day and was sworn in two days later. Tusk was also the fourteenth prime minister, between 2007 and 2014. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Near

2737-608: Is a Polish student society, created in October 1980, in the aftermath of the Gdańsk Agreement and the anti-government strike actions (see: History of Solidarity ). It was a student arm, or suborganization, of Solidarity , and together with it, as well as other similar organizations, was banned after the implementation of martial law in Poland (December 13, 1981). Some activists were arrested, and others organized an underground NZS. After

2856-639: Is conquered, the next day China can attack Taiwan. I see here a very big connection, a lot of correlation between the situation in Ukraine and the situation in Taiwan and China." This caused the Chinese MFA to react sharply and inimically. In April 2023, Morawiecki told the Atlantic Council think-tank that: "Our relationship with Hungary changed a lot because of the position of Hungary toward Ukraine and Russia" after

2975-602: Is considered to have been a de jure leader of Poland, with the de facto leader being Jarosław Kaczyński , the leader of the party Morawiecki is a member of. Born in Wrocław , Morawiecki became heavily engaged in anti-communist movements in his youth. He attended the University of Wrocław and extended his education at the University of Hamburg and University of Basel . He obtained degrees in arts, business administration and advanced studies. From 1996 to 2004, Morawiecki lectured at

3094-467: Is flagrantly violating the constitution or legal statutes. Among the office's emergency and security powers, the prime minister can request to the president a military commander-in-chief of the Polish Armed Forces during a time of war, or order a partial or general mobilisation in the event of a direct threat to national security. The prime minister also retains the right to appoint and dismiss

3213-478: Is further assisted by a deputy prime minister (or ministers), who will act as a vice-president within the council of ministers. The make-up of the cabinet, its distributed portfolios and its governing style, however, very much depends on the premier's personality. The prime minister cannot, however, hold the presidency nor any other high state office, such as the chairmanships of the Supreme Chamber of Control ,

3332-578: Is the Chancellery. Located in the Building of the Chancellery of the Prime Minister along Ujazdów Avenue in Warsaw, the Chancellery houses the central meeting location of the cabinet. As an office, the Chancellery acts to facilitate government policy between the prime minister and the ministers, serves as the premier's support staff, and distributes the administration's information. Additionally in supporting

3451-778: The 2010 presidential election . Although Tusk and Kaczyński found several areas of compromise, clashes between the Chancellery and the Presidential Palace became a regular feature in both the domestic and international political scenes for the next two and a half years. Frustrated by Kaczyński's veto, Tusk argued for a constitutional amendment in November 2009 to strip the presidency of its veto powers, declaring: "The president should not have veto power. People make their decision in elections and then state institutions should not be in conflict...Let us change some provisions so we can have fewer conflicts and more cooperation. We propose changes to

3570-526: The Centre Agreement , a political movement based around Wałęsa. Similarly, Prime Minister Jan Olszewski also retained a notoriously strained relationship with Wałęsa during Olszewski's brief government between 1991 and 1992. Olszewski proceeded with a cautious approach to economic reform instead of implementing shock therapy , putting him at odds with the president. While Wałęsa advocated for constitutional reform to enlarge presidential prerogatives over

3689-532: The French Third Republic , the March Constitution entrusted decision-making exclusively within the lower-house Sejm. The newly created presidency , on the other hand, became a symbolic office devoid of any major authority, stripped of veto and wartime powers. Deriving authority from the powerful Sejm, the prime minister and the council of ministers, in theory, faced few constitutional barriers from

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3808-644: The Law and Justice party, which he joined in 2016. He led the party to win a second-term in the 2019 Polish parliamentary election . On 27 November 2023, after the United Right had failed to secure majority in the Sejm in the 2023 Polish parliamentary election , Morawiecki became the leader of a caretaker government . On 11 December 2023, Morawiecki lost the vote of confidence from the Sejm , effectively terminating his cabinet 's tenure. He remained acting prime minister until 13 December 2023, when his successor and leader of

3927-623: The Lisbon Treaty , and a rapprochement with Russia , put Kaczyński directly at odds with the prime minister. From 2007 until Kaczyński's death in the Smolensk air disaster in 2010, policy differences between the two offices were a constant source of division, with the president employing his limited veto powers numerous times over the government's legislation; Tusk's government lacked a 60 percent threshold to overturn such vetoes. In response, Tusk made no secret his party's desire to replace Kaczyński in

4046-508: The National Bank of Poland , or the Ombudsman for Citizens Rights , simultaneously. With the power to distribute and reshuffle cabinet members, the prime minister can also discharge the functions of a minister. Similarly, the prime minister can call upon the cabinet to repeal a regulation or order from any minister. The prime minister must answer questions from deputies during each sitting of

4165-578: The Polish Constitution , article 157, paragraph 1 and article 187, paragraph 1 and 2 of the Electoral Code. The opposition demanded Morawiecki's resignation. In October 2021, Morawiecki accused the European Union of blackmail over several issues. However, he downplayed the possibility of a "Polexit" and said that the threat of economic sanctions was a "direct challenge". In July 2021, he became

4284-451: The Solidarity government of Tadeusz Mazowiecki faced the monumental task of formally institutionalising the office in order to define its relatively vague legal powers. As the communist state was quickly dismantled, this impasse remained due to the series of unstable governments falling in quick succession in the first years of the Third Republic. Matters were not helped by the vagueness of

4403-729: The University of Wrocław (history, 1992), Wrocław University of Technology (1993), Wrocław University of Economics ( Business Administration , 1995), the University of Hamburg (European Law and Economic Integration, 1995–97), and the University of Basel ( European Studies , 1995–97). While at the Wrocław University of Technology, he studied abroad at Central Connecticut State University and completed an advanced executive program at Northwestern University 's Kellogg School of Management . In 1991 Morawiecki began work at Cogito Company and co-created two publishing firms, Reverentia and Enter Marketing-Publishing. That same year he co-founded

4522-524: The Wrocław University of Economics , as well as from 1996 to 1998 at the Wrocław University of Technology . From 1998, Morawiecki worked for Bank Zachodni WBK from the Santander Group , where he was promoted to the position of managing director and eventually chairman. On 11 December 2017, following prime minister Szydło's resignation, Morawiecki was nominated to succeed her by the chief staff of

4641-524: The martial law in Poland , the Association was banned on February 5, 1981, and many of its activists were arrested. The NZS was still active in the underground, especially in large population centers, such as Warsaw, Wrocław and Kraków. Some of its members, such as Teodor Klincewicz from Warsaw, were actively involved in various forms of anti-government protests. Also, students of the Law Department at Łódź University, in opposition to martial law, organized

4760-522: The 1980s, at the age of 12, he edited an illegal political newspaper Lower Silesia Bulletin and was active in the Independent Students' Association . He continued taking part in political demonstrations until the late 1980s and participated in occupation strikes at the University of Wroclaw in 1988 and 1989. He co-organized the Club for Political Thought "Free and Solidary". Morawiecki is an alumnus of

4879-662: The Communists did not want to give up their monopoly of youth organizations. Most Polish colleges began a sit-in, and in Kraków, street fights erupted. During the historic semi-free June 1989 elections, the NZS actively helped Solidarity candidates. The Association was re-legalized on September 22, 1989, when Poland was already ruled by the oppositional government of Tadeusz Mazowiecki . In the 1990s, NZS limited its political activities, concentrating on cultural events, as well as entertainment. Across

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4998-627: The Council of Ministers (pursuant to Article 162(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland), which was accepted by the President on the same day. On 15 September 2020, the Voivodeship administrative court in Warsaw ruled that the decision of Morawiecki to hold the elections only by postal vote on 10 May 2020 was a "gross violation of the law and was issued without [legal] grounds" and violated article 7 of

5117-425: The Law and Justice Party opted for a confrontational approach, such as banning future military aid to Ukraine, which was disproportionate and populist. Morawiecki's claim of acting in Poland's national interest lacked credibility and was seen as a cynical move to gain nationalist votes during the parliamentary election campaign, undermining liberal support for Law and Justice. Morawiecki's hawkish response also reflected

5236-618: The Munich Security Conference on 17 February that year, Morawiecki said "it is not going to be seen as criminal to say that there were Polish perpetrators, as there were Jewish perpetrators, as there were Russian perpetrators, as there were Ukrainian perpetrators, not only German perpetrators." His remark roused controversy and prompted criticism by prominent Israeli politicians, including Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Israeli President Reuven Rivlin . The crisis

5355-514: The Olszewski government's dismissal, which the Sejm obliged, forcing the collapse of Olszewski's coalition in June 1992. Prime Minister Hanna Suchocka, who succeeded in forming a government after Waldemar Pawlak 's failure to gather a workable coalition, enjoyed a far more amicable relationship with the president. The implementation of a new constitution in 1997 profoundly affected the relationship between

5474-541: The PZPR entered into the Round Table Talks in early 1989 with leading members of the anti-communist opposition. The conclusion of the talks, along with the resulting April Novelisation of the constitution, provided various powers to the Sejm, along with reinstating both the previously dissolved upper-house Senate and the presidency as legal governmental entities. Following the partially free 1989 parliamentary election ,

5593-781: The Polish patriotic traditions of fighting for independence. The NZS was an alternative to the official Polish Students' Association (ZSP), which was subordinated to the Polish United Workers' Party . The first request for legalization of the NZS was presented in the Provincial Court in Warsaw on October 20, 1980, but the Justice refused. On November 13, the Warsaw Court stated that only laborers were entitled to create trade unions. In response, strikes and protests were organized throughout

5712-467: The Polish political establishment, as the Ukrainian leader accused his Polish counterpart of complicity with Russia due to his refusal to reopen Poland's borders to imports of the agricultural products from Ukraine. Morawiecki's reaction was characterized by immaturity, emotionalism, and hawkish actions, which exacerbated tensions unnecessarily. Rather than pursuing pragmatic diplomatic channels, Morawiecki and

5831-450: The Sejm for the president's actions. This legal relationship, established under the constitution, attaches a significant presidential dependence on the prime minister's signature, arguably enlarging the premier's responsibilities and legal standing. The President, however, does not need the prime minister's countersignature for a limited selection of other acts, including the appointment of judges, conferring orders and decorations, appointing

5950-449: The Sejm. The premier and other ministers are also constitutionally mandated to answer interpellations from deputies within 21 days of their submission. In accordance to Poland's semi-presidential system, most official acts of the presidency require the prime minister's countersignature in order to become valid. Through this, the prime minister acts as a gatekeeper to the president to certain acts, while also accepting responsibility to

6069-530: The Temporary Founding Committee of the University of Gdańsk was created, followed by similar bodies in other Polish cities, such as Warsaw, Poznań, and Kraków. Between 18 and 19 October 1980, at the Warsaw University of Technology , a founding meeting of a newly created student organization took place, with 60 chapters, representing different Polish universities and colleges. At this point,

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6188-559: The UK and he hoped the trend would continue to help boost the Polish economy. In January 2019, Morawiecki said that " Hitler 's Germany fed on fascist ideology... But all the evil came from this (German) state and we cannot forget that, because otherwise we relativise evil." Morawiecki wants Germany to pay World War II reparations for the destruction it caused during World War II. In August 2019, he said that "Poland has yet to receive proper compensation from Germany… We lost six million people over

6307-407: The additional sentence, "So help me God." Article 148 of the constitution stipulates that the prime minister shall act as the representative of the cabinet as a whole, delegate its agendas, coordinate the work of ministers, ensure the implementation of policy adopted by the cabinet, and issue regulations. Additionally, the prime minister acts as the superior of all civil servants. The prime minister

6426-437: The areas of competence for ministries. Many of the prime minister's new powers were gained at the expense of the presidency, which lost the rights to consult ministerial appointments, reject the prime minister's cabinet selection or reshuffles, chair the cabinet, and to veto the budget, although veto powers in other areas remained. Additionally, the previous communist-era Office of the Council of Ministers ( Urząd Rady Ministrów )

6545-808: The association was met by Łódź student's applause. The students stood up and sang the Polish national anthem . The Łódź Agreement is still regarded as the student equivalent of the Gdańsk Agreement. Furthermore, the student strikes in Łódź were mentioned by the Communist services as one of reasons for establishing the law. Between 3–6 April 1981, at Kraków's Pedagogical University , the First Meeting of NZS Delegates took place. It gathered 240 activists from 66 Polish colleges and universities (out of 89 such schools existing then nationwide). The National Coordinating Commission

6664-527: The bloc's Emissions Trading System of contributing to the 2021 global energy crisis . From 10 February to 26 April 2022, he performed the duties of the Minister of Finance after the dismissal of Tadeusz Kościński. In January 2023, Morawiecki said he supported the death penalty . In February 2023, as the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine entered its second year, Morawiecki told Hungarian President Katalin Novák in

6783-508: The budget is blocked by Duda. After Duda signed the budget, Tusk said sending the signed bill to the Constitutional Tribunal wouldn't change anything. "The budget is approved and that was the goal. The rest doesn't matter. People will get the money, nothing will stop it now.". On 29 March 2024 Polish President vetoes bill restoring access to emergency contraception. In a statement, Duda’s office outlined that his motivation in rejecting

6902-423: The budget, government finances, European Union funds, and overall economic policy. As finance minister, Morawiecki outlined an ambitious "Plan for Responsible Development", known colloquially as the "Morawiecki Plan", aimed at stimulating economic growth and raising revenues for generous government plans, including "Family 500+" child benefits for all families with two or more children. In March 2017, he took part in

7021-407: The cabinet's resignation of office. For the regional governments of the voivodeships , the prime minister is empowered to appoint a voivode for each of the republic's sixteen provinces, who supervises the central government's administration in the regions, as well as the functions of local government. The Sejm, upon a motion of the prime minister, can dissolve a local or regional government if it

7140-412: The cabinet, or the council of ministers as a whole at will. Upon selection, the prime minister will propose members of the cabinet, and within fourteen days, must submit a programme outlining the new government's agenda to the Sejm, requiring a vote of confidence from its deputies. In the event that a vote of confidence fails, the process of government formation passes to the Sejm, which will then nominate

7259-633: The cabinet, the Chancellery also houses various executive departments answerable directly to the prime minister outside of the council of ministers, including the Economic Council, the Protection Office, and the Civil Service Department. The official residence of the prime minister is Willa Parkowa, located several minutes' walk from the Chancellery next to Łazienki Park . However, the previous Prime Minister Donald Tusk chose to reside in

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7378-695: The coastal city of Sopot , near his native Gdańsk in Pomeranian Voivodeship . The prime minister receives security from the Government Protection Bureau ( Biuro Ochrony Rządu ) while in office, as well as for six months after departing from the Chancellery. Since the inception of the Third Republic, sixteen individuals have occupied the post. The shortest-serving government was the third government of Mateusz Morawiecki , lasting for 16 days between November and December 2023. The longest-serving prime minister has been Donald Tusk, who held

7497-532: The constitution so that the centre of power lies with the government... The presidential veto brings more harm than good.". In 2015 in a short period of time relations between President Andrzej Duda and Prime Minister Ewa Kopacz were tense too. On 31 May 2015 Duda announced the resolution electing him president during the ceremony. He appealed for no major political changes to be made before his swearing-in, as well as no changes "that may arouse unnecessary emotions and create conflicts." The prime minister noted that

7616-399: The course of the war — many more than did countries that received major reparations." On 13 October 2019, Morawiecki led PiS to a re-election victory in that year's parliamentary election . PiS won its highest ever vote in a parliamentary election to date, taking in 43.6% of the national vote and retaining majority government. At the first sitting of the Sejm of the 9th term, he resigned from

7735-586: The early 1920s, rightist nationalists within parliament, particularly Roman Dmowski and other members of the Popular National Union party and the Endecja movement, advocated reforms to the republic's structure to stem the authority of the chief of state (and ultimately Piłsudski) while increasing parliamentary powers. The result was the Sejm's passage of the March Constitution of 1921 . Modeled after

7854-510: The economic analysis bureau and the international trade department. In 2001 he became managing director and a member of the board. In 2007–15 Morawiecki was chairman of Bank Zachodni WBK . On 16 November 2015, President Andrzej Duda appointed Mateusz Morawiecki as both Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Development in the Cabinet led by Prime Minister Beata Szydło . (This took place soon after Mateusz Morawiecki's father, Kornel Morawiecki ,

7973-649: The end of the First World War , an assortment of groups contested to proclaim an independent Polish state. In early November 1918, a socialist provisional government under Ignacy Daszyński declared independence, while a separate committee in Kraków claimed to rule West Galicia . In Warsaw , the German - Austrian appointed Regency Council agreed to transfer political responsibilities to Marshal Józef Piłsudski , recently released from Magdeburg fortress, as Chief of State of

8092-499: The end. That's what Poles pay it for," said Kopacz. The dispute between the president and the prime minister continues. Neither during the ceremony at Westerplatte nor immediately after did the politicians decide to talk. Even though Duda and Kopacz were standing next to each other, they did not shake hands.". Duda's relationships with the conservative prime ministers Beata Szydło and Mateusz Morawiecki were virtually free of conflict. Duda sparingly used his veto powers in legislation

8211-443: The fall of 1980 and winter of 1980-1981, with the most extensive taking place at the University of Poznań (November 1980), and the University of Łódź (January - February 1981). Among those who took part in the Łódź strikes was an international soccer player, Stanisław Terlecki , who used his connections to get food for students. Desperate students of the Warsaw University began to occupy the college in late November 1980, but due to

8330-501: The fall of Communism in 1989, the organization was recreated, and its focus was changed from political to cultural, although it still stands by its origins, as seen by Polish students’ support for the Orange Revolution in Ukraine . It now is the largest independent student organization in Poland, with 90 chapters at Polish universities and a total of 20,000 members. The first meeting of students demanding independent Association took place on August 27, 1980, in Gdańsk . On September 2,

8449-432: The government did not keep this promise. This resulted in the creation of the National Student Strike Committee, which consisted of: Tomasz Ziemiński, Mariusz Kamiński, Przemysław Gosiewski, P. Nycz, W. Kiliński, Sławomir Skrzypek, R. Kosiorek, Grzegorz Schetyna , B. Pichur, Artur Olszewski, Igor Wójcik, P. Janiszewski, A. Jasionowski, K. Zemler, R. Bitner, A. Szczepkowski and P. Swaczyna. As Lech Kaczyński later recalled,

8568-467: The government's concordat with the Holy See , a new lustration act and new electoral statutes to proceed without hindrance, though Kwaśniewski vetoed Buzek's privatisation plan. Kwaśniewski's relationships with the like-minded social democratic premierships of Leszek Miller and Marek Belka were virtually free of conflict. Relations between the two executive organs, however, returned to animosity under

8687-542: The government's relations with the president are defined in the Constitution: "This is indeed a surprising appeal. Please remember that the constitution regulates even friendly relations between the head of state and the government. The government has its duties, but also obligations towards Poles." She assured that her government had already fulfilled 90 percent of its announcements made in the expose and would continue to implement its programme. "The government should work until

8806-630: The heads of the special services, including the Policja , Border Guard , ABW , AW , and the Government Protection Bureau . The heads of both the ABW and AW are entitled to directly report to the premier. In the event of public disorder, the prime minister can, upon a motion by the interior minister, authorise special armed units of the Policja to restore order. If such units prove ineffective in such

8925-554: The invasion. "We had once very strong cooperation on the level of the Visegrad group [Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia], now much less so." In July 2023, Morawiecki warned that Poland is not planning to open its borders to imports of agricultural products from Ukraine , saying "We protect our agriculture, that’s why we don’t open borders for agricultural goods from Ukraine." Morawiecki response to Zelensky's 2023 UN Speech Zelensky's UN Speech in 2023 surprised many members of

9044-480: The late 1970s organization, Student Committee of Solidarity , created in 1977, following the murder of Stanisław Pyjas . In 1980, the Association may have been viewed as a student equivalent of Solidarity, as it was created following the strikes of the so-called Polish August 1980. It led to the gathering of young people who wished to organize themselves independently of the Communist regime. They called for democratization of Polish universities, as well as respect for

9163-432: The legislation was to “protect the health of children”. He is opposed to the fact that the law would have allowed anyone aged 15 and above (Poland’s age of sexual consent) to buy the morning-after pill without the involvement of a doctor. The bill to restore prescription-free access to the 'morning-after pill' came from Prime Minister Donald Tusk's government , Tusk wrote on platform X "The president did not take advantage of

9282-632: The magazine Dwa Dni (Two Days), later becoming editor-in-chief. In 1995 he completed an internship at Deutsche Bundesbank in credit analysis, financial restructuring, banking supervision, and financial market supervision. In 1996–97 he conducted banking and macroeconomic research at the University of Frankfurt . In 1998, as deputy director of the Accession Negotiations Department in the Committee for European Integration, he oversaw and participated in numerous areas, including finance, of

9401-661: The media due to its anticipated short-livedness, was sworn in on 27 November 2023. Duda said he would veto the government’s amended 2024 spending bill and propose his own, in a challenge to Tusk. In a post on the social media platform X , Duda cited the bill’s funding of public media, and said blocking it was appropriate “in view of the flagrant violation of the constitution.” Tusk himself tweeted that “the president’s veto takes away money from teachers”, to which Duda responded that if “you convene [parliament] after Christmas and pass by bill, which will included raises for teachers”, then they would not lose out. On 31 January 2024, Duda signed

9520-577: The mediation of rector Henryk Samsonowicz , the protest was terminated. On January 11, 1981, students of the Mathematics - Physics - Chemistry Department of the University of Łódź began a strike, which on January 21 spread across the whole college. According to NZS sources, it was the longest occupational strike of students in the history of Europe, with 10 000 students participating. On February 9, University of Poznań joined their Łódź colleagues, declaring

9639-534: The name Independent Students’ Association was approved. There were other suggestions for the name, such as Solidarity of the Association of Polish Students, but they were not popular. During the meeting, it was decided that the NZS would be seated in Warsaw , and the National Founding Committee was established, with eleven members (among them Maciej Kuroń , and Piotr Bikont ). The NZS associated itself with

9758-463: The national budget, agreed by the government, but sent it swiftly to the constitutional court citing doubts over its adoption. Although the budget was passed with a large majority, the absence of the two MPS, whose parliamentary mandates were annulled over criminal convictions, meant the National Assembly was not at full capacity when the vote took place. Tusk warned on Tuesday of a snap election if

9877-416: The negotiations for Polish accession to the European Union . With Frank Emmert, he co-authored the first textbook on The Law of the European Union published in Poland. From 1996 to 2004 Morawiecki lectured at the Wrocław University of Economics , and from 1996 to 1998 also at the Wrocław University of Technology . He sat on policy committees at many institutions of higher education. From 1998 to 2001 he

9996-570: The new Polish nation. Piłsudski summoned Daszyński to the capital to form a government, where Piłsudski agreed to appoint Daszyński as the republic's first prime minister. Daszyński's premiership, however, remained brief, after the politician failed to form a workable coalition. Piłsudski turned instead to Jędrzej Moraczewski , who successfully crafted a workable government for the Second Republic 's first months of existence. The Small Constitution of 1919 outlined Poland's form of government, with

10115-407: The new constitution. Despite being from opposite parties (Kwaśniewski's centre-left Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland and Buzek's centre-right Solidarity Electoral Action ), the relationship between both offices was smooth, partly due to Kwaśniewski's non-confrontational personality. Kwaśniewski sparingly used his veto powers in legislation the president did not agree with, choosing to let

10234-404: The office's power and prestige relied more on the individual's stature within the governing communist party than the position's actual constitutional authority. The office acted as an administrative agent for policies carried out by the PZPR's Politburo , rather than relying on the support of the rubber stamp Sejm. In face of growing protests from the Solidarity movement for much of the 1980s,

10353-637: The old. The number of self-published magazines grew, new chapters were created, and finally, in September 1988, during the Third Meeting of NZS Delegates in Gdańsk, new leaders were elected. Soon afterwards, the Registration Committees were opened across the nation, and thousands of students joined the Association. During the round table talks , it was agreed that the NZS would be re-registered. However,

10472-528: The opportunity to stand on the side of women. We are implementing plan B". . In April 2024, the Polish Sejm took a significant step by approving a bill that recognizes Silesian as an official regional language in Poland. This recognition was accepted by the Senate , however on 29th of May 2024 The President has vetoed the bill. The president’s decision, which had been widely expected, was criticised by figures from

10591-474: The opposition Donald Tusk was sworn in as prime minister. Mateusz Morawiecki was born 20 June 1968 in Wrocław , Silesia , to Kornel Morawiecki (physicist and Fighting Solidarity leader) and his wife Jadwiga. Morawiecki stated in a press interview that at the age of 12 he helped his father copying underground political literature and in August 1980 he plastered the streets of Wrocław with posters calling for

10710-471: The premier's powers by enacting a new constitution , effectively establishing a strong "hyper-presidency" by 1935. The new constitution allowed for the president to dismiss parliament, the right to freely appoint and dismiss the prime minister, members of the cabinet and the judiciary at will, and promulgated the presidency as the supreme power of the state. Until the outbreak of the Second World War and

10829-420: The premiership and the presidency. Uncertainties over presidential and prime ministerial power that marked the Third Republic's first years were removed, eliminating the ability of the president to fully disrupt the government, and further strengthening the prime minister's position. Under President Aleksander Kwaśniewski, Prime Minister Jerzy Buzek 's government became the first administration to be elected under

10948-978: The premiership continuously from 16 November 2007 to 22 September 2014, and again since 13 December 2023. To date, three women, Hanna Suchocka, Ewa Kopacz, and Beata Szydło, have served as prime ministers. Suchocka, along with Tadeusz Mazowiecki and Jerzy Buzek, are the only Polish prime ministers, as of yet, to be invited into the Club of Madrid .     Democratic Union (UD)     Liberal Democratic Congress (KLD)     Centre Agreement (PC)     Polish People's Party (PSL)     Social Democracy (SdRP) / Democratic Left Alliance (SLD)     Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS)     Law and Justice (PiS) / United Right (ZP)     Civic Platform (PO) / Civic Coalition (KO) Independent Students%27 Association Independent Students' Association ( Polish : Niezależne Zrzeszenie Studentów , NZS)

11067-459: The presidency of Lech Kaczyński and Prime Minister Donald Tusk . Political rivals for years, fueled by the 2005 presidential poll which saw both men as the main challengers, Tusk's centre-right Civic Platform toppled Kaczyński's twin brother Jarosław's government in the 2007 parliamentary election . Tusk's support for stronger integration into the European Union , including the signing of

11186-440: The presidency to pass and proceed with legislation. In reality, however, the premiership remained extraordinarily insecure due to the harsh political climate of the early Second Republic, marked by constant fluctuating coalitions within parliament. Fourteen governments and eleven prime ministers rose and fell between 1918 and 1926, with nine governments alone serving during the five-year March Constitution era. Deeply frustrated with

11305-549: The presidency's favour. However, by the 1993 parliamentary election , which brought in a relatively stable left-of-centre coalition government between the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) and the Polish People's Party (PSL), as well as Wałęsa's defeat in the 1995 presidential election by SdRP challenger Aleksander Kwaśniewski , an impetus for greater constitutional reform began to proceed. Between 1996 and 1997,

11424-475: The presidency, whose recreation during the Round Table Talks left a poorly defined yet potentially powerful office. After Lech Wałęsa 's direct 1990 election to the presidency, a tug of war between the offices of the premier and presidency regarding the powers of the two offices began, with Wałęsa arguing for increased presidential powers by drafting a new constitution, with the right to appoint and dismiss

11543-414: The president did not agree with. The most known were Lex TVN and Lex Czarnek . Relations between the two executive organs, however, returned to animosity under the presidency of Duda and Prime Minister Tusk. United Right would be unable to govern on its own, and Duda stated his intention to re-appoint incumbent Morawiecki as Prime Minister due to the existing albeit unofficial convention of nominating

11662-410: The president's right to be consulted on the ministers of Defence , Foreign Affairs , and Interior . Although Wałęsa enjoyed a conflict free relationship with Prime Minister Hanna Suchocka , power rifts remained after the Small Constitution's passage, particularly with the Sejm, which Wałęsa repeatedly attempted to dissolve, influence its appointments, and shift its constitutional reform agenda towards

11781-543: The prime minister and members of the cabinet. Although Wałęsa later recanted his attempts to create a presidential system , the president continued to advocate for a semi-presidential model similar to that of the French Fifth Republic . The passage of the Small Constitution in 1992, which dispensed with the communist 1952 version, clarified several presidential prerogatives over the prime minister, including

11900-487: The prime minister and the ministers must take the following pledge before the head of state: "Assuming this office of prime minister [deputy prime minister, minister] I do solemnly swear to be faithful to the provisions of the constitution and other laws of the Republic of Poland, and that the good of the Homeland and the prosperity of its citizens shall forever remain my supreme obligation." The oath may also be finished with

12019-425: The prime minister is nominated by the president. However, the nomination process is not solely dictated by presidential preference. By convention, the president nominates the leader of the party which obtained the most seats in the previous parliamentary election, or the leader of the senior partner in a coalition. The president is neither entitled to dismiss the prime minister, appoint nor dismiss individual members of

12138-458: The prime minister, Olszewski launched a campaign to deliberately embarrass the president and undermine Wałęsa's stature, releasing a list of alleged ex-communist collaborators within the Sejm, with some conspirators linked to the president. Wałęsa was further infuriated by Olszewski's attempts to gain influence within the Polish Armed Forces by appointing Radosław Sikorski as deputy defence minister without consultation. Wałęsa repeatedly called for

12257-535: The republic's chaotic "sejmocracy" parliamentary structure, Piłsudski led rebellious Polish Army units to overthrow the government in the May Coup of 1926, effectively ending the Second Republic's brief experiment with parliamentary democracy, as well as the prime minister's free and popular elected mandate for the next sixty years. Distrustful of parliamentary democracy, Piłsudski and his Sanation movement assumed

12376-460: The resulting exiling of the Polish government , the Sanation movement remained at the helm of a government dominated by the presidency with a weak, subordinate prime minister. Under the communist Polish People's Republic , the ruling Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) dominated all sections of the government, as recognised under the 1952 Constitution . Although the premiership continued to exist,

12495-535: The ruling coalition, it would allow the inclusion of Silesian in school curricula and its use within local administration in municipalities. Tusk responded on platform X "I would tell you in Silesian, Mr. President, what I think about your veto, but it is not appropriate in public". . On 16 August 2024 Duda vetoed a bill that would have disbanded a commission investigating Russian influence on Poland’s internal security from 2007 to 2022. The prime minister's executive office

12614-454: The time, though since the passage of the Constitution of 1997, political preferences and individual personalities have characterised the relationship. Conflicts between the two offices, however, have generated party splits and political paralysis in the past. Both before and after his 1990 election to the presidency, Lech Wałęsa had a deeply strained relationship with Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki, stemming from Wałęsa's belief that Mazowiecki

12733-742: The very foundations of national sovereignty." In July 2018, Morawiecki said he "will not rest" until "the whole truth" of the World War II -era massacres in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia has been explained. Between 1942 and 1945, members of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) killed up to 100,000 civilians in what is now Western Ukraine. On the issue of Brexit , Morawiecki told the BBC in January 2019 that more and more Polish people are returning to Poland from

12852-523: The vice-president of Law and Justice. In December 2021, German Chancellor Olaf Scholz came to Warsaw for talks with Morawiecki. They discussed Poland’s dispute with the EU over the rule of law , the long-term EU climate policies and the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline, which would bring Russian gas to Germany and bypass Poland. Morawiecki said "we do not want people to suffer as a result" of EU's Green Deal , accusing

12971-612: Was a member of the supervisory boards of the Wałbrzych Power Company, Dialog (a local telephone-service provider), and the Industrial Development Agency. From 1998 to 2002 he was a member of the Lower Silesian Regional Assembly . From November 1998 Morawiecki worked for Bank Zachodni WBK , Santander Group , where he began his career as deputy chair of the supervisory board, and supervisor of

13090-407: Was a very active association, which organized meetings with key members of the opposition movement (such as Adam Michnik , Lech Wałęsa , Jacek Kuroń ). Furthermore, the Association was deeply engaged in political actions. On May 25, 1981, in several Polish cities, the students organized street marches in defence of political prisoners. In November 1981, 55 000 students of 81 Polish colleges declared

13209-452: Was elected to Poland's lower chamber of the parliament and the Law and Justice party won the 2015 parliamentary elections .) In March 2016, Mateusz Morawiecki announced that he had joined the Law and Justice party. On 28 September 2016, in addition to his other positions, Morawiecki was appointed Minister of Finance , becoming the second most powerful member of the Government, overseeing

13328-417: Was elected, and the first chairman of the NZS was Jagiellonian University 's Jarosław Guzy . Statutes of the Association were written by a young student of law, Jan Maria Rokita . The Association quickly grew, reaching by May 1981 some 80 000 members. Its Coordinating Commission was planning to open an independent students’ magazine, but the government refused, explaining that there was "lack of paper". NZS

13447-537: Was his sympathizing with the Hippie movement as an early teenager, a time during which he underwent an arrest due to alleged cannabis possession. This was also the time he first encountered Ryszard Terlecki – a precursor of the Hippie movement in Poland, and later one of his close coworkers. In connection to this, Morawiecki has mentioned that his colleague from the PiS party "knows perfectly well what fighting for freedom means". In

13566-804: Was made Honorary Consul of the Republic of Ireland in Poland . In 2013 he was awarded the Cross of Freedom and Solidarity . In 2015, he became the recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta . In 2019, he was awarded the title Man of the Year at the annual Krynica Economic Forum . He has also received other distinctions from economic clubs, universities, publishing houses, and cultural institutions. Prime minister of Poland The incumbent and eighteenth prime minister

13685-435: Was made public in manipulated forms by public television. The latter, which was aligned with the government, used this information to organize campaigns to discredit opposition figures. In October 2023, he was re-elected as a member of the Sejm. On 6 November, President Andrzej Duda in his message to the nation claimed that Morawiecki will be designated as prime minister. On 27 November, he was confirmed as prime minister with

13804-454: Was not aggressive enough in the dismissal of former Polish United Workers' Party members from senior government and economic positions. Mazowiecki's famous 1989 Thick Line speech ( gruba kreska ) further exacerbated the splintering. The split between the two men fractured the original uniting Solidarity Citizens' Committee by 1990, with intellectuals supporting Mazowiecki's new Citizens' Movement for Democratic Action , while workers supported

13923-453: Was reformed into the Chancellery in 1997 to act as the premier's executive central office and support staff, assisting the facilitation and coordination of policy among members of the cabinet. The reforms between 1996 and 1997, codified under the constitution, made the prime minister the centre of legal authority within the government. According to Article 154 of the Constitution of Poland,

14042-485: Was resolved in late June that year when the Polish and Israeli prime ministers issued a joint communiqué endorsing research into the Jewish Holocaust and condemning the expression, "Polish concentration camps". As other Visegrád Group leaders, Morawiecki opposes any compulsory EU long-term quota on redistribution of migrants. In May 2018, Morawiecki said: "Proposals by the European Union that impose quotas on us hit

14161-478: Was sworn in as prime minister of Poland on 11 December, immediately appointing Szydło as his deputy. In his first major address to Sejm , he pledged "continuity" rather than radical change. In January 2018, following a highly public racist incident in Warsaw , Morawiecki declared: "There is no place in Poland for racism. The attack on a girl because of her skin color deserves the strongest condemnation. We shall do everything to make Poland safe for everyone." At

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