94-459: Leviathan Wakes is a science fiction novel by James S. A. Corey , the pen name of American writers Daniel Abraham and Ty Franck . It is the first book in the Expanse series , followed by Caliban's War (2012), Abaddon's Gate (2013) and six other novels. Leviathan Wakes was nominated for the 2012 Hugo Award for Best Novel and the 2012 Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel . The novel
188-400: A Star Wars novel, Honor Among Thieves , published by Random House in 2014, and a short story unrelated to The Expanse titled A Man Without Honor , included in the anthology Old Mars , edited by George R. R. Martin. In May 2018, Orbit Books announced Corey's new space opera trilogy. In November 2023, the release date of The Mercy of Gods , first book of The Captive's War series
282-548: A basal metabolic rate of 80 watts. For example, if our bodies run (on average) at 80 watts, then a light bulb running at 100 watts is running at 1.25 human equivalents (100 ÷ 80) i.e. 1.25 H-e. For a difficult task of only a few seconds' duration, a person can put out thousands of watts, many times the 746 watts in one official horsepower. For tasks lasting a few minutes, a fit human can generate perhaps 1,000 watts. For an activity that must be sustained for an hour, output drops to around 300; for an activity kept up all day, 150 watts
376-462: A battery (from chemical energy to electric energy ), a dam (from gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy of moving water (and the blades of a turbine ) and ultimately to electric energy through an electric generator ), and a heat engine (from heat to work). Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving
470-563: A distress signal . Five members of the Canterbury' s crew are dispatched in a shuttle to investigate: executive officer James "Jim" Holden, chief engineer Naomi Nagata, pilot Alex Kamal, engineer Amos Burton, and medic Shed Garvey. They discover an abandoned transport vessel called the Scopuli, and find that the distress beacon which lured them is fake and contains Martian technology. An unknown stealth warship arrives and, without warning, destroys
564-435: A Lagrangian; for example, dissipative systems with continuous symmetries need not have a corresponding conservation law. In the context of chemistry , energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular, or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is usually accompanied by a decrease, and sometimes an increase, of
658-474: A biological cell or organelle of a biological organism. Energy used in respiration is stored in substances such as carbohydrates (including sugars), lipids , and proteins stored by cells . In human terms, the human equivalent (H-e) (Human energy conversion) indicates, for a given amount of energy expenditure, the relative quantity of energy needed for human metabolism , using as a standard an average human energy expenditure of 12,500 kJ per day and
752-509: A bound system is discrete (a set of permitted states, each characterized by an energy level ) which results in the concept of quanta . In the solution of the Schrödinger equation for any oscillator (vibrator) and for electromagnetic waves in a vacuum, the resulting energy states are related to the frequency by Planck's relation : E = h ν {\displaystyle E=h\nu } (where h {\displaystyle h}
846-417: A core concept. Work , a function of energy, is force times distance. This says that the work ( W {\displaystyle W} ) is equal to the line integral of the force F along a path C ; for details see the mechanical work article. Work and thus energy is frame dependent . For example, consider a ball being hit by a bat. In the center-of-mass reference frame, the bat does no work on
940-492: A crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the object falls to the ground, gravity does mechanical work on the object which transforms the potential energy in the gravitational field to the kinetic energy released as heat on impact with the ground. The Sun transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy; its total mass does not decrease due to that itself (since it still contains
1034-552: A few exceptions, like those generated by volcanic events for example. An example of a solar-mediated weather event is a hurricane, which occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, suddenly give up some of their thermal energy to power a few days of violent air movement. In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis . This slow lifting represents
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#17328841114321128-469: A given temperature T . This exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature is known as the Arrhenius equation . The activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction can be provided in the form of thermal energy. In biology , energy is an attribute of all biological systems, from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of
1222-477: A kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may later be transformed into active kinetic energy during landslides, after a triggering event. Earthquakes also release stored elastic potential energy in rocks, a store that has been produced ultimately from the same radioactive heat sources. Thus, according to present understanding, familiar events such as landslides and earthquakes release energy that has been stored as potential energy in
1316-554: A moving object, the potential energy stored by an object (for instance due to its position in a field ), the elastic energy stored in a solid object, chemical energy associated with chemical reactions , the radiant energy carried by electromagnetic radiation , the internal energy contained within a thermodynamic system , and rest energy associated with an object's rest mass . All living organisms constantly take in and release energy. The Earth's climate and ecosystems processes are driven primarily by radiant energy from
1410-505: A new transponder to disguise the ship: "Holden punched the comm system on the wall. 'Well, crew, welcome to the gas freighter Rocinante. 'What does the name even mean?' Naomi said after he let go of the comm button. 'It means we need to find some windmills.'". In addition to a fast freighter given the name of Don Quixote's horse, De Armas studies the uses of parody in the novel; the quixotic attitudes that develop in Jim Holden and Joe Miller;
1504-425: A system. This property is responsible for the inertia and strength of gravitational interaction of the system ("mass manifestations"), and is also responsible for the potential ability of the system to perform work or heating ("energy manifestations"), subject to the limitations of other physical laws. In classical physics , energy is a scalar quantity, the canonical conjugate to time. In special relativity energy
1598-492: A time period from before Leviathan Wakes to well into the fourth novel in the series, Cibola Burn . Published on October 15, 2015, it is the second-longest novella by James S. A. Corey at 74 pages long. James S. A. Corey James S. A. Corey is the pen name used by collaborators Daniel Abraham and Ty Franck , authors of the science fiction series The Expanse . The first and last name are taken from Abraham's and Franck's middle names, respectively, and S. A. are
1692-426: A tiny fraction of the original chemical energy is used for work : It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical or radiant energy); most machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allows the organism tissue to be highly ordered with regard to
1786-478: Is a derived unit that is equal to the energy expended, or work done, in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre. However energy can also be expressed in many other units not part of the SI, such as ergs , calories , British thermal units , kilowatt-hours and kilocalories , which require a conversion factor when expressed in SI units. The SI unit of power , defined as energy per unit of time,
1880-460: Is about the maximum. The human equivalent assists understanding of energy flows in physical and biological systems by expressing energy units in human terms: it provides a "feel" for the use of a given amount of energy. Sunlight's radiant energy is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis , when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and oxygen. Release of
1974-434: Is also a scalar (although not a Lorentz scalar but a time component of the energy–momentum 4-vector ). In other words, energy is invariant with respect to rotations of space , but not invariant with respect to rotations of spacetime (= boosts ). Energy may be transformed between different forms at various efficiencies . Items that transform between these forms are called transducers . Examples of transducers include
SECTION 20
#17328841114322068-524: Is attacked by unknown ships and destroyed. While Holden and most of his crew manage to escape on a Martian frigate, Shed is killed. The Canterbury's surviving crew flee to the protection of the OPA's leader, Colonel Fred Johnson. Analysis of a data chip recovered from the Donnager reveals that the mysterious stealth ships were built by Earth. Holden makes another public broadcast sharing this information, hoping to ease
2162-536: Is being guided by Julie Mao, whose infected body is in a symbiotic relationship with the protomolecule. Although she is being used by the Protomolecule, she retains enough agency for Miller to convince her to direct Eros away from Earth. The station instead crashes into Venus , presumably killing both Miller and Mao. On Venus's surface, the Protomolecule promptly begins assembling a vast, mysterious structure. Kirkus Reviews , Locus Online and other reviewers praised
2256-558: Is called the Lagrangian , after Joseph-Louis Lagrange . This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics , but is generally useful in modern physics. The Lagrangian is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy. Usually, the Lagrange formalism
2350-473: Is defined in terms of the energy operator (Hamiltonian) as a time derivative of the wave function . The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schrödinger equation describes the space- and time-dependence of a slowly changing (non-relativistic) wave function of quantum systems. The solution of this equation for
2444-418: Is directly proportional to the mass of the body: E 0 = m 0 c 2 , {\displaystyle E_{0}=m_{0}c^{2},} where For example, consider electron – positron annihilation, in which the rest energy of these two individual particles (equivalent to their rest mass) is converted to the radiant energy of the photons produced in the process. In this system
2538-508: Is either from gravitational collapse of matter (usually molecular hydrogen) into various classes of astronomical objects (stars, black holes, etc.), or from nuclear fusion (of lighter elements, primarily hydrogen). The nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun also releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang . At that time, according to theory, space expanded and
2632-510: Is extremely large relative to ordinary human scales, the conversion of an everyday amount of rest mass (for example, 1 kg) from rest energy to other forms of energy (such as kinetic energy, thermal energy, or the radiant energy carried by light and other radiation) can liberate tremendous amounts of energy (~ 9 × 10 16 {\displaystyle 9\times 10^{16}} joules = 21 megatons of TNT), as can be seen in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Conversely,
2726-466: Is issued and security begins herding people into the numerous radiation shelters. Miller and Holden discover that the radiation alert has been faked by Eros's security contractor, the Earth-based company Protogen, and that people in the shelters have in fact been infected with the same disease as Julie. The zombie -like infected people attack the rest of Eros, spreading the infection via vomit . Miller and
2820-457: Is likely that the Protomolecule will be sought after by malicious actors in the future, the OPA and Miller plan to crash a large ship into Eros to propel it into the Sun . Miller leads a team onto the exterior of Eros to rig the station with bombs to ensure no one can capture it while en route. Miller, deciding he has completed everything he wanted in life, stays behind on Eros. Just before the ship impacts
2914-617: Is mathematically more convenient than the Hamiltonian for non-conservative systems (such as systems with friction). Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics (1788 and 1833, respectively), it does not apply to systems that cannot be modeled with
Leviathan Wakes - Misplaced Pages Continue
3008-402: Is no friction or other losses, the conversion of energy between these processes would be perfect, and the pendulum would continue swinging forever. Energy is also transferred from potential energy ( E p {\displaystyle E_{p}} ) to kinetic energy ( E k {\displaystyle E_{k}} ) and then back to potential energy constantly. This
3102-415: Is referred to as conservation of energy. In this isolated system , energy cannot be created or destroyed; therefore, the initial energy and the final energy will be equal to each other. This can be demonstrated by the following: The equation can then be simplified further since E p = m g h {\displaystyle E_{p}=mgh} (mass times acceleration due to gravity times
3196-612: Is set before Leviathan Wakes . It was published on October 17, 2011, and consisted of 40 pages. "The Last Flight of the Cassandra" takes place during the events of Leviathan Wakes and was released on May 14, 2019. At only five pages long, The Last Flight of the Cassandra is the shortest story yet. It was also included in The Expanse Role-Playing Game rulebook published by Green Ronin Publishing . "The Vital Abyss" spans
3290-692: Is the Planck constant and ν {\displaystyle \nu } the frequency). In the case of an electromagnetic wave these energy states are called quanta of light or photons . When calculating kinetic energy ( work to accelerate a massive body from zero speed to some finite speed) relativistically – using Lorentz transformations instead of Newtonian mechanics – Einstein discovered an unexpected by-product of these calculations to be an energy term which does not vanish at zero speed. He called it rest energy : energy which every massive body must possess even when being at rest. The amount of energy
3384-496: Is the watt , which is a joule per second. Thus, one joule is one watt-second, and 3600 joules equal one watt-hour. The CGS energy unit is the erg and the imperial and US customary unit is the foot pound . Other energy units such as the electronvolt , food calorie or thermodynamic kcal (based on the temperature change of water in a heating process), and BTU are used in specific areas of science and commerce. In 1843, French physicist James Prescott Joule , namesake of
3478-445: Is the main input to Earth's energy budget which accounts for its temperature and climate stability. Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example when) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives most weather phenomena, save
3572-424: Is transformed to what other kind) is often determined by entropy (equal energy spread among all available degrees of freedom ) considerations. In practice all energy transformations are permitted on a small scale, but certain larger transformations are not permitted because it is statistically unlikely that energy or matter will randomly move into more concentrated forms or smaller spaces. Energy transformations in
3666-433: Is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass–energy equivalence . The formula E = mc ², derived by Albert Einstein (1905) quantifies the relationship between relativistic mass and energy within
3760-526: Is warned both by his superiors and OPA operatives to stop looking into her disappearance, and is fired when he refuses. Miller discovers that Mao had been involved with the OPA and was aboard the Scopuli when it disappeared. Realizing that Mao's disappearance is connected to the destruction of the Canterbury , he travels to Eros to meet Holden and the crew of the Rocinante . On Eros, Miller finds Holden's crew and helps them survive an ambush attempt. They locate
3854-511: The Canterbury with nuclear weaponry . Holden broadcasts a message out to the entire solar system implicating Mars in the destruction of the Canterbury, starting a war between Mars and the Belt. The survivors of the Canterbury are ordered to rendezvous with the Martian battleship Donnager . The ship's captain denies any knowledge of Martian involvement in the attack on the Canterbury. The Donnager
Leviathan Wakes - Misplaced Pages Continue
3948-715: The United Nations ) and the Martian Congressional Republic act as competing superpowers , maintaining an uneasy military alliance in order to exert dual hegemony over the peoples of the Asteroid belt , known as "Belters". These people live within space stations built into the interior of asteroids and carry out the gritty, blue-collar work that provides the system with essential natural resources. Belters, whose bodies tend to be thin and elongated owing to their low-gravity environments , are largely marginalized by
4042-436: The composite motion of the object's components – while potential energy reflects the potential of an object to have motion, generally being based upon the object's position within a field or what is stored within the field itself. While these two categories are sufficient to describe all forms of energy, it is often convenient to refer to particular combinations of potential and kinetic energy as its own form. For example,
4136-481: The gravitational collapse of supernovae to "store" energy in the creation of heavy isotopes (such as uranium and thorium ), and nuclear decay , a process in which energy is released that was originally stored in these heavy elements, before they were incorporated into the Solar System and the Earth. This energy is triggered and released in nuclear fission bombs or in civil nuclear power generation. Similarly, in
4230-416: The matter and antimatter (electrons and positrons) are destroyed and changed to non-matter (the photons). However, the total mass and total energy do not change during this interaction. The photons each have no rest mass but nonetheless have radiant energy which exhibits the same inertia as did the two original particles. This is a reversible process – the inverse process is called pair creation – in which
4324-571: The Earth's gravitational field or elastic strain (mechanical potential energy) in rocks. Prior to this, they represent release of energy that has been stored in heavy atoms since the collapse of long-destroyed supernova stars (which created these atoms). In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars , nova , supernova , quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations
4418-687: The Locus Award. Orbit Books signed the authors to write additional books in the Expanse series to bring the total to nine. The eighth book in the series, Tiamat's Wrath , was released on March 26, 2019. The final installment, Leviathan Falls , was reportedly turned in to the publisher on May 17, 2021, and was released on November 30, 2021. The Expanse series was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Series in 2017 and won in 2020. Between each pair of full-length books, they published shorter works in
4512-520: The US. Later additions to the series include Nemesis Games , Babylon's Ashes , Persepolis Rising , Tiamat's Wrath , and finally Leviathan Falls . "Drive" is a 7-page short story set before Leviathan Wakes . Released on November 27, 2012, "Drive" was originally published as part of the sci-fi anthology Edge of Infinity edited by Jonathan Strahan . It was later posted on the Syfy website. The story covers
4606-504: The ball. But, in the reference frame of the person swinging the bat, considerable work is done on the ball. The total energy of a system is sometimes called the Hamiltonian , after William Rowan Hamilton . The classical equations of motion can be written in terms of the Hamiltonian, even for highly complex or abstract systems. These classical equations have direct analogs in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. Another energy-related concept
4700-415: The body of Julie Mao in a hotel shower infected with a strange, organic growth. On her phone Miller finds logs detailing the progression of her affliction, which seems to be fueled by exposure to energy and radiation , and the coordinates of an asteroid where one of the ships that attacked the Canterbury is docked. Before Miller and the crew of the Rocinante can leave Eros, a station-wide radiation alert
4794-430: The bookshop windows. In November 2024, the duo announced the formation of a company in partnership with Naren Shankar and Breck Eisner , and a TV adaptation of The Captive’s War book trilogy at Amazon . Energy Energy (from Ancient Greek ἐνέργεια ( enérgeia ) 'activity') is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system , recognizable in
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#17328841114324888-447: The case of a chemical explosion , chemical potential energy is transformed to kinetic and thermal energy in a very short time. Yet another example is that of a pendulum . At its highest points the kinetic energy is zero and the gravitational potential energy is at its maximum. At its lowest point the kinetic energy is at its maximum and is equal to the decrease in potential energy . If one (unrealistically) assumes that there
4982-965: The case of animals. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as food molecules, mostly carbohydrates and fats, of which glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) and stearin (C 57 H 110 O 6 ) are convenient examples. The food molecules are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water in the mitochondria C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 ⟶ 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O}}} C 57 H 110 O 6 + ( 81 1 2 ) O 2 ⟶ 57 CO 2 + 55 H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {C57H110O6 + (81 1/2) O2 -> 57CO2 + 55H2O}}} and some of
5076-451: The complex organisms can occupy ecological niches that are not available to their simpler brethren. The conversion of a portion of the chemical energy to heat at each step in a metabolic pathway is the physical reason behind the pyramid of biomass observed in ecology . As an example, to take just the first step in the food chain : of the estimated 124.7 Pg/a of carbon that is fixed by photosynthesis , 64.3 Pg/a (52%) are used for
5170-553: The concept of special relativity. In different theoretical frameworks, similar formulas were derived by J.J. Thomson (1881), Henri Poincaré (1900), Friedrich Hasenöhrl (1904) and others (see Mass–energy equivalence#History for further information). Part of the rest energy (equivalent to rest mass) of matter may be converted to other forms of energy (still exhibiting mass), but neither energy nor mass can be destroyed; rather, both remain constant during any process. However, since c 2 {\displaystyle c^{2}}
5264-461: The conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time. Thus, since 1918, theorists have understood that the law of conservation of energy is the direct mathematical consequence of the translational symmetry of the quantity conjugate to energy, namely time. In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of energy is the joule . It
5358-520: The crew of the Rocinante attack Protogen's secret base in the belt. They capture lead scientist Antony Dresden, who reveals he believes the Protomolecule is humanity's key to the stars, and that by modifying it for their purposes, humanity could become gods. Realizing that Dresden's rationale is likely to be accepted by the powers that be on Earth and Mars, and thus that this horrific research would be allowed to continue, Miller summarily executes Dresden without warning, angering Holden. Realizing that it
5452-573: The crew of the Rocinante narrowly manage to escape the station. Miller and the crew of the Rocinante follow the coordinates from Julie's phone to find one of the stealth ships abandoned. The team finds a Protogen video explaining that the infection is in fact a molecular biological replication mechanism created by extrasolar aliens with the intent of reaching Earth and hijacking its early biosphere in order to create something for its own mysterious purposes, but which had been captured by Saturn 's gravity and stranded. Protogen, which had discovered
5546-470: The energy is used to convert ADP into ATP : The rest of the chemical energy of the carbohydrate or fat are converted into heat: the ATP is used as a sort of "energy currency", and some of the chemical energy it contains is used for other metabolism when ATP reacts with OH groups and eventually splits into ADP and phosphate (at each stage of a metabolic pathway , some chemical energy is converted into heat). Only
5640-457: The energy stored during photosynthesis as heat or light may be triggered suddenly by a spark in a forest fire, or it may be made available more slowly for animal or human metabolism when organic molecules are ingested and catabolism is triggered by enzyme action. All living creatures rely on an external source of energy to be able to grow and reproduce – radiant energy from the Sun in the case of green plants and chemical energy (in some form) in
5734-449: The first science fiction novel in the series The Expanse . Leviathan Wakes was nominated for the 2012 Hugo Award for Best Novel and the 2012 Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel . The authors began to release other novels in the series including Caliban's War (2012), Abaddon's Gate (2013), Cibola Burn (2014), Nemesis Games (2015), Babylon's Ashes (2016), and Persepolis Rising (2017). Abaddon's Gate won
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#17328841114325828-527: The first test of the "Epstein Drive," a modified fusion drive that allows spaceships to travel faster and further than previous propulsion methods, thus making stellar exploration practical and possible. Solomon Epstein, the inventor, installs the drive to his personal ship to test the device; it works, but Epstein is immediately debilitated by the g-force and he is unable to counteract the ship's acceleration. Realizing any rescue vehicle would be unable to catch up due to
5922-489: The first time in the work of Aristotle in the 4th century BC. In contrast to the modern definition, energeia was a qualitative philosophical concept, broad enough to include ideas such as happiness and pleasure. In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin : vis viva , or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva
6016-413: The height) and E k = 1 2 m v 2 {\textstyle E_{k}={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}} (half mass times velocity squared). Then the total amount of energy can be found by adding E p + E k = E total {\displaystyle E_{p}+E_{k}=E_{\text{total}}} . Energy gives rise to weight when it
6110-571: The image of Julie Mao as Dulcinea; and the meaning of the windmills or giants. For Robin Seemangal, who relied more on the television series than on the novel, the quixotic windmills have to do with perception. As James Holden comes up on a plain with windmills, these could refer to the UN, Mars or the OPA "and how he perceives them may not be what they are". The audiobook recording of Leviathan Wakes , narrated by Jefferson Mays and published by Recorded Books ,
6204-401: The incredible fuel requirements of doing so, Epstein accepts his fate and reflects that he has opened a new chapter in space travel as he blacks out. "The Churn" is set before Leviathan Wakes . It was published on April 29, 2014, and consisted of 75 pages, making it the longest of the non-novel stories published by James S. A. Corey, tied with "Gods of Risk". "The Butcher of Anderson Station"
6298-450: The initials of Abraham's daughter. The name is also meant to emulate many of the space opera writers of the 1970s. In Germany, their books are published under the name James Corey with the middle initials omitted. Under the pen name James S. A. Corey, fantasy author Daniel Abraham began to collaborate with Ty Franck (who had worked as a personal assistant to George R. R. Martin ) in 2011. Together they wrote Leviathan Wakes (2011),
6392-482: The marginalia of her French language translation of Newton's Principia Mathematica , which represented the first formulation of a conserved measurable quantity that was distinct from momentum , and which would later be called "energy". In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva , in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described " kinetic energy " in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined
6486-424: The mass equivalent of an everyday amount energy is minuscule, which is why a loss of energy (loss of mass) from most systems is difficult to measure on a weighing scale, unless the energy loss is very large. Examples of large transformations between rest energy (of matter) and other forms of energy (e.g., kinetic energy into particles with rest mass) are found in nuclear physics and particle physics . Often, however,
6580-474: The metabolism of green plants, i.e. reconverted into carbon dioxide and heat. In geology , continental drift , mountain ranges , volcanoes , and earthquakes are phenomena that can be explained in terms of energy transformations in the Earth's interior, while meteorological phenomena like wind, rain, hail , snow, lightning, tornadoes and hurricanes are all a result of energy transformations in our atmosphere brought about by solar energy . Sunlight
6674-427: The molecules it is built from. The second law of thermodynamics states that energy (and matter) tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe: to concentrate energy (or matter) in one specific place, it is necessary to spread out a greater amount of energy (as heat) across the remainder of the universe ("the surroundings"). Simpler organisms can achieve higher energy efficiencies than more complex ones, but
6768-407: The novel. The book's action sequences were highlighted by SF Signal , and Tor.com wrote that the book had a "satisfying volume completion". Wired.com's GeekDad praised the novel for not containing "overly-complex descriptions of the way governments and corporations work" or "made-up words and cryptic names". Guy Molinari "expressed surprise" that a fictional outer space "cargo ship Guy Molinari "
6862-413: The organism on Saturn's moon Phoebe and dubbed it the "protomolecule," orchestrated its release on Eros as an experiment in an attempt to discover what it was designed to do given a rich biological source. To this end they had carried out the false flag attack on the Canterbury in order to start a war which would distract the Solar System from the criminal operation on Eros. With the OPA, Miller and
6956-419: The performance of work and in the form of heat and light . Energy is a conserved quantity —the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed; matter and energy may also be converted to one another. The unit of measurement for energy in the International System of Units (SI) is the joule (J). Forms of energy include the kinetic energy of
7050-405: The rest mass of particles is created from the radiant energy of two (or more) annihilating photons. In general relativity, the stress–energy tensor serves as the source term for the gravitational field, in rough analogy to the way mass serves as the source term in the non-relativistic Newtonian approximation. Energy and mass are manifestations of one and the same underlying physical property of
7144-494: The rest of the Solar System polity . This class conflict particularly manifests itself in The Outer Planets Alliance (OPA), a network of loosely aligned militant groups, which seeks to combat the Belt's exploitation at the hands of the "Inners", who, in turn, have collectively branded the OPA a terrorist organization . The ice hauling ship Canterbury is en route from Saturn's rings to Ceres when it encounters
7238-474: The same total energy even in different forms) but its mass does decrease when the energy escapes out to its surroundings, largely as radiant energy . There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics . However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy
7332-716: The series. The first, a short story entitled The Butcher of Anderson Station: A Story of The Expanse was released as an eBook in October 2011. A 69-page novella, Gods of Risk followed, and was released as an eBook in September 2012. A short story entitled Drive was released in November 2012 as a part of the anthology Edge of Infinity . Another novella, The Churn , was released April 29, 2014, and other novellas have followed. All are set in The Expanse series. The authors have also written
7426-462: The situation is the reverse. Chemical reactions are usually not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy . The speed of a chemical reaction (at a given temperature T ) is related to the activation energy E by the Boltzmann's population factor e ; that is, the probability of a molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at
7520-481: The station, however, the trajectory of Eros is suddenly and inexplicably altered. The Protomolecule proves to have an advanced method of spaceflight which negates both g-force and inertia . Eros, being driven by this inexplicable force, sets off on a collision course with Earth at a speed that no human-made ship can match. Miller, still on Eros, takes one of the bombs into the station in an attempt to destroy its maneuvering capabilities. However, he realizes that Eros
7614-519: The sum of translational and rotational kinetic and potential energy within a system is referred to as mechanical energy , whereas nuclear energy refers to the combined potentials within an atomic nucleus from either the nuclear force or the weak force , among other examples. The word energy derives from the Ancient Greek : ἐνέργεια , romanized : energeia , lit. 'activity, operation', which possibly appears for
7708-420: The sun . The energy industry provides the energy required for human civilization to function, which it obtains from energy resources such as fossil fuels , nuclear fuel , and renewable energy . The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified into potential energy , kinetic energy , or combinations of the two in various ways. Kinetic energy is determined by the movement of an object – or
7802-533: The tensions created by his prior implication of Mars. This massively backfires, instead drawing Earth into the war. The Martian frigate Holden's crew escaped on is renamed the Rocinante and on it, Holden is sent to Eros Station to find an OPA operative who sent out a distress signal. On Ceres Station, detective Joe Miller is illicitly contracted to locate Julie Mao, the daughter of very wealthy Lunar citizens, and send her back to her family against her will. Miller
7896-429: The term " potential energy ". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in the early 19th century, and applies to any isolated system . It was argued for some years whether heat was a physical substance, dubbed the caloric , or merely a physical quantity, such as momentum . In 1845 James Prescott Joule discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat. These developments led to
7990-461: The theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson ( Lord Kelvin ) as the field of thermodynamics . Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius , Josiah Willard Gibbs , and Walther Nernst . It also led to a mathematical formulation of the concept of entropy by Clausius and to the introduction of laws of radiant energy by Jožef Stefan . According to Noether's theorem ,
8084-420: The total energy of the substances involved. Some energy may be transferred between the surroundings and the reactants in the form of heat or light; thus the products of a reaction have sometimes more but usually less energy than the reactants. A reaction is said to be exothermic or exergonic if the final state is lower on the energy scale than the initial state; in the less common case of endothermic reactions
8178-406: The unit of measure, discovered that the gravitational potential energy lost by a descending weight attached via a string was equal to the internal energy gained by the water through friction with the paddle. In classical mechanics, energy is a conceptually and mathematically useful property, as it is a conserved quantity . Several formulations of mechanics have been developed using energy as
8272-421: The universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements. This meant that hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by fusion. Such a fusion process is triggered by heat and pressure generated from gravitational collapse of hydrogen clouds when they produce stars, and some of the fusion energy is then transformed into sunlight. In quantum mechanics , energy
8366-401: The universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy, that has been available since the Big Bang , being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such processes include nucleosynthesis , a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy released from
8460-563: Was adapted for television in 2015 as the first season-and-a-half of The Expanse by Syfy . Five short stories that take place before, during, or after Leviathan Wakes were published between 2011 and 2019. Leviathan Wakes is set in a future where humanity has colonized much of the Solar System , facilitated by the invention of the Epstein Drive, a fusion-powered engine capable of producing continuous acceleration. Earth ( governed by
8554-413: Was announced. The first chapter of the book was published on May 28, 2024 on Polygon . The book, released on August 6, 2024, became an instant New York Times bestseller. In September 2023, the duo started writing a new novel, with their collaborative process being open to their Patreon audience. The project James S. A. Corey Writes a Novel was inspired by Harlan Ellison 's experiment of writing in
8648-440: Was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of the motions of the constituent parts of matter, although it would be more than a century until this was generally accepted. The modern analog of this property, kinetic energy , differs from vis viva only by a factor of two. Writing in the early 18th century, Émilie du Châtelet proposed the concept of conservation of energy in
8742-499: Was named in 2012 after the NYC Staten Island "Guy V Molinari" ferry. One of the main subtexts of the novel has been highlighted by Frederick A. de Armas who discusses in detail the many elements derived from Miguel de Cervantes 's Don Quixote . In Chapter 17 of the novel, for example, a crew on the run, led by earther Jim Holden, is given command of a state-of-the-art Martian frigate. After being pursued they are able to use
8836-502: Was nominated for the 2012 Audie Award . Leviathan Wakes was followed by the novel Caliban's War in 2012 and Abaddon's Gate in 2013. It was announced in 2012 that Orbit Books had ordered a further three books in the Expanse series, in addition to five novellas set in the same universe. The first of these sequels was announced in September 2013 as Cibola Burn and was released on June 17, 2014, in hardcover, Kindle, and on Audible in
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