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92-619: The MARS-500 mission was a psychosocial isolation experiment conducted between 2007 and 2011 by Russia, the European Space Agency , and China, in preparation for an unspecified future crewed spaceflight to the planet Mars . The experiment's facility was located at the Russian Academy of Sciences ' Institute of Biomedical Problems (IBMP) in Moscow , Russia. Between 2007 and 2011, three different crews of volunteers lived and worked in

184-442: A clinic because the patient has a disability or because of travel time. Telerehabilitation also allows experts in rehabilitation to engage in a clinical consultation at a distance. Most telerehabilitation is highly visual. As of 2014, the most commonly used mediums are webcams , videoconferencing , phone lines , videophones and webpages containing rich web applications. The visual nature of telerehabilitation technology limits

276-546: A teletherapy application for cognitive skills enhancement programs for school children. Tele-audiology (hearing assessments) is a growing application. Physical therapy and psychology interventions delivered via telehealth may result in similar outcomes as those delivered in-person for a range of health conditions. Two important areas of telerehabilitation research are (1) demonstrating equivalence of assessment and therapy to in-person assessment and therapy, and (2) building new data collection systems to digitize information that

368-414: A case over video conference ; a robotic surgery occurring through remote access; physical therapy done via digital monitoring instruments, live feed and application combinations; tests being forwarded between facilities for interpretation by a higher specialist; home monitoring through continuous sending of patient health data; client to practitioner online conference; or even videophone interpretation during

460-435: A consult. Telehealth is sometimes discussed interchangeably with telemedicine, the latter being more common than the former. The Health Resources and Services Administration distinguishes telehealth from telemedicine in its scope, defining telemedicine only as describing remote clinical services, such as diagnosis and monitoring, while telehealth includes preventative , promotive, and curative care delivery. This includes

552-831: A feasible approach to deliver palliative care among patients , caregivers and health care professionals. Telepalliative care can provide an added support system that enable patients to remain at home through self-reporting of symptoms and tailoring care to specific patients. Studies have shown that the use of telehealth in palliative care is mostly well received by patients, and that telepalliative care may improve access to health care professionals at home and enhance feelings of security and safety among patients receiving palliative care. Further, telepalliative care may enable more efficient utilization of healthcare resources , promotes collaboration between different levels of healthcare and makes healthcare professionals more responsive to changes in patients' condition. Challenging aspects of

644-482: A four-day quarantine before leaving the facility. During the MARS-500 experiment, related additional experiments aimed at studying the effects of radiation , health problems associated with weightlessness, the impact of fire on board the spacecraft, and others were conducted. Crew experiments included monthly operational research, consisting of recording electrocardiogram , respiratory samples and blood pressure , and

736-408: A function of biological factors, psychological issues and the social context. Qualified healthcare professionals conduct the physiological part of these assessments. This thrust on biology expands the field of approach for the client, with the client, through the interaction of these disciplines in a domain where mental illnesses are physical, just as physical conditions have mental components. Likewise,

828-405: A lack of mobility, conditions due to outbreaks, epidemics or pandemics, decreased funding, or a lack of staff restrict access to care, telehealth may bridge the gap as well as provide distance-learning; meetings, supervision, and presentations between practitioners; online information and health data management and healthcare system integration. Telehealth could include two clinicians discussing

920-403: A medical model usually only involve using drugs and talk therapy. Psychosocial adaptation is a process a person experiences in order to achieve good fitness in person-environment congruence known as adjustment, a state of wisdom oriented activities and psychosocial equilibrium. Psychosocial support is the provision of psychological and social resources to a person by a supporter intended for

1012-475: A mock-up spacecraft at IBMP. The final stage of the experiment, which was intended to simulate a 520-day crewed mission, was conducted by an all-male crew consisting of three Russians (Alexey Sitev, Sukhrob Kamolov, Alexander Smoleevskij), a Frenchman (Romain Charles), an Italian (Diego Urbina), and a Chinese citizen (Yue Wang). The mock-up facility simulated an Earth-Mars shuttle spacecraft, an ascent-descent craft, and

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1104-421: A mockup spacecraft. Communication with the outside world was limited, and was conducted with a realistic time delay of up to 25 minutes, to simulate the real-life communications lag between Mars and Earth. Similarly, a realistically limited supply of on-board consumables was provided for the volunteers. Some conditions, such as weightlessness and cosmic radiation, could not be simulated. The first 15-day stage of

1196-529: A number of basic requirements for any potential candidates. These were: The crew of the first 15-day stage of the isolation experiment was composed of six Russians: five men and a woman. This stage of the experiment was conducted in November 2007. Marina Tugusheva, the only woman of the crew, was excluded from the longer missions. The 105-day second stage involved a crew of six members, and ended on 14 July 2009. More than 6,000 people from 40 countries applied for

1288-400: A particular focus on medical and psychological support for the crew (who would necessarily be confined in a relatively small spacecraft, with relatively limited medical facilities, for the 7- to 9-month journey to Mars). In total, 640 experiment days were scheduled between 2007 and 2011, divided into three stages of differing length. During each stage, the crew of volunteers lived and worked in

1380-757: A physical examination. Remote monitoring, also known as self-monitoring or testing, enables medical professionals to monitor a patient remotely using various technological devices. This method is primarily used for managing chronic diseases or specific conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes mellitus, or asthma. These services can provide comparable health outcomes to traditional in-person patient encounters, supply greater satisfaction to patients, and may be cost-effective. Examples include home-based nocturnal dialysis and improved joint management. Electronic consultations are possible through interactive telemedicine services which provide real-time interactions between patient and provider. Videoconferencing has been used in

1472-435: A questionnaire about lifestyle, stress, and possible complaints over the past month. Quarterly dynamic complex studies included measurement and recording of blood pressure and complex cardiorespiratory parameters during the performance of functional tests with physical, mental, and orthostatic load. Detailed questionnaires conducting psychological testing and standard outpatient dispensary studies were conducted before and after

1564-523: A radiation source ( caesium-137 ). Radiological experiments are then conducted to study the radiobiological reactions of the main regulatory body systems (nervous, endocrine, immune, cardiovascular, hematopoietic), and spermatozoa and cytogenetic response to irradiation and analysis of long-term effects of exposure (life expectancy and carcinogenesis). The experiment uses male rhesus macaque aged 3–5 years. They are divided into groups of 10–15 monkeys in each group. The experiments were designed so that they mimic

1656-404: A remote specialist to their local clinician. Such home care is convenient but requires access to and familiarity with internet. A 2017 randomized controlled trial of "virtual house calls" or video visits with individuals diagnosed with Parkinson disease evidences patient preference for the remote specialist vs their local clinician after one year. Teleneurology for patients with Parkison's disease

1748-432: A single unit. No interpersonal conflicts were noted, nor were any situations that would require interrupting or delaying any aspect of the project. The difficulties encountered during the performance of some complicated activities were overcome by the crew together. Cultural differences and language difficulties did not bear any significant influence. Friendly and constructive communication is said to have prevailed throughout

1840-551: A therapist can use in practice. Ground-breaking research in telehaptics (the sense of touch) and virtual reality may broaden the scope of telerehabilitation practice, in the future. In the United States, the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research 's (NIDRR) supports research and the development of telerehabilitation. NIDRR's grantees include the "Rehabilitation Engineering and Research Center" (RERC) at

1932-516: A toilet, and equipment for routine medical examinations. It also contained equipment for telemedical , laboratory, and diagnostic investigations. Had crew members become ill, they would have been isolated and treated in the module. The Mars landing module simulator was only used during the 30-day "Mars-orbiting" phase of the experiment. The 6.3 m × 6.17 m (20.7 ft × 20.2 ft) cylindrical module accommodated up to three crew members, and had three bunk beds, two workstations, and

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2024-411: A toilet. Its ancillary systems included a control and data-collection system, a video control and communications system, a gas analysis system, an air-conditioning and ventilation system, a sewage system and water supply, and a fire-suppression system. The cylindrical 3.9 m × 24 m (13 ft × 79 ft) storage module was divided into four compartments: The MARS-500 project posted

2116-528: A wide range of clinical disciplines and settings for various purposes including management, diagnosis, counseling and monitoring of patients. Videotelephony comprises the technologies for the reception and transmission of audio-video signals by users at different locations, for communication between people in real-time. At the dawn of the technology, videotelephony also included image phones which would exchange still images between units every few seconds over conventional POTS -type telephone lines, essentially

2208-642: Is achieving significant growth rates in many countries due to several factors: the preoccupation in reducing the costs of health care, an increase in the number of aging and chronically ill population, and the increase in coverage of health care to distant, rural, small or sparsely populated regions. Among its benefits, telenursing may help solve increasing shortages of nurses; to reduce distances and save travel time, and to keep patients out of hospital. A greater degree of job satisfaction has been registered among telenurses. In Australia , during January 2014, Melbourne tech startup Small World Social collaborated with

2300-404: Is also being used in some trauma ICUs to reduce the spread of infections. Rounds are usually conducted at hospitals across the country by a team of approximately ten or more people to include attending physicians, fellows, residents and other clinicians. This group usually moves from bed to bed in a unit discussing each patient. This aids in the transition of care for patients from the night shift to

2392-424: Is also gaining acceptance in the United States. There are several modalities currently being practiced that include but are not limited to TeleTriage, TeleMSE and ePPE. An example of telehealth in the field is when EMS arrives on scene of an incident and is able to take an EKG that is then sent directly to a physician at the hospital to be read. Therefore, allowing instant care and management. Telenursing refers to

2484-588: Is conducted in Australia and Europe. Only a few health insurers in the United States, and about half of Medicaid programs, reimburse for telerehabilitation services. If the research shows that teleassessments and teletherapy are equivalent to clinical encounters, it is more likely that insurers and Medicare will cover telerehabilitation services. In India, the Indian Association of Chartered Physiotherapists (IACP) provides telerehabilitation facilities. With

2576-478: Is found to be cheaper than in person visits by reducing transportation and travel time A recent systematic review by Ray Dorsey et al. describes both the limitations and potential benefits of teleneurology to improve care for patients with chronic neurological conditions, especially in low-income countries. White, well educated and technologically savvy people are the biggest consumers of telehealth services for Parkinson's disease. as compared to ethnic minorities in

2668-434: Is in tension with diverse social psychology, which attempts to explain social patterns within the individual. Problems that occur in one's psychosocial functioning can be referred to as "psychosocial dysfunction" or "psychosocial morbidity." That refers to the lack of development or diverse atrophy of the psychosocial self, often occurring alongside other dysfunctions that may be physical, emotional, or cognitive in nature. There

2760-483: Is now a cross-disciplinary field of study, and organisations such as the Transcultural Psychosocial Organization (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), and Association for Psychosocial Studies . Psychosocial assessment considers several key areas related to psychological, biological, and social functioning and the availability of supports. It is a systematic inquiry that arises from

2852-422: Is tentative in nature and goes through a process of elimination, refinement, or reconstruction in the light of newly obtained data. There are five internal steps in assessment: Assessment includes psychiatric, psychological and social functioning, risks posed to the individual and others, problems required to address from any co-morbidity, personal circumstances including family or other carers. Other factors are

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2944-466: Is the distribution of health-related services and information via electronic information and telecommunication technologies . It allows long-distance patient and clinician contact, care, advice, reminders, education, intervention, monitoring, and remote admissions. Telemedicine is sometimes used as a synonym, or is used in a more limited sense to describe remote clinical services, such as diagnosis and monitoring. When rural settings, lack of transport,

3036-416: Is the reason for discharge of the physiological and morphological changes that are common in conditions of weightlessness and microgravity. The main purpose of immersion experiments was to study potential effects of the flight (including unloading) on the support mechanisms of the body (spinal, supraspinal), on the state of the central nervous systems, and on motor function and hand-eye co-ordination. During

3128-546: Is the use of information technology and telecommunications for dental care, consultation, education, and public awareness in the same manner as telehealth and telemedicine. Tele-audiology is the utilization of telehealth to provide audiological services and may include the full scope of audiological practice. This term was first used by Gregg Givens in 1999 in reference to a system being developed at East Carolina University in North Carolina, US. Teleneurology describes

3220-565: Is the use of telehealth/videoconference technology for the remote administration of neuropsychological tests. Neuropsychological tests are used to evaluate the cognitive status of individuals with known or suspected brain disorders and provide a profile of cognitive strengths and weaknesses. Through a series of studies, there is growing support in the literature showing that remote videoconference-based administration of many standard neuropsychological tests results in test findings that are similar to traditional in-person evaluations, thereby establishing

3312-489: The Australian Breastfeeding Association to create the first hands-free breastfeeding Google Glass application for new mothers. The application, named Google Glass Breastfeeding app trial , allows mothers to nurse their baby while viewing instructions about common breastfeeding issues (latching on, posture etc.) or call a lactation consultant via a secure Google Hangout, who can view the issue through

3404-998: The University of Pittsburgh , the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago , the State University of New York at Buffalo, and the National Rehabilitation Hospital in Washington DC. Other federal funders of research are the Veterans Health Administration , the Health Services Research Administration in the US Department of Health and Human Services, and the Department of Defense. Outside the United States, excellent research

3496-423: The 520-day third stage of the experiment. The selected volunteers were three Russians, two Europeans, and one Chinese. They had a varying command of English, but not all spoke Russian. The other member of the crew, a replacement, was Mikhail Sinelnikov (Михаил Олегович Синельников), a 37-year-old Russian engineer. The mission started on 3 June 2010 and concluded on 4 November 2011, whereupon the participants entered

3588-433: The MARS-500 experiment took place from 15 November 2007 to 27 November 2007. The purpose of this stage was to test the technical equipment, facilities, and operating procedures for the voyage. The second, 105-day stage of the experiment began on 31 March 2009, when six volunteers started living in the experiment's isolated living complex. On 14 July 2009, this stage of the experiment was completed. The 520-day final stage of

3680-523: The Martian surface. The volunteers who participated in the three stages included professionals with experience in engineering, medicine, biology, and human spaceflight. The experiment yielded important data on the physiological, social, and psychological effects of long-term, close-quarters isolation. MARS-500 was intended to study the psychological, physiological, and technological challenges inherent to long-duration space flight. Among other hurdles to overcome,

3772-506: The US. Telemedicine in neurosurgery was historically primarily used for follow-up visits by patients that had to travel far to undergo surgery. In the last decade, telemedicine was also used for remote ICU rounding as well as prompt evaluation for acute ischemic stroke and administration of IV alteplase in conjunction with Neurology. From the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a rapid surge in

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3864-532: The above-mentioned non-clinical applications, like administration and provider education. The United States Department of Health and Human Services states that the term telehealth includes "non-clinical services, such as provider training, administrative meetings, and continuing medical education", and that the term telemedicine means "remote clinical services". The World Health Organization uses telemedicine to describe all aspects of health care including preventive care. The American Telemedicine Association uses

3956-689: The aid of teleconferencing or videoconferencing . Remote dispensing of medications by automated packaging and labeling systems can also be thought of as an instance of telepharmacy. Telepharmacy services can be delivered at retail pharmacy sites or through hospitals, nursing homes, or other medical care facilities. This approach allows patients in remote or underserved areas to receive pharmacy services that would otherwise be unavailable to them, enhancing access to care and ensuring continuity in medication management. Health outcomes appear similar when pharmacy services are delivered by telepharmacy compared to traditional service delivery. The term can also refer to

4048-624: The barriers to telepalliative care relate to inflexible reporting of complex and fluctuating symptoms and circumstances using electronic questionnaires. Further, palliative care emphasizes a holistic approach that should address existential , spiritual and mental distress related to serious illness. However, few studies have included the self-reporting of existential or spiritual concerns, emotions , and well-being . Healthcare professionals may also be uncomfortable providing emotional or psychological care remotely. Palliative care has been characterized as high-touch rather than high-tech, limiting

4140-836: The basis for the reliability and validity of teleneuropsychological assessment. Telenutrition refers to the use of video conferencing/ telephony to provide online consultation by a nutritionist or dietician . Patient or clients upload their vital statistics, diet logs, food pictures etc. on a telenutrition portal which are then used by nutritionist or dietician to analyze their current health condition. Nutritionist or dietician can then set goals for their respective client/ patients and monitor their progress regularly by follow-up consultations. Telenutrition portals can help people seek remote consultation for themselves and/or their family. This can be extremely helpful for elderly or bed ridden patients who can consult their dietician from comfort of their homes. Telenutrition showed to be feasible and

4232-611: The benefit of the receiver's ability to cope with problems faced. The allocentric principle within social relationships that promote health and well-being moves individuals to aid victims of terminal illness , disaster , war , catastrophe or violence to foster resilience of communities and individuals. It aims at easing resumption of normal life, facilitating affected people's participation to their convalescence and preventing pathological consequences of potentially traumatic situations. This might extend in forms of informational and instrumental support. Telemedicine Telehealth

4324-415: The department of Medicine. Transmission using wireless was done using frequency modulation which eliminated noise. Transmission was also done through telephone lines. The ECG output was connected to the telephone input using a modulator which converted ECG into high frequency sound. At the other end a demodulator reconverted the sound into ECG with a good gain accuracy. The ECG was converted to sound waves with

4416-426: The different psychological and social factors influencing the individual. For example, a psychosocial intervention for an older adult client with a mental disorder might include psychotherapy and a referral to a psychiatrist while also addressing the caregiver's needs in an effort to reduce stress for the entire family system as a method of improving the client's quality of life. Treatment for psychosocial disorders in

4508-470: The emotional is both psychological and physical. The clinician's comprehension and set of judgments about the client's situation, the assessment through a theory of each case, predicts the intervention. Hence a good psychosocial assessment leads to a good psychosocial intervention that aims to reduce complaints and improve functioning related to mental disorders and/or social problems (e.g., problems with personal relationships, work, or school) by addressing

4600-443: The environment was first commonly applied by Erik Erikson in his description of the stages of psychosocial development . Mary Richmond considered there to be a strict relationship between cause and effect, in a diagnostic process. In 1941 Gordon Hamilton renamed the existing (1917) concept of "social diagnosis" as "psychosocial study". Psychosocial study was further developed by Hollis in 1964 with emphasis on treatment model. It

4692-435: The experiment examined the physiological effects of long-term weightlessness, the effectiveness of resource management, and the effects of isolation in a hermetically sealed environment. MARS-500's communication systems were designed with an average delay of 13 min, to simulate the actual transmission time to and from a Mars-bound spacecraft. The scientific goals of MARS-500 included the study of potential habitat designs, with

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4784-460: The experiment, which was intended to simulate a full-length crewed mission, began on 3 June 2010 and ended on 4 November 2011. This stage was conducted by a six-man international crew, consisting of three Russians, a Frenchman, an Italian-Colombian, and a Chinese citizen. The stage included a simulation of a crewed Mars landing , with three simulated Mars walks carried out on 14, 18, and 22 February 2011. The experiment ended on 4 November 2011, with all

4876-498: The experiment. The crew spent time together, watching films in different languages, and used such recreational activities as an opportunity to discuss the films and interact socially. The crew prepared surprises for birthdays, major state holidays, and informal holidays (on 31 October, they celebrated Halloween). Some crew members increased the time spent on individual activities, which did not hamper communication or interaction. No language, social, or cultural barriers were observed, and

4968-413: The flight to Mars, creating a prediction model of radiation risk is needed. The model should describe the risk of radiation sickness depending on the total dose received, decreased performance which causes an acute reaction, and the possible reduction of the overall immune system resistance to the other health risks of interplanetary flight. The prediction model is created by exposing a group of monkeys to

5060-443: The flight, a risk of fire in the spacecraft existed, and argon is planned as an inhibitor in the spacecraft's atmosphere to reduce this risk. The use of argon can significantly reduce the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere of a spacecraft without any harm to the crew and to create a so-called hypoxic environment . Hyperbaric experiments complement the knowledge on the effect of fire-resistant oxygen-nitrogen-argon mixture on

5152-579: The form of a strong, reliable broadband connection, and broadband mobile communication technology of at least the fourth generation (4G) or long-term evolution (LTE) standard to overcome issues with video stability and bandwidth restrictions. As broadband infrastructure has improved, telehealth usage has become more widely feasible. Healthcare providers often begin telehealth with a needs assessment which assesses hardships which can be improved by telehealth such as travel time, costs or time off work. Collaborators, such as technology companies can ease

5244-551: The hospital directly to his lab. One of the oldest known telecardiology systems for teletransmissions of ECGs was established in Gwalior, India in 1975 at GR Medical college by Ajai Shanker, S. Makhija, P.K. Mantri using an indigenous technique for the first time in India. This system enabled wireless transmission of ECG from the moving ICU van or the patients home to the central station in ICU of

5336-464: The human body with the help of an integrated assessment of the subject's body during a long stay in fire-resistant mixture. The tests were to determine the level of mental and physical performance, assess the state of the cardiorespiratory system, hematological, metabolic and immunological parameters in blood, and conduct microbiological research and research that will improve existing support systems. To avoid health problems caused by irradiation during

5428-403: The influence of gravity on the body. The changes begin to occur because of the disruption of coordinated work by sensory systems, in particular skeletal support and proprioceptive ones. Data obtained during the experiments suggest that the support afferentation in humans acts as a mechanism of activation and regulation of activity of the postural-tonic system, and that the lack of skeletal support

5520-429: The interest in applying technological advancements when developing interventions. To optimize the advantages and minimize the challenges with the use of telehealth in home-based palliative care, future research should include users in the design and development process . Understanding the potential of telehealth to support therapeutic relationships between patients and health care professionals and being aware of

5612-461: The introduction of dynamic interaction ; it is an ongoing process that continues throughout a treatment, and is characterized by the circularity of cause-effect/effect-cause. In assessment, the clinician/health care professional identifies the problem with the client, takes stock of the resources that are available for dealing with it, and considers the ways in which it might be solved from an educated hypothesis formed by data collection. This hypothesis

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5704-435: The majority of mistakes made on a computer test used to measure concentration and alertness. Psychosocial Adolf Meyer in the late 19th century stated that: "We cannot understand the individual presentation of mental illness, [and perpetuating factors] without knowing how that person functions in the environment." Psychosocial assessment stems from this idea. The relationship between mental and emotional wellbeing and

5796-780: The majority of patients trusted the nutritional televisits, in place of the scheduled but not provided follow-up visits during the lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic. Telerehabilitation (or e-rehabilitation ) is the delivery of rehabilitation services over telecommunication networks and the Internet. Most types of services fall into two categories: clinical assessment (the patient's functional abilities in his or her environment), and clinical therapy . Some fields of rehabilitation practice that have explored telerehabilitation are: neuropsychology , speech–language pathology , audiology , occupational therapy , and physical therapy . Telerehabilitation can deliver therapy to people who cannot travel to

5888-529: The mission commander exercised his authority as both a formal and informal leader. Later in the experiment, the crew spent more time in bed or engaged in personal activity. The crew's overall activity levels plummeted in the first three months, and continued to fall for the next year. On their return journey, they spent 700 hours more in bed than on the outward journey. Four of the members suffered from sleep and psychological issues. One crew member slept very badly, suffered chronic sleep deprivation, and accounted for

5980-406: The morning shift, but also serves as an educational experience for new residents to the team. A new approach features the team conducting rounds from a conference room using a video-conferencing system. The trauma attending, residents, fellows, nurses, nurse practitioners, and pharmacists are able to watch a live video stream from the patient's bedside. They can see the vital signs on the monitor, view

6072-501: The mother's Google Glass camera. The trial was successfully concluded in Melbourne in April 2014, and 100% of participants were breastfeeding confidently. Palliative care is an interdisciplinary medical caregiving approach aimed at optimizing quality of life and mitigating suffering among people with serious, complex, and often terminal illnesses . In the past, palliative care

6164-537: The participants reportedly in optimal physical and psychological condition. In February 2013, the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reported that four of the six crew members had considerable problems sleeping, and increased sleep and rest times, in behaviour compared to animal hibernation. Participants also experienced a disruption to their circadian rhythm during confinement. The experiment facility

6256-450: The patient. ECGs, or electrocardiographs , can be transmitted using telephone and wireless. Willem Einthoven , the inventor of the ECG, actually did tests with transmission of ECG via telephone lines. This was because the hospital did not allow him to move patients outside the hospital to his laboratory for testing of his new device. In 1906 Einthoven came up with a way to transmit the data from

6348-509: The person's housing, financial and occupational status, and physical needs. Assessments when categorized, it particularly includes Life history of the client that include data collection of living situation and finances, social history and supports, family history, coping skills, religious/cultural factors, trauma from systemic issues or abuse and medico-legal factors (assessment of the client's awareness of legal documents, surrogate decision-making, power of attorney and consent). Components include:

6440-571: The possible difficulties and tensions it may create are critical to its successful and acceptable use. Telepharmacy is the delivery of pharmaceutical care via telecommunications to patients in locations where they may not have direct contact with a pharmacist . It is an instance of the wider phenomenon of telemedicine, as implemented in the field of pharmacy . Telepharmacy services include drug therapy monitoring, patient counseling, prior authorization and refill authorization for prescription drugs , and monitoring of formulary compliance with

6532-420: The presence of both parties at the same time. Dermatology (cf: teledermatology ), radiology , and pathology are common specialties that are conducive to asynchronous telemedicine. A properly structured medical record preferably in electronic form should be a component of this transfer. The 'store-and-forward' process requires the clinician to rely on a history report and audio/video information in lieu of

6624-403: The real exposure of crew during the flight to Mars, including acute and chronic phases of disease. Among the biological and medical studies of MARS-500, the crew underwent a 24-hour electrogastroenterography , using on-board medical equipment, to study the electrical activity in the human gastrointestinal tract. According to official results, the crew of 520-day isolation underwent the trial as

6716-572: The resource assessment of psycho-spiritual strengths; substance abuse; coping mechanisms, styles and patterns (individual, family level, workplace, and use of social support systems); sleeping pattern; needs and impacts of the problem etc. Advanced clinicians incorporate individual scales, batteries and testing instruments in their assessments. In the late 1980s Hans Eysenck , in an issue of Psychological Inquiry , raised controversies on then assessment methods and it gave way to comprehensive Bio-Psycho-Social assessment. This theoretical model sees behavior as

6808-826: The same as slow scan TV systems. Currently, videotelephony is particularly useful to the deaf and speech-impaired who can use them with sign language and also with a video relay service , and well as to those with mobility issues or those who are located in distant places and are in need of telemedical or tele-educational services. Common daily emergency telemedicine is performed by SAMU Regulator Physicians in France , Spain , Chile and Brazil . Aircraft and maritime emergencies are also handled by SAMU centres in Paris, Lisbon and Toulouse. A recent study identified three major barriers to adoption of telemedicine in emergency and critical care units. They include: Emergency Telehealth

6900-465: The scene of a mass casualty or disaster situation, via the internet using mobile devices, to determine the severity of injuries. They can provide clinical assessments and determine whether those injured must be evacuated for necessary care. Remote trauma specialists can provide the same quality of clinical assessment and plan of care as a trauma specialist located physically with the patient. Telemedicine for intensive care unit (ICU) rounds: Telemedicine

6992-442: The series of studies. Because of the long stay in weightlessness, a person gets hypokinetic disorders. To study this phenomenon, IBMP has been conducting research in this area for many years, which has allowed construction of a detailed picture of the cause of hypokinetic disorders. Experimental results show the main cause of violations to be a change in the gravity-dependent mechanisms that are responsible for motoric activity under

7084-707: The settings on the respiratory ventilator, and/or view the patient's wounds. Video-conferencing allows the remote viewers two-way communication with clinicians at the bedside. Telemedicine for trauma education: some trauma centers are delivering trauma education lectures to hospitals and health care providers worldwide using video conferencing technology. Each lecture provides fundamental principles, firsthand knowledge and evidenced-based methods for critical analysis of established clinical practice standards, and comparisons to newer advanced alternatives. The various sites collaborate and share their perspective based on location, available staff, and available resources. Telemedicine in

7176-611: The short-term it can be as acceptable and effective as face-to-face care. Research also suggests comparable therapeutic factors, such as changes in problematic thinking or behaviour. It can improve access to mental health services for some but might also represent a barrier for those lacking access to a suitable device, the internet or the necessary digital skills . Factors such as poverty that are associated with lack of internet access are also associated with greater risk of mental health problems, making digital exclusion an important problem of telemental health services. Teledentistry

7268-570: The support and collaboration of local clinics and private practitioners and the Members IACP, IACP runs the facility, named Telemedicine. IACP has maintained an internet-based list of their members on their website, through which patients can make online appointments. Telemedicine can be utilized to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the delivery of care in a trauma environment. Examples include: Telemedicine for trauma triage: using telemedicine, trauma specialists can interact with personnel on

7360-470: The terms telemedicine and telehealth interchangeably, although it acknowledges that telehealth is sometimes used more broadly for remote health not involving active clinical treatments. eHealth is another related term, used particularly in the U.K. and Europe, as an umbrella term that includes telehealth, electronic medical records , and other components of health information technology . Telehealth requires good Internet access by participants, usually in

7452-425: The transition. Delivery can come within four distinct domains: live video (synchronous) , store-and-forward (asynchronous) , remote patient monitoring , and mobile health . Store-and-forward telemedicine involves acquiring medical data (like medical images , biosignals etc.) and then transmitting this data to a doctor or medical specialist at a convenient time for assessment offline . It does not require

7544-414: The trauma operating room: trauma surgeons are able to observe and consult on cases from a remote location using video conferencing. This capability allows the attending to view the residents in real time. The remote surgeon has the capability to control the camera (pan, tilt and zoom) to get the best angle of the procedure while at the same time providing expertise in order to provide the best possible care to

7636-450: The types of rehabilitation services that can be provided. It is most widely used for neuropsychological rehabilitation ; fitting of rehabilitation equipment such as wheelchairs , braces or artificial limbs ; and in speech-language pathology. Rich web applications for neuropsychological rehabilitation (aka cognitive rehabilitation ) of cognitive impairment (from many etiologies) were first introduced in 2001. This endeavor has expanded as

7728-412: The use of telecommunications and information technology in order to provide nursing services in health care whenever a large physical distance exists between patient and nurse, or between any number of nurses. As a field it is part of telehealth, and has many points of contacts with other medical and non-medical applications, such as telediagnosis , teleconsultation, telemonitoring, etc. Telenursing

7820-454: The use of mobile technology to provide neurological care remotely, including care for stroke, movement disorders like Parkinson's disease, seizure disorders (e.g., epilepsy), etc. The use of teleneurology gives us the opportunity to improve health care access for billions around the globe, from those living in urban locations to those in remote, rural locations. Evidence shows that individuals with Parkinson's disease prefer personal connection with

7912-465: The use of telehealth in palliative care have also been described. Generally, palliative care is a diverse medical specialty, involving interdisciplinary professionals from different professional traditions and cultures , delivering care to a heterogenous cohort of patients with diverse diseases, conditions and symptoms. This makes it a challenge to develop telehealth that is suitable for all patients and in all contexts of palliative care. Some of

8004-517: The use of telemedicine across all divisions of neurosurgery: vascular, oncology, spine, and functional neurosurgery. Not only for follow-up visits, but it has gained popularity for seeing new patients or following established patients regardless of whether they underwent surgery. Telemedicine is not limited to direct patient care only; there are a number of new research groups and companies focused on using telemedicine for clinical trials involving patients with neurosurgical diagnoses. Teleneuropsychology

8096-510: The use of videoconferencing in pharmacy for other purposes, such as providing education, training, and management services to pharmacists and pharmacy staff remotely. Telepsychiatry or telemental health refers to the use of telecommunications technology (mostly videoconferencing and phone calls) to deliver psychiatric care remotely for people with mental health conditions . It is a branch of telemedicine. Telepsychiatry can be effective in treating people with mental health conditions. In

8188-747: Was a disease specific approach, but today the World Health Organization (WHO) takes a broader approach suggesting that palliative care should be applied as early as possible to any chronic and fatal illness. As in many aspects of healthcare , telehealth is increasingly being used in palliative care and is often referred to as telepalliative care. The types of technology applied in telepalliative care are typically telecommunication technologies, such as video conferencing or messaging for follow-up, or digital symptom assessments through digital questionnaires generating alerts to health care professionals. Telepalliative care has been shown to be

8280-612: Was a simulator of the Martian surface, and is connected to the Martian lander. The combined volume of the modules was 550 m (19,000 cu ft). The facility included all the necessary equipment for running the experiment. These included communications and control systems, ventilation systems, air and water supplies, electrical installations, sewage systems, air- and water-quality monitoring and partial recycling systems, medical equipment, fire and other safety monitoring systems, and emergency equipment. The modules were maintained at Earth-normal barometric pressure. The habitable module

8372-534: Was located on the Institute of Biomedical Problems ' site in Moscow. The complex consisted of the isolation facility, the mission operations room, technical facilities, and offices. The isolation facility consisted of five different modules. Three – the habitat, utility, and medical modules – simulated the main spacecraft. The fourth module simulated the Martian lander and was connected to the main spacecraft. The fifth module

8464-549: Was the main living quarters for the crew. The cylindrical 3.6 m × 20 m (12 ft × 66 ft) module consisted of six individual crew compartments, a kitchen/dining room, a living room, the main control room, and a toilet. The individual bedroom compartments, which had an area around 3 m (32 sq ft) each, contained a bed, a desk, a chair, and shelves for personal belongings. The cylindrical medical module measured 3.2 m × 11.9 m (10 ft × 39 ft) and housed two medical berths,

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