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38-651: The Marro is an Italian river in the province of Reggio Calabria . It is one of the source rivers of the Petrace . Its source is south of Cittanova and north of the Aspromonte . It has two tributaries which flow north from their sources in the Aspromonte into the Marro. The Marro flows northwest and empties into the Petrace south of Gioia Tauro . This Calabrian location article

76-577: A busy container terminal handling more than three million shipping containers each year, and new roads have been built to handle the resulting increase in traffic. The region is famous for the production of the Bergamot orange . Production mostly is limited to the Ionian coastal region of the province of Calabria in Italy , to such an extent that it is a symbol of the entire region. Clementines are cultivated in

114-417: A consulate of the silk craft, charged with regulating and check in the various stages of a production that flourished throughout the sixteenth century. At the moment of the creation of its guild, the city declared that it had over 500 looms. By 1660, when the town had about 16,000 inhabitants, its silk industry kept 1,000 looms, and at least 5,000 people, busy. The silk textiles of Catanzaro were not only sold at

152-729: A large silkworm breeding facility that produced all the laces and linens used in the Vatican . The city was world-famous for its fine fabrication of silks, velvets, damasks and brocades. While the cultivation of mulberry was moving first steps in Northern Italy, silk made in Calabria reached a peak of 50% of the whole Italian/European production. As the cultivation of mulberry was difficult in Northern and Continental Europe, merchants and operators used to purchase in Calabria raw materials in order to finish

190-502: A local market. Catanzaro is served by the SS106 Jonica ("Ionian") state road which connects it to the A2 motorway. In the city centre is a line with three stations. A metropolitan service (with c. 1,600,000 users per year, with 20 trains working) is provided by Ferrovie della Calabria , with a total of 11 railway stations in the city, plus others in 12 comuni of the hinterland. The rest of

228-522: A windy spring and autumn. According to the 30-year average of 1961–90 reference, the average temperature of the coldest month, January, came to 8.9 °C (48 °F). The hottest month, August, is 24.5 °C (76 °F). The climate, as mentioned, is marked by the presence of wind, even high intensity, especially during spring and autumn. The annual average intensity is about 4 knots (4.6 mph) with peaks at 6 knots (6.9 mph). The months of April and May are characterized by strong winds and

266-422: A year, and were sometimes put down brutally by the police and the army. The railway service from Sicily was disrupted, the airport, post offices and TV station were occupied at different times, and police stations were assaulted. Three people were killed, more than two hundred wounded and over four hundred were charged with public-order offences. The Italian government responded to this by confirming Catanzaro as

304-613: Is 1,956 m (6,417 ft) and this area is part of the Aspromonte National Park . From the mountains flow many, often seasonal, creeks and rivers, the largest being the Amendolea and the Calopinace . The lower hills are terraced for the cultivation of citrus fruits, olives and vines, and the higher parts are wooded, with chestnuts, beeches, holm oaks, pines, Sicilian firs and Mediterranean maquis shrubland . The southern part of

342-577: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in Italy is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Province of Reggio Calabria It was effectively replaced by the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria in 2017. The province of Reggio Calabria was located at the extreme southern tip of mainland Italy. To the west lies the Tyrrhenian Sea and to

380-500: Is an urban centre, with much activity, including some coastal towns, such as Sellia Marina and Soverato, and the municipalities of Silas, with a total of 156,196 inhabitants. Catanzaro is being consolidated to form a greater metropolitan area, by the Region of Calabria, and in connection with the town of Lamezia Terme , comprising 10 municipalities. This will lead to the creation of an integrated area involving over 200,000 inhabitants. During

418-576: Is evidenced by findings at an eighth-century necropolis which had items with Arabic inscriptions. Around the year 1050, Catanzaro rebelled against Saracen dominance and returned to a brief period of Byzantine control. In 1069, Catanzaro was the last city in Calabria, after many months of resistance, to fall under siege by the Normans of Robert Guiscard , who built the Norman castle, still in existence today. During this era, arts and crafts pioneered, and particularly

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456-514: The 1908 Messina earthquake . This was followed by a series of tsunamis that wreaked further damage. In the 1950s there was a mass migration of rural people from Reggio and other provinces in southern Italy to the cities of Rome , Milan and particularly Turin in the north. They were driven by poverty, the poor soils of the region and the chronic lack of employment opportunities to move to places with more thriving economies. Between 1969 and 1973, southern Italy suffered from urban unrest due to

494-544: The Pyrrhic War (280–275 BC), Rome occupied Calabria, and it remained under their control until the fifth century AD. The whole region of present-day Reggio province has been a wealthy area for centuries, and particularly during Byzantine age, till 1860s, when the Italian Unification happened. The town of Reggio and other parts of the province, as well as Messina and neighbouring parts of Sicily, were devastated by

532-621: The XV century , Catanzaro was exporting both its silk cloth and its technical skills to neighbouring Sicily . By the middle of the century, silk spinning was taking place in Catanzaro, on a large scale. In 1466, King Louis XI decided to develop a national silk industry in Lyon and called a large number of Italian workers, mainly from Calabria. The fame of the master silk weavers of Catanzaro spread throughout France and they were invited to Lyon in order to teach

570-460: The kingdom 's markets, they were also exported to Venice , France , Spain and England . In 1528 Charles V gave authorization for Catanzaro to bear the imperial eagle attached to a coat of arms depicting the hilltops of the town. On 23 December 1961, at the Fiumarella viaduct near Catanzaro, there was a serious rail accident , when a train derailed and fell about 40 metres (131 ft) into

608-495: The "City of the two Seas" (Italian: Città tra i due Mari ), is an Italian city of 86,183 inhabitants (2020), the capital of the Calabria region and of its province and the second most populated comune of the region, behind Reggio Calabria . The archbishop's seat was the capital of the province of Calabria Ultra for over 200 years. It houses the "Magna Græcia" University , the second-largest university in Calabria. Catanzaro

646-500: The "scirocco libeccio". The annual rainfall is around 1,000 millimetres (39 in), distributed in 87 days on average, with a long summer and a maximum peak in the autumn and winter. Certain assumptions trace the origin of Catanzaro to an ancient Greek colony, already in place, which became the land of Scolacium , believed to have been built on the ruins of the ancient city of Trischines. Other sources identify Catanzaro's development to have grown from various settlements scattered in

684-467: The Saracens, Normans , Catalans and Venetians . The Saracens were the first to push the town's development to its highest regions by the second half of the ninth century. Byzantine general Nikephoros Phokas was responsible for the naming of the "Rock of Niceforo". Catanzaro's development into a fortress town was established by General Flagizio, who began the construction of a citadel , which later assumed

722-457: The area of Catanzaro, Marina, Tiriolo (formerly Teure), Santa Maria di Catanzaro, and on the hill Trivonà (Trischines, along the valley of Corach which formed the old "Land of Feaco"). The mouth of the river, according to legend, created the ancient Ulysses Skilletion. In the district of Germaneto along the valley of Corach, a Greek necropolis of the fifth century BC and an ancient Roman settlement were found. Archaeological discoveries show that

760-553: The city's historical centre and is connected to the North Sila. Due to its particular geography, the municipality gets wet from the sea and is still subjected to a snowy winter. Catanzaro's rivers include the mainstream of the Fiumarella (in local dialect Hjiumareddha), which joins with the river Musofalo, and the torrent Corach (formerly called Crotalo). The climate of Catanzaro is typically Mediterranean , temperate, and characterized by

798-505: The city. Catanzaro overlooks the Gulf of Squillace , in the Ionian Sea . The district of Catanzaro stretches from the sea to an elevation of 600 metres (2,000 ft). The historic center is approximately 300 metres (980 ft) above sea level . The town dates back to the valley of Fiumarella (formerly known as River Zaro). The Bishopric, St. Tryphon (or San Rocco) and St. John (or castle) marks

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836-619: The fertile area of Piana di Gioia Tauro . This area is also used for the cultivation of other citrus fruits and olive trees, and much of the local economy is involved in olive oil extraction and the processing of citrus products. 38°06′41″N 15°39′43″E  /  38.11139°N 15.66194°E  / 38.11139; 15.66194 Catanzaro Catanzaro ( US : / ˌ k æ t æ n ˈ z ær oʊ , - n t ˈ s ær -/ ; Italian: [katanˈdzaːro] or [katanˈtsaːro] ; Catanzarese : Catanzaru [katanˈtsaːɾʊ] ), also known as

874-461: The lack of employment possibilities and poor living conditions, and urban protest took place. In 1970, Catanzaro was chosen as the location for a new regional government. Reggio was then the scene of a popular uprising - known as the Moti di Reggio - against the government choice of Catanzaro as capital of the newly instituted Region of Calabria. Strikes and demonstrations occurred and went on for more than

912-628: The municipality was active since the Iron Age , flourishing with the populations of Vitulo , so-called because they worship the statue of the calf (Latin: vitulus ), which the Greeks renamed Italoi ("worshipers of the calf"), and governed by the Italian king of the same name, brother of Dardanus and ancestor of the Trojans . Italy itself gets its name from this figure. According to another legend, Catanzaro

950-553: The name of Katantzárion. According to some assumptions, the name is inspired from the development of workshops for creating silk, what the Greeks call Katartárioi ( Καταρτάριοι , "spinners of silk"). At the beginning of the tenth century (circa 903), the Byzantine city was occupied by the Saracens , who founded an emirate and took the Arab name of قطنصار Qaṭanṣār . An Arab presence

988-461: The patron saint; velvet , because the city has been an important silk centre since Byzantine times ; and wind ( vento in Italian ), because of the strong breezes from the Ionian Sea and La Sila . "VVV" was the symbol by which Catanzaro's silk industry was known, identified for both its domestic and foreign markets, and iconic for the finest fabrication of silks, velvets, damasks , and brocades from

1026-413: The processing of silk , which was traded with other regions in Italy, other countries and Eastern Europe. Between the 9th and the 11th century, Catanzaro was the first centre to introduce silk production to Italy. The silk of Catanzaro supplied almost all of Europe and was sold in a large market fair to Spanish , Venetian , Genoese and Dutch merchants. Catanzaro became the lace capital of Europe with

1064-447: The products and resell them for a better price. The Genoese silk artisans used fine Calabrian silk for the production of velvets. In the 13th century, Emperor Frederick II made Catanzaro a direct possession of the crown. Later the city was the household feud of the Ruffo, Caraffa and Soriano families. The Normans elevated Catanzaro into a noble county, giving it to Peter Ruffo. The latter

1102-511: The province has a coastal plain and to the east of the mountainous area, there is a plateau that extends from the Tyrrhenian Sea to the Ionian Sea, the distance from Rosarno to Punta Stilo being about 220 kilometres (140 mi). The present-day southern part of Calabria was the place where the name "Italy" was first used, some 3500 years ago. The Ancient Greeks built a town "Rhegion" at

1140-437: The regional capital but arranging for the regional assembly to be held at Reggio. A new port and steel works were announced at Gioia Tauro , to create employment in the area, but before the steel works was completed, the price of steel collapsed and the steel works were abandoned. The port however was built, but another project, a new power station , did not go ahead because of environmental factors. The port has since become

1178-422: The river below. Seventy-one passengers lost their lives on impact, and 28 others were injured to varying degrees. In 1970 Catanzaro was designated to be the capital of Calabria. Catanzaro had different names, which correspond to different periods of history through the city: Catanzaro's current economy is mostly based on tertiary and services. Industries are mostly medium and small-size companies working within

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1216-411: The rural people, King Alfonso V of Aragon took control of the city. In 1460 there was a war with the partisans of Centelles. When peace returned, the city was granted new privileges which greatly promoted the development of its silk industry, for which its damasks were known throughout Europe. From this time forward, Catanzaro firmly established itself as an import center for its textile productions. In

1254-737: The site of present-day Reggio, a strategic site beside the Strait of Messina . The town's Museo Nazionale houses two bronze statues, the Riace bronzes , recovered from the sea at Riace some 50 miles (80 km) to the east. By the third century BC, the Greeks were conquered by tribes from the north, including a branch of the Samnites called the Bruttii . They established their sovereignty over present day Calabria and founded new cities, including their own capital "Consentia", now known as Cosenza . After their victory in

1292-495: The south and southeast lies the Ionian Sea . The land borders are short; to the northeast lies the province of Catanzaro and to the northwest, the province of Vibo Valentia . Across the Strait of Messina , some 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the southwest, lies the island of Sicily . The province can be divided into three types of terrain. Near the west it is mountainous, with the Aspromonte massif being formed of overlapping terraces of gneiss and mica schists. The highest point

1330-449: The summer months, the Ionian coast from Catanzaro to Soverato is an important tourist attraction, especially for the youth, and is in the presence of several important structures located in the coastal districts of the city and the towns of Copanello and Soverato. Catanzaro is also known as the city of the three V's, referring to the three distinct features of the city, namely Saint Vitalian,

1368-419: The techniques of weaving. In 1470, one of these weavers, known as Jean le Calabrais, invented the first prototype of a Jacquard -type loom. He introduced a new kind of machine which was able to work the yarns faster and more precisely. Over the years, improvements to the loom were ongoing. In 1519 Emperor Charles V formally recognized the growth of the industry of Catanzaro by allowing the city to establish

1406-501: Was lost in a struggle against Manfred of Sicily , but he later returned to the city, when Charles I of Anjou signed the peace of the War of the Vespers . For fourteen years, it was the royal domain of King Ladislao of Naples , and in 1420 it was returned again to Nicholas Ruffo, who gave it as part of a dowry for his daughter Enrichetta who was married to Antonio Centelles. After a rebellion by

1444-480: Was named after two Byzantine generals Cattaro and Zaro who led the coastal city of Magna Graecia Skilletion or Skillakion, corresponding to the Roman Scolacium (near Catanzaro's Marina), first on Zarapotamo (today Santa Maria di Catanzaro) and then later on Trivonà, a military fortress. Catanzaro was always choice land due to its safe, high location, and the territory was under several groups' control, including

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