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59-493: Marki, a Warsaw suburb, was incorporated in 1967. While by Polish standards Marki is a relatively young town, with approximately 31,000 residents, it is one of the fastest-growing cities in the Masovian province. Marki consists of three districts: Marki proper, Pustelnik, and Struga. Each district has its own post office, with an assigned zip code. Marki has been long associated with industry, and while manufacturing still takes place,

118-532: A historical region in mid-north-eastern Poland . It spans the North European Plain , roughly between Łódź and Białystok , with Warsaw being the unofficial capital and largest city. Throughout the centuries, Mazovia developed a separate sub-culture featuring diverse folk songs, architecture, dress and traditions different from those of other Poles . Historical Mazovia existed from the Middle Ages until

177-581: A part of Pomeranian Voivodeship . In 1934 the Muzeum Nadgoplańskie in Kruszwica was built. It was opened in 1939, and it had valuable collection of ethnographical objects, inter alia: furniture and clothing. Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland , which started World War II in September 1939, it was occupied by Nazi Germany . During the occupation , almost all of Kuyavia was annexed into

236-416: A patient there he died of pneumonia in 1911 at 35 years of age. A plaque on the side of this building commemorates the passing of one of the most influential figures of modern Lithuanian culture . Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland , which started World War II in September 1939, Marki was occupied by Germany until 1944. The Marecka Kolej Dojazdowa (English: Marki Commuter Railway )

295-518: A result of the fragmentation of Poland after the death of Polish monarch Bolesław III Wrymouth , in 1138 the Duchy of Mazovia was established, and during the 12th and 13th centuries it joined temporarily various adjacent lands and endured invasions of Prussians , Yotvingians , and Ruthenians . To protect its northern section Conrad I of Mazovia called in the Teutonic Knights in 1226 and granted them

354-542: Is Pałac Kultury i Nauki . Masovia also boasts 11 Historic Monuments of Poland : Historical monuments elsewhere include the manor house in Żelazowa Wola where composer Frédéric Chopin was born and his museum is located nowadays. Płock, once the seat of the Mazovian princes, and Łowicz , the residence of the archbishops of Gniezno , are noted for their cathedrals . There are also palaces and parks in Nieborów and Arkadia,

413-460: Is Płock , where large petrochemical plants PKN Orlen operate. The rest of Mazovia belongs to the poorest parts of Poland. In agriculture the most typical Mazovian crops are potatoes and rye , but the most popular (as in the whole of Poland) is wheat. Others are barley , sugar beets , fruits (with their biggest Polish basin in the south of the region), and vegetables. Pigs are commonly bred, often also cows and chickens. Kampinos National Park

472-606: Is home to two hotels, one in Marki and one in Struga. North-east of Marki, there is a 100-metre high mast used for radio relay links by Telekomunikacja Polska and Centertel. On Christmas Eve of 1909, Lithuanian painter and composer Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis fell into a profound depression and at the beginning of 1910 was hospitalized in a psychiatric hospital "Czerwony Dwór" (Red Manor) in Pustelnik, now incorporated into Marki. While

531-579: Is no specific regional cuisine of Mazovia. Formerly, dairy foods dominated the peasant cuisine. Nobles used poultry, geese, chickens and ducks. The most separate Mazovian culinary regions are Kurpie and Łowicz , where traditional dishes survive to the present day. In Kurpie, traditional dishes are prepared with ingredients collected in the forest: berries, honey and mushrooms. There are several traditional Polish dishes like flaki (tripes), kluski (noodles and dumplings), which are prepared in different way than in other parts of Poland. Mazovian Voivodeship

590-735: Is one of Poland's largest national parks and is popular with tourists making day trips from Warsaw to hike among the park's primeval forests, sand dunes, and marshland. The main cultural centre of the region, and, alongside Kraków , in all of Poland, is Warsaw, which is home to dozens of theatres, the National Philharmonic, the National Opera House, the National Library, the National Museum, Centrum Nauki Kopernik , Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego , Temple of Divine Providence , and

649-651: Is ranked decidedly first in Poland according to the Gross Domestic Product . This is thanks to Warsaw, which is a financial centre of East-Central Europe . The majority of state enterprises are headquartered in this metropolis . It is a hub for both rail and vehicular traffic, with access throughout Poland and across Europe. Warsaw Chopin Airport is the nation's busiest. There are many branches of industry and services well developed in this city. The other economical center

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708-655: The Dagome iudex papal regesta. According to Andrzej Bańkowski, the Polans had moved into the region of Greater Poland after they had to leave together with the Morawianie, their former Pannonian territories, conquered by the Avars . According to some sources, during the war with the Goplans, the Polans were supported by a Great Moravian army. As a result of occupation of the Goplans' territory,

767-568: The Intelligenzaktion . Major sites of massacres of Poles in the region included Gniewkowo , Fordon , Otorowo , Buszkowo , Tryszczyn , Odolion and Borówno . The Germans also operated subcamps of the Potulice and Stutthof concentration camps in Bydgoszcz, and the large Stalag XX-A prisoner-of-war camp for Polish, British, French, Australian and Soviet POWs in southern Toruń . In 1945,

826-750: The Archdiocese of Gniezno . In the times of the Polish fragmentation upon the 1138 Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty , Kuyavia at first became part of the Duchy of Masovia under Bolesław IV the Curly and his son Leszek ; it was claimed by the Polish High Duke Casimir II the Just in 1186, contested by his elder brother Mieszko III the Old and his son Bolesław . Casimir's son Duke Konrad I of Masovia in 1233 created

885-536: The Chełmno Land as a fief. After the reunification of the Polish state by Władysław I in the early 14th century, Mazovia became its fief in 1351. In the second half of 15th century western Mazovia and in 1526/1529 the main part (with its capital in Warsaw) was incorporated into the Polish state. In the 15th century the eastern part of the region ( Łomża ) was settled, mainly by the yeomanry ( drobna szlachta ). Mazovia

944-574: The Far North . Numerous sites were looted . The Palmiry massacres carried out by Nazi Germany in the village of Palmiry near Warsaw, were one of the largest massacres of Poles committed during the Intelligenzaktion and AB-Aktion , whereas many Poles from north-eastern Mazovia were among the victims of the Soviet-perpetrated Katyn massacre . Despite such circumstances, the Polish resistance

1003-631: The Greater Poland uprising of 1848 and January Uprising of 1863–1864. That division outlasted the 1871 unification of Germany until the end of World War I . Following World War I , Poland regained independence and control of the region. Within the Second Polish Republic , from 1918, the western part of Kuyavia belonged to Poznań Voivodeship , and the eastern part belonged to the Warsaw Voivodeship . In 1938 almost all Kuyavia became

1062-602: The Masurians , who since the Late Middle Ages settled in neighboring southern Prussia , a region later called Masuria , where they converted to Protestantism in the Reformation era, thus leaving Catholicism , to which their relatives from Mazovia still adhered. The borders of contemporary Mazovian Voivodeship (province), which was created in 1999, do not exactly reflect the original size of Mazovia, as they do not include

1121-1017: The Modlin Fortress , castles in Czersk , Pułtusk , Ciechanów , Opinogóra , Rawa Mazowiecka , Sochaczew and Liw , as well as churches in Niepokalanów , Góra Kalwaria , Warka , Skierniewice , Czerwińsk , Wyszogród , Zakroczym , Szreńsk , Przasnysz , Ostrołęka , Łomża , Szczuczyn , Wizna , Brok , Zuzela , Rostkowo , and Boguszyce . Interesting folklore is found in the subregion of Kurpie ; another skansen has been established in Sierpc . Successful sports teams in Masovia include association football teams Legia Warsaw , Polonia Warsaw and Wisła Płock , basketball teams Polonia Warsaw , Legia Warsaw and Znicz Pruszków , and handball teams Wisła Płock and KS Warszawianka . The following table lists

1180-650: The Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War was fought in the region on 10 October 1410, and ended in a Polish victory. As a result of the First Partition of Poland in 1772 the Kingdom of Prussia took a considerable part of Inowrocław Voivodeship and the western part of Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship, and included it within its newly formed Netze District . After the Second Partition of 1793 the whole of Kuyavia

1239-679: The Sanctuary of Blessed Jerzy Popiełuszko . Warsaw has many magnificent historic buildings and monuments, including those in the Old Town and the New Town, both of which were almost completely demolished during World War II but were meticulously restored and were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites in 1980. Several important edifices has been built at the adjacent street Krakowskie Przedmieście . There are also royal palaces and gardens of Łazienki and Wilanów . The most interesting building from post-war period

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1298-463: The metropolis of Warsaw ). Inhabited by the various Lechitic West Slavic tribes, Vistula Veneti and with other people who had settled here such as the Wielbark people. The historical region of Mazovia ( Mazowsze ) in the beginning encompassed only the territories on the right bank of Vistula near Płock and had strong connections with Greater Poland (through Włocławek and Kruszwica ). In

1357-562: The partitions of Poland and consisted of three voivodeships with the capitals in Warsaw , Płock and Rawa . The main city of the region was Płock , which was even capital of Poland from 1079 to 1138; however, in Early Modern Times Płock lost its importance to Warsaw, which became the capital of Poland. From 1138, Mazovia was governed by a separate branch of the Piast dynasty and when

1416-562: The "Diocese of Cuiavia-Kalisz" from 1818 to 1925. The capital of this Duchy, and - from the late 14th century - the residences of the Voivode governors were Inowrocław , Brześć Kujawski , and Radziejów as the seat of the shared regional Sejmik council of the two voivodeships . Today, the biggest center of Kuyavia is Bydgoszcz . Also the southern part of Toruń (Podgórz) lies in the historical region. Some ethnographers and historians, for example Oskar Kolberg and Zygmunt Gloger , count

1475-412: The 1136 Bull of Gniezno ( Polish : Bulla Gnieźnieńska , Latin: Ex commisso nobis ) issued by Pope Innocent II , and was then mentioned in many documents from medieval times. It is also mentioned in the chronicles of Wincenty Kadłubek . In the north, Kuyavia borders with the historic regions of Gdańsk Pomerania ( Pomerelia ) and Chełmno Land , in the west with proper (exact) Greater Poland , in

1534-618: The Duchy of Kuyavia for his second son Casimir I . When Casimir's elder brother Duke Bolesław I of Masovia died in 1248, he took the occasion and took Dobrzyń Land east of the Vistula River from the heritage of his younger brother Siemowit I . Upon Casimir's death 1267, the Duchy of Kuyavia was divided by his sons Leszek II the Black (d. 1288), Ziemomysł (d. 1287) and Władysław I the Elbow-high into

1593-596: The German occupation ended and the region was restored to Poland. In the years 1945-1975 Kuyavia was in the borders of Bydgoszcz Voivodeship . The Włocławek Voivodeship was created in 1975, and the western part of Kuyavia remained in the Bydgoszcz Voivodeship. In 1999 almost the whole of Kuyavia was joined to the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. Furthermore, small parts of the region were included in

1652-695: The Germans handed over north-eastern Mazovia with Łomża and Zambrów to the Soviet Union in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . Under German occupation , the population was subjected to mass arrests, executions, expulsions and deportations to forced labour , concentration camps and Nazi ghettos , whereas under Soviet occupation the population was subjected to mass arrests, executions, deportation to forced labour in Siberia , Central Asia and

1711-738: The Holocaust . In the winter of 1942–1943, the Germans buried some 300 kidnapped Polish children from another region of occupied Poland in the Łąck forests, after the children froze to death in a freight train . Since 1943, the Sicherheitspolizei also carried out deportations of Poles including teenage boys from Płock and Łomża to the Stutthof concentration camp . Germany operated several prisoner-of-war camps , including Oflag 73, Stalag 319, Stalag 324, Stalag 333 and Stalag 368 with several subcamps, for Polish, Italian , Soviet and Romanian POWs in

1770-741: The Kingdom of Prussia. While the Brześć Kujawski province (counties: Aleksandrów, Radziejów and Włocławek) remained with the Masovia Governorate of Congress Poland in Russian Empire, Inowrocław ( Hohensalza ) and Bydgoszcz ( Bromberg ) was incorporated into the Prussian Grand Duchy of Posen . The Polish population resisted anti-Polish policies, which included forced Germanisation and Russification , and took part in several uprisings incl.

1829-606: The Kuyavians, had created a country with the main centers in Kruszwica on the northern shore of Lake Gopło . During the 10th century, their territory was conquered by another West Slavic tribe, the Polans settling in the adjacent Greater Polish land around Poznań and Gniezno and upon the death of Duke Mieszko I of Poland in 992, the Kuyavia lands were part of the early Duchy of Poland , mentioned as Civitas Schinesghe as circumscribed in

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1888-842: The cities in Mazovia with a population greater than 20,000 (2015): Kuyavia Kuyavia ( Polish : Kujawy ; Latin : Cuiavia ), also referred to as Cuyavia , is a historical region in north-central Poland , situated on the left bank of Vistula , as well as east from Noteć River and Lake Gopło . It is divided into three traditional parts: north-western (with the capital in Bydgoszcz , ethnographically regarded often as non-Kuyavian ), central (the capital in Inowrocław or Kruszwica ), and south-eastern (the capital in Włocławek or Brześć Kujawski ). The name Kuyavia first appeared in written sources in

1947-680: The death of Casimir's son Władysław the White in 1388, the Kuyavian line of the Piast dynasty became extinct. After the reunification of Polish lands in the 14th century, the division into provinces and counties was introduced. That division finalized in the 15th century, existed until the dissolution of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795. Kuyavia was divided into the two administrative divisions of Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship and Inowrocław Voivodeship . The Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship

2006-459: The glacial formations there are layers of rock-salt and potassium, and under Tertiary Period sediments there is lignite and ceramic clay. In Kuyavia there are black fertile soils, thanks to which Kuyavia is called "the granary of Poland". The episcopal see of Kuyavia was probably Kruszwica , and later Włocławek (after the episcopal see in the early 12th century): the Diocese of Włocławek became

2065-535: The historically Mazovian cities of Łomża and Łowicz , but include the historically Lesser Polish cities of Radom and Siedlce . Mazovia has a landscape without hills (in contrast to Lesser Poland ) and without lakes (in contrast to Greater Poland ). It is spread over the Mazovian Lowland , on both sides of the Vistula river and its confluence with Narew and Bug . Forests (mainly coniferous) cover one-fifth of

2124-615: The lands of Dobrzyń and Chełmno north-east of the Vistula as parts of the Kuyavia region. The Linear Pottery culture existed in the area. The earliest solid evidence of cheese -making, dating to 5,500 BC , was found in Kuyavia. The beginnings of the state in Kuyavia are connected with the tribal state of the West Slavic Goplans . The Goplans, which some researchers identify with the Mazowszanie-Kłobianie or simply with

2183-522: The lands of Kuyavia were under the strong influence of the Pannonian culture and they lost their primary Masovian spirit. When the name Cuiavia arose for the first time in the 1136 Bull of Gniezno, it referred to the lands east of Greater Poland around Kruszwica and Włocławek, bordering with the Vistula river. The bull confirmed the position of the Bishopric of Kuyavia at Włocławek as a suffragan diocese of

2242-444: The larger Greater Poland Province . The Polish- Lithuanian Union of Lublin (1569) established Mazovia as the central region of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , with Warsaw rising to prominence as the seat of the state legislature ( sejm ). In 1596 King Sigismund III Vasa moved the Polish capital from Kraków to Warsaw . During the 17th and 18th centuries Swedish, Transylvanian, Saxon, and Russian invasions wreaked havoc on

2301-640: The last Polish anti-communist partisans, Stanisław Marchewka  [ pl ] , killed by the communists in Jeziorko in 1957. Particularly large anti-communist protest occurred in the region in 1976 . During and following the Korean War , in 1951–1959, Poland admitted 200 North Korean orphans in Gołotczyzna and Otwock in Mazovia. Those times Warsaw Voivodeship was still roughly similar to historical Mazovia and used to be informally called so, but in 1975 it

2360-428: The last ruler of the independent Duchy of Mazovia died, it was fully incorporated to the Polish Crown in 1526. During the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth over 20% of Mazovian population was categorized as petty nobility . Between 1816 and 1844, the Mazovian Governorate was established, which encompassed the south of the region along with Łęczyca Land and south-eastern Kuyavia . The former inhabitants of Mazovia are

2419-409: The newly formed province of Reichsgau Wartheland , except the northwestern part with the city of Bydgoszcz that was annexed to the newly formed province of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia . The Polish population was subjected to various crimes , such as mass arrests, imprisonment, slave labor , expulsions , kidnapping of children , deportations to Nazi concentration camps and extermination, incl.

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2478-425: The period of the rule of the first Polish monarchs of the Piast dynasty , Płock was one of their seats, and on the Cathedral Hill (Wzgórze Tumskie) they raised palatium . In the period 1037–1047 it was the capital of the independent, Mazovian state of Masław . Between 1079 and 1138 this city was de facto the capital of Poland . Since 1075 it has been the seat of the Diocese of Płock encompassing northern Mazovia;

2537-429: The region, with the large Kampinos Forest , Puszcza Biała and Puszcza Zielona . In the north Mazovia borders on the Masurian subregion of former Prussia , in the east on Podlachia , in the south on Lesser Poland and in the west on Greater Poland (subregions of Łęczyca Land , Kujawy and Dobrzyń Land ). The area of Mazovia is 33,500 km . It has population of 5 million (3 million of them inhabit

2596-400: The region. The population of Warsaw decreased sharply as a result of executions, the extermination of the city's Jews, the deaths of some 200,000 inhabitants during the Warsaw Uprising of 1944, and the deportation of the city's left-bank population following the uprising. Some 40,000–50,000 Poles were murdered in the Wola massacre alone, one of the largest massacres of Poles. Shortly after

2655-415: The region. In 1793 western Mazovia, and two years later the rest of the region were annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in the Second and Third Partitions of Poland, while the south-eastern portion was annexed by Austria . In 1807 it became part of the Duchy of Warsaw . In 1815 the region was incorporated into the Congress Kingdom of Poland , which was dependent on Russia . In the 19th century Mazovia

2714-413: The service sector is booming. Marki has an extensive public education system served with six elementary schools, two preschools, and high school/trade school. While there is currently no hospital, there are a few public and private clinics available to the residents of the town. Marki is surrounded by forests, and pastures. Tourist attractions include numerous man-made ponds, lakes, and hiking trails. Marki

2773-409: The south formed the archdeaconate of Czersk belonging to Poznań , and the Duchy of Łowicz was part of the Archdiocese of Gniezno (this division remained as long as until the Partitions of Poland ). During the 9th century Mazovia was perhaps inhabited by the tribe of Mazovians , and it was incorporated into the Polish state in the second half of 10th century under the Piast ruler Mieszko I . As

2832-451: The south with Łęczyca Land and in the east with Masovia and Dobrzyń Land . The borders of Kuyavia stretch out on the left bank of Vistula River: from the mouth of Skrwa Lewa in the south-east, almost to the mouth of the Wda River to the north. The borders of Kuyavia spread out to the west from Koronowo and Nakło to the Noteć River where they turn south-west, cross Trląg Lake , and on to Strzelneński Forest, reaching Skulski Lake and

2891-424: The two separate duchies of Inowrocław and Brześć Kujawski. In 1306 Ziemomysł's son Casimir II swore allegiance to his uncle Władysław I, who began to re-unite the Lands of the Polish Crown under his rule. The duchy was devastated during the Polish–Teutonic War of 1326–32, culminating in the 1331 Battle of Płowce , but was finally restored to Poland by the Teutonic Knights in the 1343 Treaty of Kalisz . With

2950-452: The upper Noteć River. The borders also enclose Brdowski Lake , Przedecz and Lubień Kujawski through the Skrwa Lewa, ending at the Vistula River . The Kuyavian lowlands have an average elevation of 100–130 meters above sea level. It is post-glacial landscape, slightly undulating, in some places there are moraine hills and sandy gravel embankments. In deep dykes and depressions there are approximately 600 lakes larger than 1 km . Under

3009-431: The uprising, Adolf Hitler ordered German troops to destroy the city . In 1944–1945, the region was occupied by the Soviet Red Army , and gradually restored to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which then stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s. The rebuilding of the Polish capital was the main task of the postwar period. The Polish resistance remained active, with one of

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3068-476: The victorious Battle of Warsaw . During the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland , which started World War II in September 1939, Mazovia was invaded by the German Army, and the Einsatzgruppen IV and V followed to commit various crimes against Poles . The largest massacres were committed in Zambrów , Śladów and Zakroczym , in which over 200, over 300 and around 600 Polish prisoners of war and civilians were murdered, respectively. On 25–29 September,

3127-401: Was a narrow gauge railway in Poland connecting Warsaw with Marki and Radzymin active from 1896 to 1974. Nowadays Marki are conntected with Warsaw by several number of ZTM bus lines This Wołomin County location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Masovia Mazovia or Masovia ( Polish : Mazowsze [maˈzɔfʂɛ] ) is

3186-516: Was considered underdeveloped in comparison with Greater Poland and Lesser Poland , with the lowest urban population. In the Early Modern Times Mazovia was known for exporting grain, timber, and fur. It was also distinct because there was no reformation here. Mazovia was divided into three voivodeships, each of them divided into lands ( Polish : ziemie , Latin : terrae ), each of them divided into counties ( Polish : powiaty , Latin : districtus ) and all three voivodeships formed part of

3245-400: Was divided into several little voivodeships. However, in 1999 Mazovian Voivodeship was created as one of 16 administrative regions of Poland . The Mazovian language probably existed as a separate dialect until the 20th century. The ethnonym Mazur has given the name for a phonetic phenomenon known as mazurzenie (although it is common in the Lesser Polish dialect as well). There

3304-400: Was further divided into five powiats (counties): Brześć, Kowal , Kruszwica , Przedecz and Radziejów , while the Inowrocław Voivodeship was divided into the Bydgoszcz and Inowrocław powiats and Dobrzyń Land east of the Vistula. Both voivodeships formed part of the larger Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The Battle of Koronowo of

3363-453: Was organized and active in the region. Following the Operation Barbarossa in 1941, Germany also occupied north-eastern Mazovia. The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest German-established Jewish ghetto in occupied Europe, and other sizeable ghettos in the region were located in Otwock , Płońsk , Łomża and Płock , with the surviving Jews eventually deported by the occupiers to the Treblinka , Auschwitz and other extermination camps during

3422-457: Was taken by Prussia and incorporated into the newly formed province of South Prussia . Upon the 1807 Treaties of Tilsit , it was part of the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw and administered within the Bydgoszcz Department . In 1815 under the provisions of the Congress of Vienna , Kuyavia was divided between the Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland remaining in a personal union with the Russian Empire , from 1831 direct part of Russian Empire) and

3481-433: Was the site of large Polish uprisings ( November Uprising and January Uprising ) against Russian rule. In that era pre-partition Mazovia was divided among Warsaw , Płock and Augustów (the last one replaced later by Łomża ). Since 1918 Mazovia has been a part of the resurrected Poland, being roughly equivalent to the Warsaw Voivodeship . In 1920, Mazovia was invaded by Soviet Russia , but Poland secured its freedom in

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