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37-479: Maryland Federalist is a 15-foot (4.6 m) replica ship built in 1987 and now located at BWI Airport near Concourse D. The ship is a replica of the miniature ship Federalist which was built in 1788. The merchants of Baltimore celebrated Maryland's ratification of the United States Constitution on April 28, 1788, by building a 15-foot (4.6 m) miniature ship called Federalist . The ship

74-571: A Hanseatic cog were discovered in the estuary sediment of the Pärnu River in Estonia which has been dated to 1300. In 2012, a cog dating from the early 15th century was discovered preserved from the keel up to the decks in the silt of the River IJssel in the city of Kampen , Netherlands . During its excavation and recovery an intact brick dome oven and glazed tiles were found in the galley as well as

111-636: A certain type of ship rather than a particular historic example, like Kamper Kogge , replicating the Cogs that were used extensively in Northern Europe by the Hanseatic League in the Middle Ages , but where there is little knowledge of specific ships. Some generic type replicas such as Thor Heyerdahl 's Ra II , qualify as true replicas as these ships were built to investigate the craft and or culture of

148-863: A partnership between the Mount Vernon Archaeology Department, the Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program , the Institute of Maritime History , the Maryland Historical Trust , and the Virginia Department of Historic Resources conducted an archaeological survey of the Potomac River near Mount Vernon. One of the project's goals was to locate the Federalist wreck. In October 2010, it was reported that

185-458: A replica include historic research into shipbuilding , national pride, exposition at a museum or entertainment (e.g., for a TV series), and/or education programs for the unemployed. For example, see the project to build a replica of the Continental brig Andrew Doria . Apart from building a genuine replica of the ship, sometimes the construction materials, tools and methods can also copied from

222-472: A sea fight, which made them safer from pirates. Cogs were a type of round ship, characterized by a flush-laid flat bottom at midships which gradually shifted to overlapped strakes near the posts. They were propelled by a single, large, rectangular sail. Typical seagoing cogs ranged from about 15 to 25 meters (49 to 82 ft) in length with a beam of 5 to 8 meters (16 to 26 ft) and were 40–200 tons burthen . Cogs were rarely as large as 300 tons, although

259-418: A single square sail . They were used primarily for trade in north-west medieval Europe, especially by the Hanseatic League . Typical seagoing cogs were from 15 to 25 meters (49 to 82 ft) long, 5 to 8 meters (16 to 26 ft) wide, and were of 30–200 tons burthen . Cogs were rarely as large as 300 tons although a few were considerably larger, over 1,000 tons. Although the name cog is recorded as early as

296-564: A very small number were considerably larger, over 1,000 tons. A rule of thumb for crew size was that one sailor, exclusive of any dedicated fighting men, was required for every 10 tons burthen of the cog, although this may generate a suggested crew size on the low side of Medieval practice. Crews of up to 45 for civilian cogs are recorded, and 60 for a 240 ton cog being used for military transportation. Cogs were typically constructed largely of oak , and had full lapstrake, or clinker , planking covering their sides, generally starting from

333-510: A vessel identified by contemporary sources as a cog is the Lübeck city seal from 1223. The early cogs were fitted with a side-mounted rudder oar that also functioned as a leeboard and was rigged with a single broad square sail that functioned similar to a lug sail . Around 1200, the side rudder began to be replaced with a centerline rudder attached to a sternpost and developed in the typical medieval cog. Cogs could carry more cargo than knarrs;

370-485: Is an advantage in North Atlantic rollers , provided the vessel has a small overall displacement . A limitation of cogs is that they lack points to mount additional masts: at least some fore-and-aft sails are desirable for maneuverability but clinker-built cogs were effectively limited to a single sail. This made them unhandy, limiting their ability to tack in the harbour and making them very reliant on wind direction at

407-431: Is done. The keel , or keel-plank, was only slightly thicker than the adjacent garboards and had no rabbet . Both stem and stern-posts were straight and rather long, and connected to the keel-plank through intermediate pieces called hooks . The lower plank hoods terminated in rabbets in the hooks and posts, but upper hoods were nailed to the exterior faces of the posts. Caulking was generally tarred moss that

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444-496: The 9th century, the seagoing vessel of that name seems to have evolved on the Frisian coast during the 12th century. Cogs progressively replaced Viking -type vessels such as knarrs in northern waters during the 13th century. Cogs could carry more cargo than knarrs of a similar size. Their flat bottoms allowed them to settle on a level in harbour, making them easier to load and unload. Their high sides made them more difficult to board in

481-634: The Limfjord in northern Jutland offered a fairly protected passage between the North Sea and the Baltic. Due to its unusual geographical conditions and strong currents, the passage was constantly filling with sand and was completely blocked by the early 12th century. This change produced new challenges. The larger ships, which could not be pulled across the sand bars, had to sail around the Jutland peninsula and circumnavigate

518-457: The Mediterranean, was expensive and required specialist shipwrights . However, their simpler sail setup meant that cogs only required half the crew of similar-sized vessels equipped with lateen sails, as were common in the Mediterranean. A structural benefit of clinker construction is that it produces a vessel that can safely twist and flex around its long axis (running from bow to stern), which

555-404: The bilge strakes , with double-clenched iron nails for plank fastenings. At the stem , chases are formed; that is, in each case, the land of the lower strake is tapered to a feather edge at the end of the strake where it meets the stem or stern-post . This allows the end of the strake to be fastened to the apron with the outside of the planking mutually flush at that point and flush with

592-457: The crew and tiller up, out of the way. Current archaeological evidence points to the Frisian coast or Western Jutland as the possible birthplace of this type of vessel. The transformation of the cog into a true seagoing trader came not only during the time of the intense trade between West and East but also as a direct answer to the closure of the western entrance to the Limfjord . For centuries,

629-408: The dangerous Cape Skagen to get to the Baltic. This resulted in major modifications to old ship structures, which can be observed by analyzing the evolution of the earliest cog finds of Kollerup, Skagen, and Kolding. This caused a boom in the number of small cogs, and the need for spacious and seaworthy ships led to the development of the cog as the workhorse of the Hanseatic League . It soon became

666-401: The home port of the different current ports are given in a numbered list Cog (ship) A cog is a type of ship that was used during the Middle Ages , mostly for trade and transport but also in war. It first appeared in the 10th century, and was widely used from around the 12th century onward. Cogs were clinker-built , generally of oak . Cogs were fitted with a single mast and

703-472: The interpretation as a cog. It was around 16 m long and its wood dated from 1339. The discovery by Modderman was however not well known in the literature. The most famous cog in existence today is the Bremen cog . The artifact originates from the 1380s and was discovered in 1962. Prior to this discovery, the existence of cogs was primarily documented in medieval texts and seals. In 1990 the well-preserved remains of

740-461: The main cargo carrier in Atlantic and Baltic waters. Eventually, around the 14th century, the cog reached its structural limits, and larger or more seaworthy vessels needed to be of a different type. This was the hulk , which already existed but was much less common than the cog. There is no evidence that hulks descended from cogs, but it is clear that a lot of technological ideas were adapted between

777-401: The mast and to operate the sail. Cordage was usually hemp or flax and the sail hemp-based canvas . From the 13th century cogs would be decked and larger vessels would be fitted with a stern castle, to afford more cargo space by keeping the crew and tiller up, out of the way; and to give the helmsman a better view. A cog, compared with the carvel-built vessels more traditional in

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814-463: The middle of the first millennium AD, transports on the large river estuaries and the sheltered waters of the Wadden Sea was taken over by Frisians who used vessels based on indigenous, flat-bottomed designs that were precursors of later medieval cogs. These had much lower sides than later cogs and would have been very similar to contemporary Scandinavian craft, such as knarrs . The oldest depiction of

851-449: The original era. That they do not replicate a specific vessel is mainly because no details of such a specific vessel are available. Some other ships that are modeled after ships of a certain type or era (and are in that sense replicas) do not qualify as true replicas. Some ships may be borderline cases, such as Kanrin Maru , which is actually twice the size of the original, but built following

888-470: The original vessel [ Federalist ] from written documentation and notes that describe the original small ship designed and built by ... Joshua Barney in 1787 [i.e., 1788]." The ship is rigged with seven sails to commemorate Maryland's place as the seventh state to ratify the United States Constitution. She is painted in the colors of the flag of Maryland (red, white, black, and gold) and decorated with other state symbols. The Maryland Federalist Foundation gave

925-527: The plans of the original. Replicas can be temporary, cheap and very simple, such as the replica of a Viking ship that was burnt at the Leixlip Festival. Notable historic type ships that are not replicas include: Another ambiguous case subject to the Ship of Theseus dilemma is Niagara . The original was sunk in 1820 for preservation, and the ship has been rebuilt three times since. The third reconstruction

962-425: The rudder made steering easier than did the steering oar of the knarr, especially for larger vessels; and cogs were cheaper to build. The latter was due to the cog's use of sawn rather than split planks which was less wasteful. Fore and stern castles would later be added for defense against pirates , or to enable the use of these vessels as warships. The stern castle also afforded more cargo space below by keeping

999-410: The same basic shape, but with planking instead of hollowed-out logs. Another development was into Kahnen , flat-bottomed boats , with pointed ends for and aft that were constructed by splitting a hollowed-out log and widening the bottom with planks that were nailed to knee-shaped ribs attached to the sides. The pointed ends (called Block locally) of the log would be cut off and attached separately to

1036-621: The ship to the Maryland State Archives on July 1, 1988, and she is displayed at BWI Airport or in the Maryland State House. Replica ship A ship replica is a reconstruction of a no longer existing ship . Replicas can range from authentically reconstructed, fully seaworthy ships, to ships of modern construction that give an impression of a historic vessel. Some replicas may not even be seaworthy, but built for other educational or entertainment purposes. Reasons to build

1073-531: The ships' original era, as is the case with the replica of Batavia in Lelystad and the ship of the line replica Delft in Rotterdam ( Delfshaven ). The term "replica" in this context does not normally include scale models . The term museum ship is used for an old ship that has been preserved and converted into a museum open to the public. A ship replica may also be a generic replica, one that represents

1110-404: The start of voyages. The flat bottom permitted cogs to be readily beached and unloaded at low tide when quays were not available; a useful trait when purpose-built jetties were not common. Cogs were expected to have a working life of approximately 40 years. The earliest origins of the cog are believed to be logboats from around northern Germany. These developed into larger craft built in

1147-401: The stem. This means that the boat's passage through the water will not tend to lift the ends of the planking away from the stem. Before the next plank is fitted, the face of the land on the lower strake is bevelled to suit the angle at which the next strake will lie in relation with it. This varies all along the land. The new strake is held in position on the preceding one before the fastening

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1184-507: The surveyors "... found sonar signals that may indicate that a boat of the Federalist ['s] size is present." Subsequent field work in 2013 did not find anything related to Federalist . Maryland Federalist was built with private funds raised by the Maryland Federalist Foundation. She was designed by Melbourne Smith and built by Allen C. Rawl. According to her builder, she was "built as a full scale historic representation of

1221-484: The two types. The transition from cogs to hulks was not linear, according to some interpretations, both vessels coexisted for many centuries but followed diverse lines of evolution. The first archaeological find that was identified as a cog, was a ship wreck discovered in 1944 by P. J. R. Modderman in the Noordoostpolder near Emmeloord (plot NM 107). The wreck was reburied in situ and a 2008 re-excavation confirmed

1258-575: The widened hull which resulted in so-called Blockkahnen , variants of which are still in use. The earliest evidence of a cog-like craft is a clay model found in Leese on the middle Weser from the grave of an adult male who died around 200 BC. Fragments of similar clay models have been found in nearby regions. Trade from Germania in Roman times was mostly carried on Mediterranean-style sailing vessels and controlled by Roman merchants. After Roman power collapsed in

1295-406: Was considerably more extensive, and the only parts from the original which were retained are non-structural, leading many authorities to classify her as a replica, rather than a reconstructed original. Some sailing ship replicas with their home port; and key information of the original (many articles are about the original ship): [REDACTED] ^a If more than one replica is made

1332-660: Was designed by Joshua Barney , a native of Baltimore and commodore in the United States Navy . Federalist was the centerpiece of a parade in Baltimore before being sailed by Barney down the Chesapeake Bay and up the Potomac River to Mount Vernon to be presented as a gift to George Washington . According to Washington's diary, Barney arrived on June 8, 1788. Federalist sank in a "hurricane" on July 24. In April 2010,

1369-553: Was inserted into curved grooves, covered with wooden laths , and secured by metal staples called sintels . The cog-built structure would be completed with a stern -mounted, hanging, central rudder on a heavy stern-post, which was a uniquely northern development. The single, thick, mast was set forward of amidships, stepped into the keel-plank and equipped with a single large, rectangular, square-rigged sail . The masts of larger vessels would be of composite construction. Complicated systems of rigging were developed to support

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