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59-503: The association was co-founded by Anna Hierta-Retzius and Ellen Anckarsvärd in 1873, while it was formally headed by the male parliamentarian Gustaf Fridolf Amlquist . The association is regarded to have been foremost an association for women of the upper classes and male liberal intellectuals. Among their members were Amanda Kerfstedt and Ellen Key . The association worked to affect public opinion in order to introduce legal reform regarding gender equality. Its first purpose, which gave

118-453: A Sabbath school , is an educational institution , usually Christian in character and intended for children or neophytes. Sunday school classes usually precede a Sunday church service and are used to provide catechesis to Christians, especially children and teenagers, and sometimes adults as well. Churches of many Christian denominations have classrooms attached to the church used for this purpose. Many Sunday school classes operate on

177-424: A Sunday school primarily teaching children Bible stories. She worked within the state church. Her Sunday school was supported by Peter Fjellstedt and grew quickly, with 250 students noted in 1853. Around 1851, Sunday schools were established by Foy's friends Betty Ehrenborg (1818–1880) and Per Palmqvist (1815–1887), brother of Swedish Baptist pioneers Johannes and Gustaf Palmquist . That year, Ehrenborg and

236-399: A background in education as a result of their occupations. Some churches require Sunday school teachers and catechists to attend courses to ensure that they have a sufficient understanding of the faith and of the teaching process to educate others. Other churches allow volunteers to teach without training; a profession of faith and a desire to teach is all that is required in such cases. It

295-516: A campaign directed toward women voters to make them aware of their right and to use it. The next issue she devoted the association to, was to campaign for women's right to be elected to school boards and social boards. In FBF, the association was merged with the Fredrika Bremer-förbundet . Hierta-Retzius opposed the merge, but once it was made, she did support the FBF. She was also active within

354-680: A hundred children from six to fourteen years old. The society has published its textbooks and brought together nearly 4,000 Sunday schools. In 1785, 250,000 English children were attending Sunday school. There were 5,000 in Manchester alone. By 1835, the Sunday School Society had distributed 91,915 spelling books, 24,232 New Testaments and 5,360 Bibles. The Sunday school movement was cross-denominational. Financed through subscription, large buildings were constructed that could host public lectures as well as provide classrooms. Adults would attend

413-524: A legal reform introduced the right for a professional married woman to control the money she earned after marriage. In 1884, a new reform allowed married women control over their inheritance and property. The same year, a reform declared unmarried women of legal majority at the same age as men: 21. However, these victories were not complete, as the guardianship of husband's over their wives were kept. The association worked for many other issues regarding reform in women's rights except for their main issue. During

472-494: A reform in Swedish police force, when the first female police officers were employed in 1908. At her mother's death in 1878, she became the trustee of the fortune of her father and mother, which was donated to be used for philanthropic purposes. She founded the charity fund Stiftelsen Lars Hiertas Minne , which she used to support numerous philanthropic issues, scientific discoveries, culture and social reform. Through this, she founded

531-557: A result many clergymen supported schools, which aimed to teach the youngsters reading, writing, cyphering (doing arithmetic) and a knowledge of the Bible. The Sunday School Society was founded by Baptist deacon William Fox on 7 September 1785 in Prescott Street Baptist Church of London. The latter had been touched by articles of Raikes, on the problems of youth crime. Pastor Thomas Stock and Raikes have thus registered

590-568: A scholarship fund for women students. The same year, she and Ellen Anckarsvärd took the initiative to establish the Married Woman's Property Rights Association , which was the first women's rights organization in Sweden. She initiated it inspired by her father, who had petitioned the parliament several times in the issue of the property rights and legal status of married women, and after his death in 1872, she wished to continue his work. The association

649-703: A separate room. Historically, Sunday schools were held in the afternoons in various communities, and were often staffed by workers from varying denominations. Beginning in the United States in the early 1930s and Canada in the 1940s, the transition was made to Sunday mornings. Sunday school often takes the form of a one-hour or longer Bible study , which can occur before, during, or after a church service . While many Sunday schools are focused on providing instruction for children (especially those sessions occurring during service times), adult Sunday-school classes are also popular and widespread (see RCIA ). In some traditions,

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708-628: A set curriculum, with some teaching attendees a catechism . Members often receive certificates and awards for participation, as well as attendance. Sunday school classes may provide a light breakfast. On days when Holy Communion is being celebrated, however, some Christian denominations encourage fasting before receiving the Eucharistic elements. Sunday schools in Europe began with the Catholic Church's Confraternity of Christian Doctrine , founded in

767-709: A son. She was educated at the Lärokursen för fruntimmer (Learning Courses for Women) in 1859–1861, which was held in Stockholm as a response of the debate of education for women which had been caused by Hertha (novel) by Fredrika Bremer and was the prequel of the Högre lärarinneseminariet . As such, she belonged to the first females in Sweden to be given a serious public education in nature science. Soon after this, she engaged in social reform work, influenced by her view of Christian social liberalism. Having finished her education, she

826-726: A week, sometimes for more than 13 hours a day. By 1785 over 250,000 children throughout England attended schools on Sundays. In 1784 many new schools opened, including the interdenominational Stockport Sunday School , which financed and constructed a school for 5,000 scholars in 1805. In the late-19th century this was accepted as being the largest in the world. By 1831 it was reported that attendance at Sunday schools had grown to 1.2 million. The first Sunday school in London opened at Surrey Chapel, Southwark , under Rowland Hill . By 1831 1,250,000 children in Great Britain, or about 25 per cent of

885-429: The läsare (Reader) movement . Always engaged in charitable work, she started a Sunday school not long after her spiritual awakening. However, it was soon closed due to the protests of clergy, who considered it "Methodist". Another attempt by Augusta Norstedt was noted around the same time. Sometime between 1848 and 1856, educator and preacher Amelie von Braun , also part of the revivalist awakening movement, started

944-594: The Swedish Dress Reform Society . As a major shareholder in Aftonbladet , she is credited with having employed Maria Cederschiöld , an important pioneer for women journalists. During her tenure as chairperson of the Swedish Women's National Council (SKNF) in 1899–1911, she visited international congresses in London 1899, Berlin 1904 and Geneva 1908. In this position, she initiated a debate which led to

1003-650: The 16th century by the archbishop Charles Borromeo to teach young Italian children the faith. Protestant Sunday schools were first set up in the 18th century in England to provide education to working children. William King started a Sunday school in 1751 in Dursley , Gloucestershire. Robert Raikes , editor of the Gloucester Journal , started a similar one in Gloucester in 1781. He wrote an article in his journal, and as

1062-589: The 1730s and joined the Sabbatarian Ephrata Cloister in 1739, where he soon created the Sunday school for the impoverished children of the area, and published, on the Ephrata Press, a full textbook. Rev. Ira Lee Cottrell writes:"It is especially interesting to us to know that a Seventh Day Baptist Sabbath school was organized about 1740, forty years before Robert Raikes Sunday-school. This Sabbath school

1121-511: The 1860s, she organized several public meetings for debate about reform in women's education, and in the early 1870s, she arranged two competitions which attracted a great deal of debate and attention around the subjects: the causes of women's general bad health, and the upbringing and education of females. She disliked girl schools and was a supporter of co-education, and she supported Karl Edvard Palmgren and his co-educational Praktiska arbetsskolan (Practical Work's School), where she introduced

1180-692: The 1860s. More Sunday schools were soon founded in the 1870s and 1880s: in Vaasa – including by the local Lutheran parish, in Kotka , Turku , Åland , Helsinki , Ekenäs , Hanko , and other cities. The first organized and documented Sunday school in the United States was founded in Ephrata , Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, by an immigrant from Germany, Ludwig Höcker, the son of a well-respected and influential Reformed Church Pastor and teacher in Westerwald. Ludwig immigrated in

1239-422: The 1880s, they had a campaign to increase the participation of women voters in the elections: since 1862, women of legal majority (unmarried, divorced and widowed women) had the right to participate in municipal elections if they met the property qualifications, and the association encouraged them to use this right: in the 1887 municipal election, the female voters participation consisted of 10-15 percent. In 1896,

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1298-410: The 1920s they also promoted sports, and ran Sunday school leagues. They became social centres hosting amateur dramatics and concert parties. By the 1960s, the term Sunday school could refer to the building and rarely to the activities inside. By the 1970s even the largest Sunday school had been demolished. The locution today chiefly refers to catechism classes for children and adults that occur before

1357-638: The International Uniform Lesson Curriculum, also known as the "Uniform Lesson Plan". By the 1800s 80% of all new members were introduced to the church through Sunday school. In 1874, interested in improving the training of Sunday school teachers for the Uniform Lesson Plan, Miller and Vincent worked together again to found what is now the Chautauqua Institution on the shores of Chautauqua Lake , New York. Increasingly

1416-553: The Lord's Day should be devoted to God; as such many children and teenagers often return to the church in the late afternoon for youth group before attending an evening service of worship. The first recorded Protestant Sunday school opened in 1751 in St Mary's Church, Nottingham . Hannah Ball made another early start, founding a school in High Wycombe , Buckinghamshire , in 1769. However,

1475-645: The Sunday school. In the United States the American Sunday School Union was formed (headquartered in Philadelphia) for the publication of literature. This group helped pioneer what became known as the International Sunday School Lessons. The Sunday School Times was another periodical they published for the use of Sunday schools. LifeWay Christian Resources , Herald and Banner Press, David C. Cook , and Group Publishing are among

1534-661: The United Kingdom in 1886. The earliest recorded Sunday school programme in Ireland goes back to 1777, when Daniel Delany , Roman Catholic priest started a school in Tullow, County Carlow. He set up a complex system which involved timetables, lesson plans, streaming, and various teaching activities. This system spread to other parishes in the diocese. By 1787 in Tullow alone there were 700 students, boys and girls, men and women, and 80 teachers. The primary intent of this Sunday school system

1593-419: The association its name, was to give married women control over their own property. This was a controversial subject: married women were legally minors under the guardianship of their husbands, and thus had not control over their own property, unless there had been a prenuptial agreement. What the association actually wished to achieve was, therefore, to abolish the guardianship of a husband over his wife. In 1874,

1652-510: The association was absorbed by the Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet and dissolved. Anna Hierta-Retzius Anna Wilhelmina Hierta-Retzius , née Hierta (24 August 1841 – 21 December 1924), was a Swedish women's rights activist and philanthropist. She was the co-founder and secretary of the Married Woman's Property Rights Association (1873), founder and chairperson of the evening school Torsdagsskolan in 1864–1874, member of

1711-626: The board in the Bikupan association in 1870–1887, Vice Chairperson of the Married Woman's Property Rights Association in 1886–1893, member of the board of the Stiftelsen Lars Hiertas Minne (The Memorial Foundation of Lars Hierta) in 1878-1911 and its Vice Chairperson in 1911–1924, co-worker in Aftonbladet in 1884–1887, founder of the Adolf Fredriks arbetsstuga för barn (Adolf Fredrik Work House for Children) in 1887, Chairperson of

1770-673: The boys and girls working in the factories could attend. Using the Bible as their textbook, the children learned to read and write. In 18th-century England, education was largely reserved for a wealthy, male minority and was not compulsory . The wealthy educated their children privately at home, with hired governesses or tutors for younger children. The town-based middle class may have sent their sons to grammar schools , while daughters were left to learn what they could from their mothers or from their fathers' libraries. The children of factory workers and farm labourers received no formal education, and typically worked alongside their parents six days

1829-542: The brothers traveled to London. The brothers, at least, reconnected with Scott, whom they knew from Sweden. In England, they studied the Methodists' Sunday schools and teaching methods, impressed by the number of students and teachers. There were over 250 children and 20 to 30 teachers; classes were taught by laypeople and included literacy training in addition to Bible lessons, singing, and prayer. Upon Palmqvist's return to Sweden, he invited 25 local poor children and founded

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1888-568: The central committee of the Stockholm work houses in 1889–1909, chairperson of the Swedish National Council of Women (SKNF) in 1899–1911, Vice Chairperson of the International Council of Women (ICW) in 1904–1909. Anna Hierta-Retzius was the daughter of Lars Johan Hierta , the founder of Aftonbladet , and Wilhelmina Fröding (1805-1878). On 28 November 1876, she married scientist and professor Gustaf Retzius , with whom she

1947-501: The cinema and a ban against birth control and sexual tuition, and required a reputation of being a moralist prude and a defender of conservative ideas, which was in many ways a change inr regard to her previous radicalism. The reason for this attitude are suggested to have been caused by the discovery of her father's double life: the fact that her father had a permanent extramarital relationship with his lover, Vendela Hebbe , and had thus betrayed her mother, had been hidden from her during

2006-553: The cottages (1889). In 1889, she introduced the Octavia Hill system for healthy residences for working people. The work of Anna Hierta-Retzius entered a new phase in the 1880s. During the sexual debate of the 1880s, were new ideas of free love became fashionable, Anna Hierta-Retzius positioned herself on the conservative side. In this, she was an opponent to Ellen Key . Around this time became more conservative in sexual issues: she pressed for sexual censorship within literature and

2065-523: The country among a number of denominations, with 23,058 officers and teachers and 317,648 students. The first Sunday schools in Finland were run by the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland , with the first one founded in 1807. They were often for those who had not become literate. As a form of schooling, they were recommended by the state in 1853. Some Sunday schools gave vocational training in

2124-632: The eligible population, attended Sunday schools weekly. The schools provided basic lessons in literacy alongside religious instruction. In 1833, "for the unification and progress of the work of religious education among the young", the Unitarians founded their Sunday School Association, as "junior partner" to the British and Foreign Unitarian Association , with which it eventually set up offices at Essex Hall in Central London . The work of Sunday schools in

2183-516: The first Baptist Sunday school; the same year, Ehrenborg began a Sunday school as well, with 13 mostly Baptist and free-church students. Palmqvist was given £5 in financial support by the London Sunday School Association and used the money to travel to Norrland , home of a significant revival movement, to spread the idea of Sunday school there. The first Sunday school association in Sweden, Stockholms Lutherska Söndagsskolförening,

2242-503: The first working cottage in 1887: this was an activity inspired by Denmark were poor children made handicraft in exchange for food. This project grew to about 90 in the entire nation, and to Russia and Poland. The purpose was to give children to working parents useful past time rather than to be left alone during the day while their parents worked. In connection to them, the teacher Sofi Nilsson co-founded with her an education of Family and consumer science for girls by letting them cook for

2301-549: The industrial cities was increasingly supplemented by " ragged schools " (charitable provision for the industrial poor), and eventually by publicly funded education under the terms of the Elementary Education Act 1870 ( 33 & 34 Vict. c. 75). Sunday schools continued alongside such increasing educational provision, and new forms also developed, such as the Socialist Sunday Schools movement, which began in

2360-485: The life of her parents, and the discovery of her father's adultery after the death of her mother in 1878 was reportedly traumatic for her, and caused a crisis that eventually resulted in more and more strict views over the years. During the 1900s, she became known as a critique of the new modern radical literature. In 1912, she further more opposed woman suffrage . Hierta-Retzius was given Illis Quorum in 1907. Sunday school A Sunday school , sometimes known as

2419-468: The pioneer of Sunday schools is commonly said to be Robert Raikes , editor of the Gloucester Journal , who in 1781, after prompting from William King (who was running a Sunday School in Dursley ), recognised the need of children living in the Gloucester slums; the need also to prevent them from taking up crime. He opened a school in the home of a Mrs Meredith, operating it on a Sunday – the only day that

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2478-637: The public elementary schools were handling literacy. In response the Sunday schools switched to an emphasis on Bible stories, hymn singing, and memorizing Biblical passages. The main goal was encouraging the conversion experience that was so important to evangelicals. Notable 20th-century leaders in the Sunday school movement include: Clarence Herbert Benson, Henrietta Mears , founder of Gospel Light, Dr. Gene A. Getz, Howard Hendricks , Lois E. LeBar, Lawrence O. Richards, and Elmer Towns . In Evangelical churches, during worship service, children and young people receive an adapted education, in Sunday school, in

2537-573: The same classes as the infants , as each was instructed in basic reading. In some towns, the Methodists withdrew from the large Sunday school and built their own. The Anglicans set up their National schools that would act as Sunday schools and day schools. These schools were the precursors to a national system of education. The educational role of the Sunday schools ended with the Education Act 1870 , which provided universal elementary education. In

2596-452: The start of a church service. In certain Christian traditions, in certain grades, for example the second grade or eighth grade, Sunday school classes may prepare youth to undergo a rite such as First Communion or Confirmation . The doctrine of Sunday Sabbatarianism , held by many Christian denominations, encourages practices such as Sunday school attendance, as it teaches that the entirety of

2655-543: The subject of gymnastic and cooking in an effort to improve the health of the students. Anna Hierta-Retzius engaged in health reform, wishing to introduce gymnastics to the educational system for girls. She proposed this to Högre lärarinneseminariet in the 1860s, and in 1880, she founded the Stockholm Museum of Gymnastics, which she donated to the city in 1892. In 1873, women were given the right to study at university, and Anna Hierta-Retzius and her sister Hedvig founded

2714-516: The term "Sunday school" is too strongly associated with children, and alternate terms such as "Adult Electives" or "religious education" are used instead of "Adult Sunday school". Some churches only operate Sunday school for children concurrently with the adult worship service. In this case, there is typically no adult Sunday school. In Great Britain an agency was formed called the Religious Tract Society which helped provide literature for

2773-482: The trades; after 1858 they were also preparatory schools for further education held during the week. However, Sunday schools did not catch on until the later growth of free churches in the country as well as the establishment of public schooling, at which point they became a form of children's religious education. One of the earliest free-church Sunday schools was founded by sisters Netta and Anna Heikel in Jakobstad in

2832-425: The widely available published resources currently used in Sunday schools across the country. Sunday school teachers are usually lay people who are selected for their role in the church by a designated coordinator, board, or a committee. Normally, the selection is based on a perception of character and ability to teach the Bible, rather than formal training in education. Some Sunday school teachers, however, do have

2891-519: Was a co-founder of the Stockholms läsesalong (Stockholm Reading Parlor) for women, founded after a British example. In 1869, she visited Paris to study the women's college of Jules Simon , and in 1870, she founded the Bikupan , to offer a place were women could sell their handicrafts: Bikupan participated at the Weltausstellung 1873 Wien . She was engaged in the question of women's education. During

2950-451: Was active as a teacher in the Sunday school opened by Sophie Adlersparre from 1862. In 1864, she opened her own evening school for female students from the working class, Torsdagsskolan , where she offered tutoring in reading, writing, nature science, history, geography and needle work. She also organized library and a bank for women. Together with Sophie Adlersparre and Fredrika Limnell , she

3009-518: Was active in social and scientific projects. She had no children. She was raised in an intellectual environment, her father being the manager of a progressive newspaper, and artists, writers and politicians being common guests in her home. Reportedly, she was influenced both by the philanthropic interests of her mother and the radical ideas of gender equality of her father, and developed an interest in social reform and active work to achieve this goal, and she wished to live up to her father's expectations of

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3068-730: Was converted by George Scott , an influential Scottish Wesleyan Methodist preacher who worked in Sweden from 1830 to 1842 and was controversial due to his preaching in violation of the Conventicle Act . Within the Church of Sweden , however, based on the format of Methodist Sunday schools, he started several in Flykälen , Föllinge , Ottsjön, Storå , and Tuvattnet. Later, Mathilda Foy founded an early Sunday school in 1843–1844. Influenced by Pietistic revivalist preachers such as Scott, and particularly Carl Olof Rosenius , Foy found herself part of

3127-485: Was founded by the established Anglican Protestant church in 1809. The Sabbath School Society of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland was founded in 1862. The concept of Sunday school in Sweden started in the early to mid-1800s, initially facing some backlash, before becoming more mainstream, as it was often intertwined with the growth (and eventual legalization) of free churches . The first documented Sunday school

3186-520: Was organized at Ephrata, Pa., by Ludwig Hocker among the Seventh Day Baptist Germans, and continued until 1777, when their room with others was given up for hospital purposes after the battle of Brandywine…". In New England a Sunday school system was first begun by Samuel Slater in his textile mills in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in the 1790s. In the mid-1860s philanthropist Lewis Miller

3245-535: Was started in 1826 in Snavlunda parish, Örebro County , by priest Ringzelli, and was still active during the time of Pastor Lennart Sickeldal in the 1950s. Ringzelli was also an early organizer of school meals for students who lived far from the school or were from poor families. Carl Ludvig Tellström, later missionary to the Sámi people, made another early attempt to start a Sunday school around 1834. While in Stockholm, he

3304-537: Was started in 1868. However, even despite the abolition of the Conventicle Act in 1858 and increasing religious freedom, there were still challenges: Palmqvist was reported to the Stockholm City Court by a priest in 1870 for teaching children who did not belong to his congregation, but was later acquitted. In Stockholm alone, there were 29 Sunday schools by 1871. By 1915 there were 6,518 Sunday schools in

3363-439: Was successful: though the guardianship of the married woman was not abolished, she was given the right to control her own income the year after. In 1884, the first motion about woman suffrage was raised in parliament, but was voted down. By the law of 1862, taxpaying women of legal majority already had the right to vote in municipal elections, and in 1887, Hierta-Retzius and the Married Woman's Property Rights Association issued

3422-420: Was the inventor of the " Akron Plan " for Sunday schools. It was a building layout with a central assembly hall surrounded by small classrooms, conceived with Methodist minister John Heyl Vincent and architect Jacob Snyder . It was soon widely copied. John Heyl Vincent collaborated with Baptist layman B. F. Jacobs, who devised a system to encourage Sunday school work, and a committee was established to provide

3481-591: Was the teaching of the Catholic catechism and articles of faith; the teaching of reading and writing became necessary to assist in this. With the coming of Catholic Emancipation in Ireland (1829) and the establishment of the National Schools system (1831), which meant that the Catholic faith could be taught in school, the Catholic Sunday school system became unnecessary. The Church of Ireland Sunday School Society

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