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35-681: After graduating from a primary school in Bitėnai, Jankus continued self-education. From the last decade of the 19th century he was an important figure in the pro-Lithuanian movement, and was close to the Lithuanian National Revival movement in Lithuania. He was one of the founders of several cultural organizations, including the Birutė Society , founded in 1885 in Tilsit. From 1889 to 1892 Jankus

70-620: A board of governors, the pressure group, or the owner. The United Kingdom allows elementary education to be delivered in church schools , whereas in France this is illegal as there is strict separation of church and state . This can be through informal assessment by the staff and governors such as in Finland, or by a state run testing regime such as Ofsted in the United Kingdom. The Seasons (poem) The Seasons ( Lithuanian : Metai )

105-482: A national and even a moral division. The villagers, who cultivated the aforementioned virtues, were Lithuanian. The immigrant colonists tended to weaken these virtues with their drunkenness and their backsliding from the Church. The poet condemns the imported vices and urges his brother Lithuanians (Lietuvininkai) not to succumb to the novelties but to preserve their traditions, including their language, customs, and dress. In

140-407: A realistic portrayal of Lietuvininkai (Prussian Lithuanians) peasants' life in the middle 18th century, as it was affected by colonization of East Prussia . Germans and Austrians , Swiss and French , brought in and given special consideration by the government, became the upper class of landlords and officials, while the indigenous population became the lower class of serfs . In The Seasons

175-470: A solid foundation for learning. This is ISCED Level 1 : Primary education or first stage of basic education. Within the English speaking world, there are three widely used systems to describe the age of the child. The first is the "equivalent ages"; then countries that base their education systems on the "English model" use one of two methods to identify the year group; while countries that base their systems on

210-448: A synonym, "elementary school" has specific meanings in different locations. School building design does not happen in isolation. The building (or school campus) needs to accommodate: Each country will have a different education system and priorities. Schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from

245-511: A villager’s associations could attribute to it. The picturesque vocabulary of Donelaitis is akin to folklore . He never waters down a phrase, nor does he euphemize, but is able to recreate in words the substantiality of the world and the speech of the rustics he portrays. His diction is crisp and fresh, and - because of its authenticity - simple and dignified. On the other hand, the language is full of unique metaphors , personifications , analogies, and hyperbolas which make it highly poetical. It

280-529: A word he preaches passive resistance, though with some exceptions. The author recognizes certain desirable traits in the newcomers. For instance, he urges Lithuanian women to learn industriousness and other useful virtues from the German women. In the general picture portrayed by the poem it is evident that with the aging and passing of the exponents of the old patriarchal culture the Lithuanian village with its traditions

315-712: Is characterized by his clear stand in the social, ethnic, and moral clash between the immigrant colonists and the old Lithuanian inhabitants. This was his original contribution. The Seasons is the first classical piece of fiction written in the Lithuanian language, the first Lithuanian poem as well as the most successful Lithuanian hexameter piece to date. It has long stepped over the borders of Lithuanian literature : it has been translated into Belarusian , Bulgarian , Czech , English , Finnish , French , Georgian , German , Hungarian , Japanese , Yiddish , Italian , Latvian , Polish , Russian , Romanian and Esperanto . The Seasons (most probably in its German translation )

350-525: Is in quantitative dactylic hexameters as often used for Latin and Ancient Greek poetry, but due to the nature of the Lithuanian language it has far fewer dactyls than in Virgil or Homer, and in more than half of the lines the only dactylic foot is the 5th. This poem of Donelaitis did not differ in literary form from fables , poems, and idylls then in vogue in Germany and Europe in general, nor did it depart from

385-420: Is sinking in the maelstrom of immigrant culture. The Seasons does not have any single, simple plot, with characters described in detail. The narrative of the poem is often interrupted by asides, didactic passages and lyrical reflections. The characters are sketchy; they are simply good or simply bad, with few nuances. Donelaitis is not giving too detailed description of objects or persons. He shows them in

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420-454: Is the first Lithuanian poem written by Kristijonas Donelaitis around 1765–1775. It is in quantitative dactylic hexameters as often used for Latin and Ancient Greek poetry. It was published as " Das Jahr " in Königsberg , 1818 by Ludwig Rhesa , who also named the poem and selected the arrangement of the parts. The German translation was included in the first edition of the poem. The book

455-612: The Lithuanian press ban in Russia, Bitėnai also served as a warehouse for illegal Lithuanian books and the Aušra archives. After the Lithuanian press ban was lifted in 1904, the printing house lost its significance and went bankrupt in 1909. The equipment was sold in 1912. Many works by Lithuanian authors were published for the first time by Jankus. Such works included the historical novel Senutė by Vydūnas , over fifty booklets by Petras Vileišis ,

490-589: The temporary capital of Lithuania . During the Nazi occupation he was forbidden to deliver public speeches. In 1944 he returned to Bitėnai and was forced to evacuate by Nazi authorities. Martynas Jankus died in Germany, but expressed his will to his daughter that his body should be burned and, when Lithuania had regained independence, his ashes should be moved to the Bitėnai cemetery. During 1882 and 1883 Jankus published Lithuanian songs that he had collected himself. In 1883 he

525-558: The "American K–12 model" refer to their year groups as "grades". Canada also follows the American model, although its names for year groups are put as a number after the grade: For instance, "Grade 1" in Canada, rather than "First Grade" in the United States. This terminology extends into the research literature. In Canada, education is a provincial, not a federal responsibility. For example,

560-490: The Philippines) is a school for primary education of children who are 4 to 10 years of age (and in many cases, 11 years of age). Primary schooling follows preschool and precedes secondary schooling . The International Standard Classification of Education considers primary education as a single phase where programmes are typically designed to provide fundamental skills in reading, writing, and mathematics and to establish

595-509: The US, although both this term and elementary school may refer to the first eight grades, in other words both primary education and lower secondary education . The term primary school is derived from the French école primaire , which was first used in an English text in 1802. In the United Kingdom, "elementary education" was taught in "elementary schools" until 1944, when free elementary education

630-635: The didactic element so popular at the time. Donelaitis was among the first European writers of the age to employ the classical hexameter. ( Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock , for example, used it in 1748 ). Furtheron, this Lithuanian poet nature was not conceived in the spirit of the Age of Enlightenment ; the peasants he portrayed were not sentimentalized stereotypes . People in The Seasons are drawn realistically, with their labors, experiences, cares, and primitive mentality , abounding with mythology . Thirdly, Donelaitis

665-405: The dynamic of life, acting and speaking, even larger than life. The poet, moreover, knows the psychology of peasant and serf. To this end the poet makes ingenious use of synecdoche . He also employs hyperbole , exaggerating tempo of action, distances, and results to the point of demolishing the bounds of reality and creating a new artistic world. Donelaitis has nature operating in terms which only

700-402: The education has to fulfill the needs of: The students, the teachers, the non-teaching support staff, the administrators and the community. It has to meet general government building guidelines, health requirements, minimal functional requirements for classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity and services, preparation and storage of textbooks and basic teaching aids. An optimum school will meet

735-405: The fashion of writing in imitation of the ancient Greek and Roman poets. The Seasons , moreover, followed the literary tendency of the day to portray not cities and aristocrats but rather the natural setting of the village and its inhabitants (for example James Thomson , Albrecht von Haller , Ewald Christian von Kleist , Barthold Heinrich Brockes ). In the poem the reader finds a good deal of

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770-574: The first chapter of Metai by Kristijonas Donelaitis , and other works by contemporary Lithuanian authors, including Jonas Biliūnas , Lazdynų Pelėda , Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė , Antanas Kriščiukaitis-Aišbė , and others. Primary school A primary school (in Ireland, India, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, South Africa, and Singapore ), elementary school , or grade school (in North America and

805-400: The floor area should be 350 m + 4.1 m /pupil place. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m . There are several main ways of funding a school: by the state through general taxation, by a pressure group such as a mosque or church, by a charity, by contributions from parents, or by a combination of these methods. Day-to-day oversight of the school can through

840-634: The idea of incorporating Lithuania Minor into Lithuania proper . In November 1918, Jankus signed the Act of Tilsit . In 1920 he was co-opted into the Council of Lithuania and later became chairman of the Supreme Salvation Committee of Lithuania Minor . In 1925 Jankus returned to live in Bitėnai. After the Klaipėda Region was seized by Germany following the ultimatum of 1939 , Jankus moved to Kaunas ,

875-710: The like. He spent his earnings on the publication of Lithuanian books and newspapers during the Lithuanian press ban in Russia. Jankus was one of the suppliers for the knygnešiai , smugglers of illegal books into Russia. After the Russian Empire occupied the Klaipėda Region in December 1914, Jankus and his family were deported to Samara Governorate in Siberia , where his father and his youngest son Andrius died. In 1918, Jankus returned to his homeland, where he actively promoted

910-492: The minimum conditions and will have: Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establishing building costs. Future design plans are audited to ensure that these standards are met but not exceeded. Government ministries continue to press for the 'minimum' space and cost standards to be reduced. The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula for primary schools in 2014. It said

945-466: The predicted roll of the school and the area needed. According to standards used in the United Kingdom, a general classroom for 30 reception class or infant (Keystage 1) students needs to be 62 m , or 55 m for juniors (Keystage 2). Examples are given on how this can be configured for a 210 place primary with attached 26 place nursery and two-storey 420 place (two form entry) primary school with attached 26 place nursery. The building providing

980-407: The province of Ontario also had a " Grade 13 ", designed to help students enter the workforce or post-secondary education, but this was phased out in the year 2003. In most parts of the world, primary education is the first stage of compulsory education , and is normally available without charge, but may also be offered by fee-paying independent schools . The term grade school is sometimes used in

1015-522: The village life of the latter is depicted as patriarchal in structure. The natural virtues idealized by the Pietist movement, diligence, piety, honesty, and submission to authority, flourish. Social consciousness of the people is largely dormant. There appear only a few characters through whose lips the poet accuses the gentry and the government of exploiting the people. However, such characters are not portrayed sympathetically; they are considered degenerates by

1050-422: The villagers in the poem and by its author. The poet contents himself with telling his readers that all men were created equal in the beginning and that only later did some become lords and others serfs. Donelaitis calls the latter būrai (boors), and shows deep sympathy for them. He reprimands their evil exploiters, but he does not raise any protest against the system of serfdom . The social contrast coincided with

1085-520: Was an editor), Varpas and Ūkininkas . Jankus himself wrote forty-five books and booklets. In 1889 he bought a printing house in Ragnit , which was later moved to Tilsit where it was active until 1892. Then the printing house was moved to Jankus' own house in Bitėnai, where it operated until 1909. At its peak, the house had three printing machines. It is estimated that Jankus's printing house published at least 360 books and twenty-five periodicals. During

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1120-461: Was dedicated to Wilhelm von Humboldt . The poem is considered a masterpiece of early Lithuanian literature . The poem consists of 4 parts: "Spring Joys" ( Pavasario linksmybės ), "Summer Toils" ( Vasaros darbai ), "Autumn Boons" ( Rudenio gėrybės ), and "Winter Cares" (Žiemos rūpesčiai) . In these 4 idylls , totaling 2997 hexameters , are depicted the natural setting of Lithuania Minor , its people, their work, and their customs. The poem depicts

1155-577: Was its chairman. In 1890, together with Dovas Zaunius and Jonas Smalakis , Jankus founded the first Lithuanian political organization in East Prussia. He maintained active correspondence with Lithuanian Americans and activists of the Latvian , Polish and Belarusian national movements. For his public activities Jankus was penalized by the Prussian authorities about forty times – arrests, monetary fines, and

1190-524: Was one of the founders of Aušra , the first Lithuanian-language newspaper. Jankus not only supported the publication financially, but also served as its editor. He also published Aušros kalendorius (1884–1885) and the newspaper Garsas (1886–1887). Jankus was also behind the first Lithuanian-language satirical newspaper Tetutė . Other newspapers published by Jankus include Naujoji Aušra (1892), Lietuviškas darbininkas (1894), Ūkininkų prietelius , Saulėteka (1900–1902), Dienos lapas (1909–1910, Jankus

1225-568: Was proposed for students over 11: there were to be primary elementary schools and secondary elementary schools; these became known as primary schools and secondary schools. In some parts of the United States, "primary school" refers to a school covering kindergarten through to second grade or third grade (K through 2 or 3); the "elementary school" includes grade three through five or grades four to six. In Canada, "elementary school" almost everywhere refers to Grades 1 through 6; with Kindergarten being referred to as "preschool." Though often used as

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