64-676: Marutūāhu (also spelled, Marutūahu or Marutuahu ) is a collective of the Māori iwi (tribes) of the Hauraki region (the Hauraki Gulf , Coromandel Peninsula and Hauraki Plains ) of New Zealand . The confederation comprises the tribes of Ngāti Maru , Ngāti Paoa , Ngāti Tamaterā , Ngāti Whanaunga and Ngāti Rongoū . The Marutūāhu tribes are descended from Marutūāhu, a son of Hotunui . Ngāti Maru tradition says that Hotunui arrived in New Zealand on
128-547: A Crown apology' and legal extinguishment of all claims. Featured in the Waikato-Tainui Ngāi Tahu settlements in 2009 and all subsequent settlements was redress described in these three areas: a historical account of grievances and an apology, a financial package of cash and transfer of assets (no compulsory acquisition of private land), and cultural redress, where a range of Māori interests are acknowledged which often related to sites of interest and Māori association with
192-698: A Treaty of Waitangi claim. This group of radio stations formed various networks, becoming Te Whakaruruhau o Nga Reo Irirangi Māori . Treaty of Waitangi settlement Claims and settlements under the Treaty of Waitangi ( Māori : Te Tiriti o Waitangi ) have been a significant feature of New Zealand politics since the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975 and the Waitangi Tribunal that was established by that act to hear claims. Successive governments have increasingly provided formal legal and political opportunity for Māori to seek redress for what are seen as breaches by
256-616: A Wellington-based lawyer with experience in Treaty claims with Ngāi Tahu, was appointed Minister for Treaty Negotiations following the National Party victory in the 2008 election . Between 2008 and 2017, Finlayson was credited with helping to resolve 60 Treaty settlements. As well as the much publicised land and financial compensation, many of these later settlements included changing the official place names. This introduced significant numbers of macrons into official New Zealand place names for
320-585: A case in 2017, using Ngati Tuwharetoa as a case study, for how hapū and iwi that did not sign the Treaty still maintain mana motuhake and how the sovereignty of the Crown could be considered questionable. This work builds on the Te Paparahi o te Raki inquiry (Wai 1040) decision by the Waitangi Tribunal. The Treaty settlement process has attracted criticisms since it began. The “fiscal envelope” decision by
384-514: A further 500 signatures added later that year, including some from the South Island . It is one of the founding documents of New Zealand. In 1835, a Declaration of Independence or He Whakaputanga was written. The Treaty of Waitangi was written in English and translated into the Māori language ( Te Reo ). As some words in the English treaty did not translate directly into the written Māori of
448-459: A general geographic region, or merely gave a waka name. Initiatives like the Iwi Helpline are trying to make it easier for people to identify their iwi , and the proportion who "don't know" dropped relative to previous censuses. Some established pan-tribal organisations may exert influence across iwi divisions. The Rātana Church, for example, operates across iwi divisions, and
512-414: A generally recognised territory ( rohe ), but many of these overlap, sometimes completely. This has added a layer of complication to the long-running discussions and court cases about how to resolve historical Treaty claims. The length of coastline emerged as one factor in the final (2004) legislation to allocate fishing-rights in settlement of claims relating to commercial fisheries. Iwi can become
576-724: A group), Ngāti Poneke (Māori who have migrated to the Wellington region), and Ngāti Rānana (Māori living in London). Ngāti Tūmatauenga ("Tribe of Tūmatauenga ", the god of war) is the official Māori-language name of the New Zealand Army , and Ngā Opango ("Black Tribe") is a Māori-language name for the All Blacks . In the southern dialect of Māori, Ngāti and Ngāi become Kāti and Kāi , terms found in such iwi as Kāti Māmoe and Kāi Tahu (also known as Ngai Tahu). Each iwi has
640-572: A largely conservative National government to make these breakthroughs. In 2013 the Ministry of Justice set up a Post Settlement Commitment Unit to create a central register of Treaty commitments that were created through the settlement process when it became clear that settlements were not being actioned. Government Minister Chris Finlayson was part of this and states the purpose was to create an 'institutional safeguard' to protect settlements and support them being durable and final. Finlayson's intention
704-495: A litigious approach was used and was needed to keep things moving. The settlement deed was signed in 1997 in Kaikōura . Ngāi Tahu sought recognition of their relationship with the land, as well as cash and property, and a number of novel arrangements were developed to address this. Among other things, Ngāi Tahu and the Crown agreed that Mt Cook would be formally renamed Aoraki / Mount Cook , and returned to Ngāi Tahu to be gifted back to
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#1733086124296768-449: A particular hapu may have belonged to different iwi at different times, the tension caused by the social and economic power moving from the iwi down rather than from the hapu up, and the fact that many iwi do not recognise spouses and adoptees who do not have kinship links. In the 2006 census, 16 per cent of the 643,977 people who claimed Māori ancestry did not know their iwi . Another 11 per cent did not state their iwi , or stated only
832-438: A prospective vehicle for ideas and ideals of self-determination and/or tino rangatiratanga . Thus does Te Pāti Māori mention in the preamble of its constitution "the dreams and aspirations of tangata whenua to achieve self-determination for whānau , hapū and iwi within their own land". Some Tūhoe envisage self-determination in specifically iwi -oriented terms. Increasing urbanisation of Māori has led to
896-480: A situation where a significant percentage do not identify with any particular iwi . The following extract from a 2000 High Court of New Zealand judgment discussing the process of settling fishing rights illustrates some of the issues: ... 81 per cent of Maori now live in urban areas, at least one-third live outside their tribal influence, more than one-quarter do not know their iwi or for some reason do not choose to affiliate with it, at least 70 per cent live outside
960-484: Is no negotiation, the Crown dictates...Public servants and ministers frequently mislead claimants and misrepresent facts in order to entice claimants into negotiations and then push settlements through...Negotiators frequently report being bullied by public servants and Crown agents and many report having settled under duress. As a result, many do not accept Crown apologies as they are meaningless . Academic Carwyn Jones in his PhD (published in 2016 by UBC Press , Vancouver)
1024-445: Is the truth you have been waiting a long time to hear. In terms of mana motuhake He Whakaputanga , creating a Māori state and government in 1835 and/or Te Tiriti o Waitangi , and those who did not sign anything, thus maintaining mana motuhake . In relation to the former, a summary report (entitled "Ngāpuhi Speaks") of evidence presented to the Waitangi Tribunal concluded that: Ngāti Tūwharetoa academic Hemopereki Simon outlined
1088-668: The Tainui canoe around 1300, but Pei Te Hurinui Jones reports that he was the son of Uenuku-te-rangi-hōkā, son of Whatihua and thus a fifteen-generation descendant of the captain of Tainui canoe, Hoturoa . In this case, he would have lived at the end of the sixteenth century. Either way, the Marutūāhu tribes are therefore part of the Tainui group of tribes. They are also part of the Hauraki collective of tribes. Marutūāhu married two sisters, Hineurunga and Paremoehau, and had four sons: Paremoehau
1152-614: The Fourth Labour Government extended the Tribunal's powers to allow it to consider Crown actions dating back to 1840, including the period covered by the New Zealand Wars. The number of claims quickly rose, and during the early 1990s, the government began to negotiate settlements of historical (pre-1992) claims. Typically a negotiated Treaty settlement has 'agreed historical account, Crown acknowledgements of Treaty breach, and
1216-519: The Invasion of the Waikato and the subsequent indiscriminate confiscation of land. Ngāi Tahu 's claims covered a large proportion of the South Island of New Zealand, and related to the Crown's failure to meet its end of the bargain in land sales that took place from the 1840s. Chris Finlayson was one of the lawyers working for Ngāi Tahu during the mid 1990s as the negotiations were taking place, he states
1280-594: The Maori Language Commission to foster it. The pivotal issue considered by the Tribunal was whether a language could be considered a "treasure" or "taonga", and thus protected by the Treaty. Significant research has been undertaken in New Zealand as a result of claims being put to the Waitangi Tribunal. Much of this has been generated by iwi (Māori tribal groups), a lasting example is the Ngāti Awa Research Centre established in 1989. In 1985
1344-728: The Māori King Movement , though principally congregated around Waikato / Tainui , aims to transcend some iwi functions in a wider grouping. Many iwi operate or are affiliated with media organisations. Most of these belong to Te Whakaruruhau o Nga Reo Irirangi Māori (the National Māori Radio Network), a group of radio stations which receive contestable Government funding from Te Māngai Pāho (the Māori Broadcast Funding Agency) to operate on behalf of iwi and hapū . Under their funding agreement,
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#17330861242961408-496: The original migration voyages ). These super-groupings are generally symbolic rather than logistical. In pre-European times, most Māori were allied to relatively small groups in the form of hapū ( ' sub-tribes ' ) and whānau ( ' family ' ). Each iwi contains a number of hapū ; among the hapū of the Ngāti Whātua iwi, for example, are Te Uri-o-Hau , Te Roroa , Te Taoū , and Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei . Māori use
1472-594: The Collective. The agreement is the largest to date, by financial value, at NZ$ 196 million worth of forest land in total (including the value of the Affiliate Te Arawa Iwi and hapū share). In addition, but not counted by the government as part of the redress package, the tribes will receive rentals that have accumulated on the land since 1989, valued at NZ$ 223 million. By July 2008, there were 23 settlements of various sizes. In November 2008, Chris Finlayson ,
1536-402: The Crown of guarantees set out in the Treaty of Waitangi. While it has resulted in putting to rest a number of significant longstanding grievances, the process has been subject to criticisms including those who believe that the redress is insufficient to compensate for Māori losses. The settlements are typically seen as part of a broader Māori Renaissance . The Waitangi Tribunal was set up as
1600-410: The Crown for breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi and its principles . Originally its mandate was limited to claims about contemporary issues, that is, those that occurred after the establishment of the Tribunal. Early claims included the "Te Reo Māori" claim. As a result of the Tribunal's report into the claim, in 1987 the government made Te Reo Māori an official language of New Zealand, and established
1664-476: The Government in 1994 had a consultation period in which most Māori 'overwhelmingly rejected' the policy and sparked protests throughout New Zealand. The criticism was about the non-negotiable element of a fiscal cap as well as the amount ( $ 1 billion) when Crown valuers assessed that the 1990 dollar loss to just Ngāi Tahu was 'between $ 12 billion and $ 15 billion' and the context of Government spending (for example
1728-625: The Governor . They agreed to a relationship: one in which they and Hobson were to be equal – equal while having different roles and different spheres of influence . in essence, rangatira retained their authority over their hapū and territories, while Hobson was given authority to control Pākehā . Tribunal manager Julie Tangaere said at the report's release to the Ngapuhi claimants: Your tupuna [ancestors] did not give away their mana at Waitangi, at Waimate, at Mangungu. They did not cede their sovereignty. This
1792-533: The Hon. Matiu Rata and Dr. George Habib. The first major settlement of historical confiscation, or raupatu, claims was agreed in 1995. Waikato - Tainui 's confiscation claims were settled for a package worth $ 170 million, in a mixture of cash and Crown-owned land. The settlement was accompanied by a formal apology as part of the claims legislation, granted Royal assent by Queen Elizabeth II in person during her 1995 Royal tour of New Zealand. The Crown apologised for
1856-448: The Māori version guaranteed tino rangatiratanga ('full authority, sovereignty') over taonga ('treasures'). Around 530 to 540 Māori, at least 13 of them women, signed the Māori version of the Treaty of Waitangi, known as Te Tiriti o Waitangi . Only 39 signed the English version after the Māori language version was read to them. The different understandings of the content of
1920-474: The Settlement of Treaty of Waitangi Claims" to attempt to address the issues and extinguish all Māori treaty claims. A key element of the proposals was the creation of a "fiscal envelope" of $ 1 billion for the settlement of all historical claims, an effective limit on what the Crown would pay out in settlements. The Crown held a series of consultation hui around the country, at which Māori vehemently rejected
1984-745: The Taranaki Ngāti Maru appear to give him a different parentage. The descendants of a third brother, Marukōpiri, settled on the Whanganui river. A Tainui account of Marutūāhu is recorded by Pei Te Hurinui Jones but, unusually, he does not report his source. It also appears in S. Percy Smith 's History and Traditions of the Maoris of the west coast North Island of New Zealand prior to 1840 , published in 1910. Hauraki Ngāti Maru versions are recorded by George Grey in 1853 and by John White in 1888. Iwi Iwi ( Māori pronunciation: [ˈiwi] ) are
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2048-659: The Te Roroa, Affiliate Te Arawa and Central North Island settlements, which were passed in September 2008. Not addressing overlapping interests in claims early in the process is a criticism made in 2019 over the Pare Hauraki Treaty settlement, a criticism made by Ngāti Wai and acknowledged by Treaty Negotiations Minister Andrew Little as a failing in the process. Academic Linda Te Aho (Associate Professor, Te Piringa Faculty of Law, University of Waikato ) summarises criticisms of
2112-514: The Treaty of Waitangi intended to transfer sovereignty. The first stage of the report was released in November 2014, and found that Māori chiefs in Northland never agreed to give up their sovereignty when they signed the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. Although the Crown intended to negotiate the transfer of sovereignty through the Treaty, the chiefs' understanding of the agreement was they were only ceding
2176-615: The Treaty settlement processes as being: too heavily weighted in the government's favour', not enough compensation for losses and that the process pits 'Māori against Māori . Research conducted by academics Professor Margaret Mutu and Dr Tiopira McDowell of the University of Auckland found that the purpose of the settlements was to extinguish claims so that claimants cannot have State Owned Enterprise and Crown Forest lands returned to them through binding recommendations. They also interviewed more than 150 claimants and negotiators and found that:
2240-471: The amounts to be inadequate, especially as inflation eroded their value, and the Crown has conceded that it did not sufficiently seek the agreement of hapū to declare their claims settled. During the late 1960s and 1970s the Treaty of Waitangi became the focus of a strong Māori protest movement which rallied around calls for the government to 'honour the treaty' and to 'redress treaty grievances'. Māori expressed their frustration about continuing violations of
2304-506: The annual spending in 2018 (excluding capital investment) was about $ 87 billion). The Government settlement process has since 1999 focused mostly on negotiating settlements with iwi (or 'large natural groupings') which has been criticised as not seeking the 'most appropriate social structures for resolving historical Treaty breaches'. Politicians critical include Winston Peters from New Zealand First suggesting in 2002 that too many claims were being allowed. The ACT party criticised
2368-556: The bones" — literally to the burial-areas of the ancestors . Māori author Keri Hulme 's novel The Bone People (1985) has a title linked directly to the dual meaning of bone and "tribal people". Many iwi names begin with Ngāti or with Ngāi (from ngā āti and ngā ai respectively, both meaning roughly ' the offspring of ' ). Ngāti has become a productive morpheme in New Zealand English to refer to groups of people: examples are Ngāti Pākehā ( Pākehā as
2432-458: The deal, referred to as the Sealord deal, marked full and final settlement of Māori commercial fishing claims under the Treaty of Waitangi. This included 50% of Sealord Fisheries and 20% of all new species brought under the quota system, more shares in fishing companies, and $ 18 million in cash. In total it was worth around $ 170 million. This settlement was undertaken under the leadership of
2496-464: The environment. While early Tribunal recommendations mainly concerned a contemporary issue that could be revised or rectified by the government at the time, historical settlements raised more complex issues. The Office of Treaty Settlements was established in the Ministry of Justice to develop government policy on historical claims. In 1995, the government unilaterally developed the "Crown Proposals for
2560-460: The first time. The Waitangi Tribunal , in Te Paparahi o te Raki inquiry (Wai 1040) is in the process of considering the Māori and Crown understandings of He Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga / the 1835 Declaration of Independence and Te Tiriti o Waitangi / the Treaty of Waitangi 1840. This aspect of the inquiry raises issues as to the nature of sovereignty and whether the Māori signatories to
2624-506: The growing New Zealand Māori population tried to keep a connection to their culture, family history, spirituality, community, language and iwi . The Victoria University of Wellington Te Reo Māori Society campaigned for Māori radio, helping to set up Te Reo o Poneke, the first Māori-owned radio operation, using airtime on Wellington student-radio station Radio Active in 1983. Twenty-one iwi radio stations were set up between 1989 and 1994, receiving Government funding in accordance with
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2688-664: The largest social units in New Zealand Māori society . In Māori , iwi roughly means ' people ' or ' nation ' , and is often translated as " tribe ", or "a confederation of tribes". The word is both singular and plural in the Māori language, and is typically pluralised as such in English. Iwi groups trace their ancestry to the original Polynesian migrants who, according to tradition, arrived from Hawaiki . Some iwi cluster into larger groupings that are based on whakapapa (genealogical tradition) and known as waka (literally ' canoes ' , with reference to
2752-454: The people of New Zealand. The process of negotiating historical claims continued after the 1999 election and the subsequent change in government without radical change to government policy. The models developed for the early settlements remain a strong influence. The first Labour Minister of Treaty Negotiations was Margaret Wilson . On her appointment as Speaker of the House in early 2005, she
2816-635: The power for the Crown to control Pākeha and protect Māori. A month before the report's official release a letter was sent to Te Ururoa Flavell , Minister for Māori Development , to notify him of the Tribunal's conclusion. It was signed by Māori Land Court judge Craig Coxtead . Below is a brief excerpt: We have concluded that in February 1840 the rangatira who signed te Tiriti did not cede their sovereignty . That is, they did not cede their authority to make and enforce law over their people or their territories . rather, they agreed to share power and authority with
2880-517: The primary means of registering and researching claims because the Treaty of Waitangi itself has little legal standing. The primary means of settling those claims is through direct negotiations with the government of the day. The Treaty of Waitangi was first signed on 6 February 1840 by representatives of the British Crown and Māori chiefs ( rangatira ) from the North Island of New Zealand, with
2944-530: The process and the concept that 'no amount of money can undo past wrongs'. Public Access New Zealand and the One New Zealand Foundation were lobby groups formed to oppose the aspects of Treaty settlements. The Orewa Speech in 2004 saw the National Party for the first time take up the term "Treaty of Waitangi Grievance Industry". National's Māori Affairs spokeswoman Georgina te Heuheu , who
3008-422: The process has traumatized claimants, divided their communities, and returned on average less than one percent of their stolen lands' with negotiators and claimants reporting that 'despite what settlement legislation may say, the settlements are not full, not fair and not final and that, like all previous settlements, they will be revisited...the Crown adopts divide-and-rule tactics and pursues them ruthlessly...there
3072-412: The proposals including such a limitation in advance of the extent of claims being fully known. The concept of the fiscal envelope was subsequently dropped after the 1996 general election although it remained de facto. Despite the protest, three major settlements during were reached during the 1990s. The Minister of Justice and Treaty Negotiations at the time, Sir Douglas Graham , is credited with leading
3136-451: The rights of British subjects. However, in the Māori language version of the Treaty is very different, the word 'sovereignty' was translated as kawanatanga ('governance'). And in contradiction to the English language version, Māori retained authority and sovereignty, and did not give this to the Queen. In addition, the English version guaranteed 'undisturbed possession' of all 'properties', but
3200-470: The spiritual beliefs of Māori. In 2005 the Māori Party and Green Party both criticised Treaty settlements on the grounds that the Crown has too much power in negotiations, that settlements negotiated at an iwi level ignore the rights of hapū (clans or subtribes), and that settlement redress is too parsimonious. While some disagreement remains, parties unanimously supported the legislation to implement
3264-483: The stations must produce programmes in the local Māori language and actively promote local Māori culture. A two-year Massey University survey of 30,000 people published in 2003 indicated 50 per cent of Māori in National Māori Radio Network broadcast areas listened to an iwi station. An Auckland University of Technology study in 2009 suggested the audience of iwi radio stations would increase as
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#17330861242963328-425: The time, this text is not an exact translation of the English text, such as in relation to the meaning of having and ceding sovereignty . In the English version, Māori ceded the sovereignty of New Zealand to Britain; Māori gave the Crown the exclusive right to purchase lands they wished to sell, and, in return, Māori were guaranteed full ownership of their lands, forests, fisheries and other possessions and were given
3392-408: The traditional tribal territory and these will have difficulties, which in many cases will be severe, in both relating to their tribal heritage and in accessing benefits from the settlement. It is also said that many Maori reject tribal affiliation because of a working-class unemployed attitude, defiance and frustration. Related but less important factors, are that a hapu may belong to more than one iwi,
3456-468: The treaty and subsequent legislation by government officials, as well as inequitable legislation and unsympathetic decisions by the Māori Land Court alienating Māori land from its Māori owners. In 1975 the Treaty of Waitangi Act established the Waitangi Tribunal to hear claims about Crown acts that were inconsistent with the principles of the Treaty. It allowed any Māori to lodge a claim against
3520-605: The treaty led to disagreements between Pākeha and Māori, beginning almost immediately after the signing of the treaty, and contributed to the New Zealand Wars , which culminated in the confiscation of a large part of the Waikato and Taranaki . Matiaha Tiramōrehu made the first formal statement of Ngāi Tahu grievances in 1849, only one year after the Canterbury purchase between Ngāi Tahu and Henry Tacy Kemp, this land transaction
3584-591: The tribe has collective assets under management of $ 1.85 billion. Iwi affairs can have a real impact on New Zealand politics and society. A 2004 attempt by some iwi to test in court their ownership of the seabed and foreshore areas polarised public opinion (see New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy ). In Māori and in many other Polynesian languages , iwi literally means ' bone ' derived from Proto-Oceanic * suRi ₁ meaning ' thorn, splinter, fish bone ' . Māori may refer to returning home after travelling or living elsewhere as "going back to
3648-484: The word rohe to describe the territory or boundaries of iwi. In modern-day New Zealand , iwi can exercise significant political power in the management of land and of other assets. For example, the 1997 Treaty of Waitangi settlement between the New Zealand Government and Ngāi Tahu , compensated that iwi for various losses of the rights guaranteed under the Treaty of Waitangi of 1840. As of 2019
3712-409: Was Associate Minister to Sir Douglas Graham, was replaced in the role by Gerry Brownlee . Specific criticism that members of the National Party have made against settlements is that they are not being negotiated quickly enough, that insufficient attention is being given to ensure that claimant negotiators have the support of their people, and that settlement legislation is giving inappropriate weight to
3776-419: Was created in 2019 as a searchable record by arms of the Crown to find Treaty settlement commitments as recorded in deeds of settlement and government legislation. The Treaty guaranteed to Māori their lands, forests and fisheries. Over time, however, New Zealand law began to regulate commercial fisheries , so that Māori control was substantially eroded. To resolve this grievance, in 1989 an interim agreement
3840-553: Was followed in the role by Mark Burton . He was replaced by Deputy Prime Minister Michael Cullen in November 2007. In June 2008, the Crown and representatives from seven Māori tribes signed an agreement relating to Crown forest land that was dubbed "Treelords" by the media, because of perceived similarities to the Sealord deal of the 1990s. Like Sealord, it relates to a single issue, but covers multiple tribes. The agreement contains only financial redress, on account against comprehensive settlements to be negotiated with each tribe within
3904-490: Was mother of the older three sons, while Hineurunga was the mother of Te Ngako. Although Te Ngako was younger than his half-brothers, Hineurunga was the tuakana (eldest sister), which gave Te Ngako the mana of being tuakana to his older brothers. Hence his descendants are called Ngāti Maru, not Ngāti Te Ngako. The Hauraki Ngāti Maru say that the Ngāti Maru of Taranaki are descended from Marutūāhu's brother Maruwharanui, but
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#17330861242963968-483: Was reached. The Crown transferred 10 percent of New Zealand's fishing quota (some 60,000 tonnes), together with shareholdings in fishing companies and $ 50 million in cash, to the Waitangi Fisheries Commission. This commission was responsible for holding the fisheries assets on behalf of Māori until an agreement was reached as to how the assets were to be shared among tribes. In 1992, a second part of
4032-573: Was that the Post Settlement Commitment Unit on completion of settlements would replace the Office of Treaty Settlements. The register was created and Finlayson states of the register, "By the time I left office, over 7000 commitments had been entered into various deeds of settlement." In 2018 the Post Settlement Commitment Unit was incorporated into a new Crown agency Te Arawhiti (Office for Māori Crown Relations). The web-portal Te Haeata
4096-597: Was very large, 20 million acres for £2,000. Between the 1870s and the 1990s almost every Ngāi Tahu leader was actively pursuing the Ngāi Tahu claim in Parliament. In the 1920s, land commissions investigated the grievances of hapū whose land had been confiscated or otherwise fraudulently obtained in the previous century, and many were found to be valid. By the 1940s, settlements in the form of modest annual payments had been arranged with some hapū. However, hapū came to consider
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