Defunct
82-596: The Marx-Lenin-Luxemburg-Front was a resistance movement founded by Henk Sneevliet , Willem Dolleman and Abraham Menist , some months after the German invasion of the Netherlands on 10 May 1940. It lasted until April 1942, when the entire leadership was arrested by the Germans, who executed them on 12 April of the same year. The Marx-Lenin-Luxemburg-Front, or MLL-Front, was the clandestine successor to Sneevliet's political party,
164-690: A Comintern representative to China at an end. Sneevliet returned to the Netherlands from Moscow in 1924 to assume the position of secretary of the National Labor Secretariat (NAS) . He joined the executive committee of the Communist Party of Holland in 1925 but the two years were marked by worsening factional relations between Sneevliet and his co-thinkers and the bulk of the CPN leadership. The denouement came in 1927, when Sneevliet broke all ties with
246-577: A common list for the European Election together with the green Political Party of Radicals (PPR) and the Greens . In the 1989 the CPN, PSP and PPR were joined by the left-wing Christian Evangelical People's Party in the formation of the GroenLinks . Relationships with the other parties whether liberal or Christian democratic were very poor. The CPN is one of the few communist parties to be formed before
328-570: A heavy toll on Sneevliet and his small organization, however. When war broke out on 10 May 1940, Sneevliet immediately dissolved the RSAP. Some months later with Willem Dolleman and Abraham Menist, he founded a resistance group against the German occupation, the Marx-Lenin-Luxemburg-Front (MLL-Front). This was largely engaged in producing propaganda for socialism and opposing the Nazi occupation of
410-642: A major transportation strike in 1920. The same year he was also present at the 2nd World Congress of the Communist International in Moscow as a representative of the Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI), which was the successor to Sneevliet's ISDV. There Sneevliet — using the pseudonym Maring — was elected a member of the Executive Committee of the Communist International . Vladimir Lenin
492-524: A new generation of younger, often female MPs entered politics. She was able to keep the three seats. The CPN tried to renew its political program, emphasizing New Left issues like feminism and gay rights. In reaction to this working class-oriented members founded the Horizontal Council of Communists (called so because they were members from different local branches, breaking the vertical organization of democratic centralism ). The group tried to pressure
574-619: A persistent frown amid its close lines, but he never lost heart." The train ticket to visit Sneevliet was found in his pocket when he (Reiss) was assassinated in Lausanne, Switzerland. With James Maxton of the ILP, Sneevliet headed deputations to civil war Spain on behalf of the international campaign for socialists there persecuted after the May Days of Barcelona. "They harassed Republican Ministers with their questions and protests and proceeded to knock on
656-489: The Revolutionair-Socialistische Arbeiderspartij (RSAP), which had been disbanded immediately after the German invasion, when Sneevliet had to go into hiding to avoid arrest. The MLL-Front was largely active as a propaganda group and had its own magazine, Spartacus , which had a printrun of 5,000 copies and appeared bi-weekly. It was particularly active against the anti-Jewish measures taken by
738-507: The Tesnjaki ("Narrowist") group . On 14 March 1909 the dissenters founded the new Social Democratic Party (SDP). They had a membership of around 400 spread across different cities: Amsterdam (160), Rotterdam (65), The Hague (45), Leiden (56), Utrecht (25), Bussum (15). In the 1910s, the SDAP paid much attention to attacking the newly formed SDP. The mobilization for World War I , which
820-668: The pseudonym "Maring" (13 May 1883 – 13 April 1942), was a Dutch communist politician who was active in both the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies . As a functionary of the Communist International , Sneevliet guided the formation of both the Communist Party of Indonesia in 1914, and the Chinese Communist Party in 1921. In his native country, he was the founder, chairman, and only Representative for
902-672: The 1929 general election and both CPHs won one seat each, whilst the RSP failed to win any. In 1930, the CPHs were forced to merge by the Comintern. After the mutiny on the Zeven Provinciën in the same year, the independence of the Dutch Indies became an important theme at the 1933 general election . The party performed particularly well at this election, doubling its seats to four. Among those elected
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#1733084690193984-538: The 1948 general election , the party lost two seats. In 1949, a group of Frisian Communists were removed from the party ranks; they founded the Socialist Union, but they were unable to play a significant role in Dutch politics. In the 1952 general election , the party lost two additional seats. In 1956 , the CPN lost votes again; however, because of the expansion of parliament it won an additional seat. The party supported
1066-528: The 1981 general election , the placement of American nuclear weapons is a major issue. The CPN, which prominently led one of the campaigning groups, The Committee against the N-bomb, was rewarded with another seat. In the 1982 elections, the party got its first mayor in the Communist stronghold of Beerta . Before the general election of the same year Marcus Bakker stepped down in favour of Ina Brouwer . With her
1148-584: The Bruggroep were prominent Resistance figures like Gerben Wagenaar and Henk Gortzak. The General Intelligence and Security Service (AIVD) claimed to be behind the split, while the CPN leadership claimed that the dissenters were agents working for the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency . The Bruggroep founded a new party, the Socialist Workers' Party (SWP). In 1957, the Pacifist Socialist Party
1230-589: The Cominform . For a long time the communists were methodically isolated, partially because of its revolutionary ideology and partially because of the antagonistic style of its politics. The communists used this style to prevent its electorate from moving to its competitors. The relationship between the Social Democratic Workers' Party (before World War II) and the Labour Party (PvdA, after World War II)
1312-516: The Communist Workers' Party of the Netherlands which advocated council communism . In the 1922 general election the CPH retained its two seats. One of its unsuccessful candidates that year, Tan Malaka , was the first subject of the colonial Dutch East Indies to run for office in the Netherlands. Before the 1925 general election , Wijnkoop was replaced as party leader by Louis de Visser under
1394-585: The German Democratic Republic . In 1989, the party merged with three other small left-wing parties, namely the Pacifist Socialist Party (PSP), the left-wing Christian Political Party of Radicals (PPR) and the Evangelical People's Party (EVP) to form the GroenLinks . In 1991, the party officially disbanded; the VCN was joined by other former members of the CPN, who left because they disagreed with
1476-706: The NAS . The SDP entered the election again in July 1918 , winning two seats that were occupied by Willem van Ravesteyn and Wijnkoop; Wijnkoop assumed the leadership of the party. The SDP formed a revolutionary parliamentary party with the League of Christian Socialists and the Socialist Party , both of which had one seat. In 1921, Willy Kruyt , the MP for the League of Christian Socialists, joined
1558-729: The National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam in the Vietnam War . It played an important role in the popular opposition against the placement of nuclear weapons in the Netherlands. The party also emphasised the radical democratisation of the Dutch political system. It opposed monarchy . It sought to abolish the Council of State and the Senate . A referendum and trial by jury should be implemented. Citizens should appoint civil servants. In
1640-743: The Nazis and participated in the 1941 February strike against these measures. With the arrest and execution of its leadership in April 1942, the MLL-front split into two on political differences, into the Comité van Revolutionaire Marxisten ( Committee of Revolutionary Marxists ) and the Communistenbond Spartacus ( Communist League Spartacus ). These were far less influential than the MLL-Front was. The MLL-front
1722-521: The Prague Spring . In 1971 yet another seat was added, and in 1972 the party had seven seats. The 1977 general election saw a conflict between the social democrat Joop den Uyl and the Christian democrat Dries van Agt . Many CPN sympathizers voted for the social democratic PvdA and the CPN lost all but two seats. In 1978, under pressure from new young members, De Groot lost his honorary membership. In
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#17330846901931804-578: The Revolutionary Socialist (Workers') Party (RSP/RSAP). He took part in the communist resistance against the occupation of the Netherlands during World War II by Nazi Germany , for which he was executed by the Germans in April 1942. Hendricus "Henk" Sneevliet was born on 13 May 1883 in Rotterdam , Netherlands , and grew up in Den Bosch . He was the son of Anthonie Sneevliet, a cigar maker , and
1886-476: The Senate for the first time. This electoral success was linked to the role of the CPN in the resistance. The following period was characterized by decreasing popularity for communism, the rise of internal divisions, and the methodical isolation of the CPN by other parties. With the rise of the Cold War , the party began to lose popularity. The 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état tainted the reputation of Communism. In
1968-582: The Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP) founded De Tribune ("The Tribune"), a magazine in which they criticized the party leadership. They maintained orthodox Marxist views and expected a proletarian revolution . They opposed the leadership of the SDAP, who were more oriented towards more a revisionist ideology and a parliamentary and reformist political strategy. At a party congress in Deventer held on 14 February 1909, SDAP leaders demanded that they stop publishing De Tribune or be expelled from
2050-549: The Vereeniging van Spoor- en Tramwegpersoneel , a railway union which was unique in having both Dutch and Indonesian members. Thanks to his experience as a union leader, he soon managed to turn this still fairly moderate union into a more modern and aggressive union, with a majority of Indonesian members. This union later formed the base for the Indonesian communist movement. The ISDV was strictly anti-capitalist and agitated against
2132-458: The parliamentarianism of the majority. The Russian Revolution fractured most European parties between their revolutionary and reformist factions; this had already happened in the Netherlands, but it profoundly changed the SDP. Previously a party of orthodox Marxist intellectuals with little working class support, the SDP saw an influx of members coming from the free socialist organisations, primarily
2214-495: The 1930s. The Pacifist Socialist Party , which was partially composed of those expelled from the CPN, was denounced as a party of agents of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency . The CPN methodically voted against proposals of the PSP, even when they supported them. In the 1980s the PSP and the CPN grew closer as they both campaigned against nuclear armament and both began to embrace New Left and libertarian politics . In 1984 they formed
2296-545: The 1970s and 1980s the party began to embrace New Left issues like the fight for women's and gay rights . This table shows the CPN's results in elections to the House of Representatives , Senate , provincial councils , and the European Parliament Also shown is the party's political leadership: the parliamentary leader and the lead candidate; these posts are normally taken by the party leader. The total membership of
2378-502: The CPH and the Comintern. In 1929, Sneevliet formed a new political party, the Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP). This organization concentrated on national issues, gaining some successes in organizing the unemployed movement, strike actions, and the struggle against the rise of fascism . He remained interested in Indonesian affairs and in 1933 was sentenced to five months imprisonment for his solidarity actions for
2460-526: The CPN and it was not allowed separate time on public radio or television. The party's unequivocal support for decolonization of the Dutch East Indies isolated the party in parliament. Because of its anti- NATO and European Economic Community stances the party was blocked from the Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Nuclear Energy committees in parliament. The AIVD kept close tabs on the party. All other parties in parliament were deeply anti-communist, especially
2542-486: The CPN into returning to its Old Left course. In 1983 they left the party and formed the League of Communists in the Netherlands (VCN, Verbond van Communisten In Nederland ). In 1986 , both the CPN and VCN contested the elections. Neither won a seat in the House of Representatives. The CPN still had two senators . As one of the last acts of the party, the party leadership attended the festivities surrounding 40th anniversary of
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2624-421: The CPN is also given. * separate CPH-Central Committee party. ** estimate of the seats in combined CPN/PSP/(PPR) lists. *** chair of the parliamentary party in the Senate . Although the CPN was particularly strong in several provinces, especially Groningen , it never cooperated in any provincial executive . The party supplied only one mayor , namely Hanneke Jagersma in the CPN stronghold of Beerta . In
2706-475: The Dutch and Indonesian sailors who took part in the mutiny on "De Zeven Provinciën" , which was put down by an air bombardment in which twenty-three sailors were killed and which at the time aroused considerable passions in the Dutch public opinion. That same year, while still imprisoned, Sneevliet was elected a member of the Lower House of parliament, a position in which he remained until 1937. In August 1933,
2788-517: The Dutch colonial regime and the privileged Indonesian elites. This led to much resistance against the ISDV and Sneevliet himself, from conservative circles and from the more moderate SDAP. In 1916 therefore he left the SDAP and joined the SDP, the predecessor of the Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN). After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Sneevliet's radicalism gained enough support amongst both
2870-490: The Indonesian population as well as Dutch soldiers and especially sailors that the Dutch authorities got nervous. Sneevliet was therefore forced to leave the Dutch East Indies in 1918. ISDV was repressed by the Dutch colonial authorities. Back in the Netherlands, Sneevliet became active in the fledgling communist movement, becoming a salaried official of the party's National Labor Secretariat (NAS) and helping to organize
2952-568: The Netherlands , "Professor Carvalho" ( Ricardo Carvalho Calero ), and "H. C. Pieck" ( Henri Pieck ). Sneevliet had informed Victor Serge that Reiss, a leading GPU official in the Netherlands was "heartbroken" by the Zinoviev Trial and had crossed over to the anti-Stalinist Opposition. Sneevliet and Serge waited in Rheims to meet him on 5 September 1937, but he never arrived. In his autobiography Serge described Sneevliet that day as thus: "his face wore
3034-508: The Netherlands and as such was heavily involved with the February strike of 1941. As a known communist, Sneevliet had to go into hiding even before he started his resistance activities. In the underground he edited a clandestine newspaper called Spartakus and took part in other activities. For two years he managed to keep out of the hands of the Nazis, but in April 1942 they finally arrested him and
3116-482: The Netherlands for the Dutch East Indies . Sneevliet lived in the Dutch East Indies (present day Indonesia ) from 1913 until 1918, where he quickly became active in the struggle against Dutch colonial rule. In 1914, he was a co-founder of the Indies Social Democratic Association (ISDV), in which both Dutch and Indonesian people were active. He also returned to union work, becoming a member of
3198-573: The Netherlands. After the war, the party was led by Paul de Groot , who had a strong grip on the party's organization. In 1945 the CPN was offered one ministry in the Schermerhorn–Drees cabinet , mainly because of the CPN's role in the Dutch Resistance. The CPN refused, demanding a second ministry. In the 1946 general election , the CPN received nearly 11% of the vote and won 10 seats in the House of Representatives . The CPN also won seats in
3280-409: The Netherlands; CPN), to express its allegiance to the Netherlands and Dutch institutions. The SDP was founded as an orthodox Marxist party advocating an economic and social revolution that would overthrow the capitalist economic and political system, in favour for a socialist dictatorship of the proletariat , which would in turn evolve into a classless, communist society. They broke away from
3362-576: The RSP signed the "Declaration of the Four" along with the International Communist League , led by Leon Trotsky , the OSP and the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany . This declaration was intended as a step towards a new Fourth International of revolutionary socialist parties. In 1938, Sneevliet and the RSP ultimately refused to join this new international organization, however, thereby breaking with
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3444-646: The Russian Revolution. It lies between the Northern European communist parties, like the Communist Party of Sweden and the Southern European communist parties, like the Italian Communist Party . Like its Italian counterparts, and unlike its Swedish counterparts it was methodically isolated in parliament. Like its Swedish counterparts, but unlike its Italian counterparts, it gained around 5% of
3526-712: The Russian intervention against the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . After the invasion, the party office, in Felix Meritis in Amsterdam, was attacked by opponents of the invasion. Meanwhile, internal dissent against the strict leadership of De Groot was rising. In 1958, the Bruggroep ("Bridge group") left the CPN in a conflict over the role of the Communist Eenheidsvakcentrale ( Unity Trade Union ). Leaders of
3608-411: The SDAP supported and the SDP opposed, further strengthened the differences between the parties. In the 1917 general election the SDP was still unable to win any seats. In May 1918, the left wing founded the journal De Internationale , uniting four opposition groups within the SDP, with groups in Amsterdam , Rotterdam and The Hague plus the Zimmerwald Left Propaganda Union. This group did not favour
3690-410: The SDAP, when the reformist leadership blocked their publication of an autonomous journal. After the Russian Revolution , the party adopted the name Communist. With the departure of the left-wing grouped around De Internationale , the party adopted Marxism–Leninism , the official ideology of the USSR and the Comintern. This advocated the overthrow of the state by a vanguard party , which would lead
3772-442: The SDP while the MP for the Socialist Party left the revolutionary parliamentary party. As the German Revolution (and the related Brussels Soldiers' Council ) developed across the borders in November 1918, the Netherlands was also affected by strikes and mutinies. On 10 November, the SDP called for the formation of soldiers' and workers councils with a view to forming a popular government. A week later at their Leiden Congress,
3854-412: The Trotskyist movement. Instead the RSP became a part of the International Bureau of Revolutionary Socialist Unity along with the Independent Labour Party (Britain) and the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification ( POUM ) of Spain. In Amsterdam, Sneevliet (as "Henricus" or "Henryk Sneevliet") was among Ignace Reiss 's circle, which included: Henriette Roland-Holst , Hildo Krop , Princess Juliana of
3936-441: The alliance with the United States , while the CPN advocated stronger links with the USSR . The PvdA had the strongest anti-communists in its ranks. During the 1970s when a more radicalized PvdA advocated a large progressive coalition, they still excluded the CPN. The relationship between left-wing splinter groups and the communists was notoriously bad. The CPH ignored the Revolutionary Socialist Party during its four-year term in
4018-420: The conflict between the People's Republic of China and the USSR. Nevertheless, a Maoist group, called the Communist Unity Movement of the Netherlands split from the Party. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Party began to move away from its Marxist/Leninist roots and began embrace a more libertarian and Eurocommunist programme with a strong emphasis on feminism . The Communist Party has always been an advocate of
4100-418: The country towards socialism. The party remained faithful to the USSR's version of Marxism–Leninism during the 1920s, when Trotsky's interpretation became an important ideological competitor of Joseph Stalin 's. This led to a split when a group around a prominent ally of Trotsky, Henk Sneevliet , left the party to form the Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP). In the 1960s, the party did not choose sides in
4182-421: The doors of the Communist Party's secret prisons." Despite expecting to hear that the POUM Executive had been summarily executed, the campaign, according to Victor Serge in the 1940s, saved their lives and was "a real moral triumph". The worsening political climate both abroad and nationally and the constant struggle against both the communist and social democratic parties, as well as government interference, took
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#17330846901934264-411: The elections of 1907. Sneevliet was very active in the NV and was elected to the union's executive committee in 1906. In 1909 he was tapped as vice-chairman of the union and named as editor-in-chief of the union's official journal. He became chairman of the union in 1911. Sneevliet, as a committed socialist and militant trade unionist, was strongly supportive of an international seamen's strike which
4346-425: The former Henrica J. W. van Macklenbergh. After finishing his education in 1900, Sneevliet moved to Zutphen and working for the Dutch railways. He became a member of the Social Democratic Workers Party (SDAP) as well as the Dutch Association of Railway and Tramway Employees (NV) in 1902. From 1906, Sneevliet was active for the SDAP in Zwolle , where he became the first social democrat city council member in
4428-425: The formulation of the new liberal course, Herman Meijer, was one of the gay rights activists who joined the CPN in the 1970s. The CPN changed its name two times. It was founded as Sociaal-Democratische Partij (Social-Democratic party; SDP). It followers were commonly known as "Tribunists" after their main organ. After the Russian Revolution the term social-democracy became linked to the reformist socialists, while
4510-545: The interests of the working class as shown by their advocacy of higher wages and lower prices. They also campaigned for work conditions in factories should be improved, that child labour should be banned completely, that the work day should be regulated and that laws against striking should be repealed. The CPN advocated a strong role of the state in the economy. They believed the state should supply cheap housing, free and neutral education and health care insurance. They felt that important industries should be nationalized in
4592-404: The late 1940s, the CPN participated in several municipal executives but after the USSR's intervention in Hungary, these all fell. In the 1950s the party got an absolute majority in the municipal council of Finsterwolde the municipality was consequently put under control of the national government. In the 1980s the party again started to cooperate in local executives. The following table shows
4674-418: The much smaller anti-Stalinist communist Revolutionary Socialist Party , the only pre-war organisation that had protested against the anti-Semitic measures by the German occupiers, it founded a resistance movement called Raad van Verzet ("Resistance Council"). It published a resistance newspaper called De Waarheid (The Truth). Both took part in the February strike in 1941, the largest act of resistance in
4756-417: The new course, and founded the New Communist Party of the Netherlands (NCPN), which still exists today. There is no influence left of the old Marxist wing of the CPN in GroenLinks. The "new" generation has been very prominent: Ina Brouwer led the party in the 1994 general election and one of the party's senators Jos van der Lans was a member of the CPN. The former party chair who was very influential in
4838-454: The non-communist nationalist Kuomintang , headed by Sun Yat-sen , with whom he had personally established contact on behalf of the Comintern. In 1923, Sun Yat-sen offered Sneevliet a full-time role in the Kuomintang as an adviser, but Sneevliet turned down the offer. He also rejected a separate offer from the Soviets to run the Guangzhou outpost of the Soviet state news agency ROSTA . Early in 1924, Sneevliet returned to Moscow, his tenure as
4920-414: The party name was changed to Communist Party Holland (CPH), to stress its identification with the workers councils. The following year, on 10 April 1919 the CPH joined the Comintern , which helped transform the party from a mix of anarchists , syndicalists and orthodox Marxists into a tightly-knit Leninist community. In 1920, prominent left communists Gorter and Pannekoek left the party to form
5002-403: The party was active in the resistance movement . After the war, its foreign policy was explicitly anti- West German and pro-USSR. It favoured Soviet interventions in Czechoslovakia and Hungary and sought Dutch recognition of East Germany . It opposed Dutch membership of NATO and the European Economic Community . In the 1970s and 1980s its policy became more critical of the USA, supporting
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#17330846901935084-445: The party won near absolute majorities. In these municipalities, which now form Reiderland the refounded CPN, NCPN still performs particularly well. In the 1950s the general support for the CPN weakened with the rise of Cold War. In the 1960s and 1970s the CPN began to gain support form students. In the 1980s the party lost its working class support. The party was organized on the principle of democratic centralism . The party's board
5166-451: The party. Wijnkoop and Ceton refused; they and their supporters, including the poet Herman Gorter and the mathematician Gerrit Mannoury , left to form a new party. This was the first such split in a Western European socialist party, although others followed. There had already been a split between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party , and between the Bulgarian Workers' Social Democratic Party and
5248-429: The party. Sneevliet founded the Revolutionary Socialist Union, which later became the Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP). In 1926, the entire Rotterdam branch was expelled. These expellees joined Wijnkoop to form a separate Communist Party of Holland-Central Committee . All three, the RSP, the CPH-central committee and the old CPH (which ran under the name "CPH – Dutch section of the Communist International"), contested
5330-487: The pressure of the Comintern; this was the cause of heavy internal division within the party. Jacques de Kadt had already left the party in 1924 to help set up The League of Communist Struggle & Propaganda Clubs . In the background of several of these divisions was the conflict in the Soviet Union between Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky . Wijnkoop, Henk Sneevliet (a prominent international communist and an ally of Trotsky), and other prominent members, were expelled from
5412-399: The rest of the MLL-Front leadership. Their execution took place in the Amersfoort KZ on 12 April 1942. It was reported that they went to their deaths singing " The Internationale ". Communist Party of the Netherlands The Communist Party of the Netherlands ( Dutch : Communistische Partij Nederland , Dutch pronunciation: [kɔmyˈnɪstisə pɑrˈtɛi ˈneːdərlɑnt] , CPN )
5494-420: The results of the provincial election of 1962 by province. It shows the areas where the CPN was strong, namely North Holland and to a lesser extent Groningen and South Holland. The party was very weak in rural and Catholic Limburg and Brabant. The support for the SDP, which was founded before the introduction of universal suffrage , was strong among left-wing intellectuals and educated working class circles. This
5576-421: The short term and in the long term the entire economy should be planned , that taxation should be progressive and that those without jobs should receive benefits. The communist movement emerged from other strands of the workers movement because of their vigorous opposition to World War I . After 1918, the recognition of the USSR and the independence of Indonesia became important issues. During World War II
5658-420: The small groups formed the Socialist Party , which became a successful political party from the mid-1990s. The CPN took a rather ambiguous stance in the conflict between the USSR and the PRC. Before the 1967 general election De Groot was replaced by Marcus Bakker. De Groot was made an honorary member of the CPN. The party won another seat, making the total five. The CPN condemned the Soviet intervention against
5740-479: The social democratic PvdA. In the 1963 general election the party gained one seat. The developing students' movement was an important impetus for the party. In 1964, the international conflict between the People's Republic of China and the USSR also split the CPN. A group called Communist Unity Movement of the Netherlands (Marxist–Leninist) left the CPN in that year. They went through several intense splits based on ideological and personal conflicts. In 1971 one of
5822-440: The term communist was linked to Leninist revolutionary socialism. All sections of the Comintern were obliged to adopt the name 'Communist Party'. In 1919 the party changed its name to Communistische Partij Holland (Communist Party Holland; CPH). The name implied that the CPH was the Dutch section of the worldwide Communist International . In 1935 the party changed its name to Communistische Partij van Nederland (Communist Party of
5904-607: Was a communist party in the Netherlands . The party was founded in 1909 as the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and merged with the Pacifist Socialist Party , the Political Party of Radicals and the Evangelical People's Party in 1991, forming the GroenLinks . Members opposed to the merger founded the New Communist Party of the Netherlands . In 1907, Jan Ceton , Willem van Ravesteyn , and David Wijnkoop of
5986-509: Was always troublesome. The SDP split from the SDAP over ideological differences, orthodox Marxist , revolutionary politics versus revisionist and reformist politics. The social democrats saw the communists as insignificant while the communists taunted the social democrats by calling them "servants to capitalism" and " social fascists ". During the Cold War, the PvdA embraced Atlanticism , NATO and
6068-532: Was called in 1911 and was disgruntled by the failure of his union and political party to support the campaign. As a result, he resigned from both organizations, joining instead the more radical Social Democratic Party of the Netherlands (forerunner of the Dutch Communist Party) and writing for the Marxist magazine De Nieuwe Tijd (The New Time). Sneevliet's alienation strengthened him in his decision to leave
6150-535: Was founded. The PSP united former members of the CPN, including members of the Socialist Union, and the Labour Party (PvdA), and other left-wing independents. In the following 1959 general election the CPN lost all but three seats, while the PSP won two seats, and the SWP was unable to win any seats. Many SWP members, like Gortzak, later joined the PSP. In the 1940s and 1950s, the CPN was methodically isolated by other parties. Civil servants were forbidden to become members of
6232-561: Was impressed enough by him to send him as a Communist International (Comintern) representative to China. Sneevliet lived in China from 1921 to 1923 and was present at the founding congress of the Chinese Communist Party in July 1921 . In addition to the pseudonym Maring, Sneevliet used the names Martin, Philips, and Sentot during this period. Sneevliet was an advocate of cooperation with
6314-725: Was in Felix Meritis in Amsterdam. The party had a small, but strong communist pillar around it. Important organizations were the communist trade union, the Rode Vakcentrale (Red Trade Union) before 1940 and the Eenheidsvakcentrale (Unity Trade Union) between 1945 and 1960, and the party's paper, De Tribune (the Tribune) before 1940 and De Waarheid (The Truth), which was founded as a resistance paper and named after its Soviet counterpart after 1940. The party's youth organization
6396-614: Was mainly limited to Amsterdam and Rotterdam . With the introduction of universal suffrage, the SDP, and later CPH began to branch out to the poorest circles of the working classes. In the Zaanstreek, around Zaandam and the port cities of Amsterdam and Rotterdam the party was especially strong. After the Second World War, the CPN branched out to the poor rural province of Groningen and other poor rural areas like West Friesland . In some Groningen municipalities like Finsterwolde, Beerta,
6478-567: Was one of the first, if not the first major resistance group to start up in the Netherlands in World War II . At its peak, it may have had some 500 members. Its bi-weekly publication Spartacus with a printrun of 5,000 was one of the most influential underground newspapers of the first part of the war; the total printrun of the underground press at this time has been estimated to be about 55,000. Henk Sneevliet Hendricus Josephus Franciscus Marie Sneevliet , known as Henk Sneevliet or by
6560-462: Was the Indonesian nationalist Rustam Effendi , the first subject from the Dutch Indies to enter parliament. At the 1937 general election , the party was able to retain its seats. On 15 May 1940, immediately after the German occupation, the party decided to organize an underground movement. In July 1940, the Nazi occupation force banned the CPN; the party continued illegally. In 1940, together with
6642-588: Was the formally independent General Dutch Youth League . The party's scientific organization was the Instituut voor Politiek en Sociaal Onderzoek (Institute for Political and Social Research) which published Politiek en Cultuur (Politics and Culture). The CPN had its own publisher called Pegasus. Since 1918, the party was a member of the Third International , first in the form of the Comintern , and after 1947 in
6724-470: Was the highest organ of the party, it decided the order of candidates on election lists for the Senate, House of Representatives and European Parliament, had the final say over the party program and had the ability to expel members. It was elected by the party's Congress . The party saw its political unity and strong discipline as conditions for its ideological zeal. Between 1946 and 1980, the party's headquarters
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