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113-509: Marinkova Bara (Serbian for "Marinko's bog") is located in the northern section of the municipality, along the southern side of the Belgrade- Niš highway, in the valley of the Mokroluški potok . It is bordered by the neighborhoods of Dušanovac (west), Braće Jerković (south), Medaković (south-east & east) and Konjarnik (north, across the highway). Before the settlement was founded, it

226-453: A UPP within a favela is initially spearheaded by Rio de Janeiro's elite police battalion, BOPE , in order to arrest or drive out gang leaders. After generally securing an area of heavy weapons and large drug caches, and establishing a presence over several weeks to several months, the BOPE are then replaced by a new Pacifying Police Unit composed of hundreds of newly trained policemen, who work within

339-496: A favela. According to national census data, from 1980 to 1990, the overall growth rate of Rio de Janeiro dropped by 8 percent, but the favela population increased by 41 percent. After 1990, the city's growth rate leveled off at 7 percent, but the favela population increased by 24 percent. A report released in 2010 by the United Nations, however, shows that Brazil has reduced its slum population by 16%, now corresponding to about 6% of

452-479: A few particular favelas mostly in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo , with the largest and most visited favela being Rocinha . This new touristic phenomena has developed into a major segment of touristic exploration. There are conflicting views on whether or not favela tourism is an ethical practice. These tours draw awareness to the needs of the underprivileged population living in these favelas, while giving tourists access to

565-468: A given favela as a permanent presence aimed at community policing. Suspicion toward the police force is widespread in the favelas, so working from within is a more effective and efficient means of enacting change. Rio's Security Chief, José Mariano Beltrame, has stated that the main purpose of the UPPs is more toward stopping armed men from ruling the streets than to put an end to drug trafficking. A 2010 report by

678-534: A large city with many public buildings. The city flourished greatly in the Constantinian period. A bronze bust of Constantine decorated city. It was his temporary residence and the city where he promulgated many laws, preserved in the Theodosian code . In Constantinian narratives, Naissus was the city where the usurper Vetranio abdicated to Constantius II after a powerful speech he gave to the rebel armies. Julian ,

791-481: A legionary camp in the city. The city, called refugia and vici in pre-Roman relation, as a result of its strategic position (the Thracians were based to the south ) developed as an important garrison and market town in the province of Moesia Superior. In 169 AD, Naissus was established as a municipium and from Diocletian onwards it belonged to the province of Dardania . In 272, the future Emperor Constantine

904-449: A local woman Elvira Rodrigues Marques was slandered, the Marques family took it to court. This is a significant change in what the public considered the norm for favela residents, who the upper classes considered devoid of honor all together. Following the initial forced re-relocation, favelas were left largely untouched by the government until the 1940s. During this period politicians, under

1017-462: A lot of people from the Brazilian countryside moved to Rio. These new migrants sought work in the city but with little to no money, they could not afford urban housing. During the 1950s, the favelas grew to such an extent that they were perceived as a problem for the whole society. At the same time the term favela underwent a first institutionalization by becoming a local category for the settlements of

1130-618: A mass escape. In 1944, the city was heavily bombed by the Allies . In September 1943, the Germans established the Dulag 413 transit camp for Italian Military Internees in the city. On 14 October 1944, after a long and exhausting battle, the 7th German SS Division ' Prinz Eugen ' was defeated and Niš was liberated by Bulgarian Army , and Partisans . The city was also the site of a unique and accidental friendly fire air war on November 7, 1944 between

1243-536: A name referring to favela , a skin-irritating tree in the spurge family ( Cnidoscolus quercifolius ) indigenous to Bahia. When they settled on the Providência [Providence] hill in Rio de Janeiro, they nicknamed the place Favela hill . The favelas were formed prior to the dense occupation of cities and the domination of real estate interests. Following the end of slavery and increased urbanization into Brazilian cities,

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1356-506: A side of Rio that often lurks in the shadows. The tours are viewed as a spectacular alternative to mainstream Rio de Janeiro attractions, such as Sugarloaf Mountain and Christ the Redeemer . They offer a brief portrayal of Rio's hillside communities that are far more than the habitats often misrepresented by drug lords and criminals. For instance, there are tours of the large favela of Rocinha . Directed by trained guides, tourists are driven up

1469-454: A targeted campaign of murder. The Serbian authorities subjected the Jewish community to extortion of money, arbitrary arrests, confiscation of property, forced labour and desecration of graves. The demographics of Niš underwent change whereby Serbs who formed half the urban population prior to 1878 became 80 percent in 1884. In the following years, the city saw rapid development. The city library

1582-411: A type of music popularized in the favelas has also become popular in other parts of the world. This type of music often features samples from other songs. Popular funk artists include MC Naldo and Buchecha Bailes funk are forms of dance parties that play this type of funk music and were popularized in favelas. Popular hip hop artist MV Bill is from Cidade de Deus in Rio de Janeiro. Favela Brass

1695-426: A wider spectrum of candidates compared to areas controlled by drug lords or other organized crime groups such as milícias . More recent rounds of state policy break with the past, as community policing and participatory planning are now cornerstones of Brazilian public policy. Seeking to build on 'Favela-Bairro', the informally coined 'Favela Chic' program was aimed at bringing favelas into the formal social fabric of

1808-509: Is a law enforcement and social services program aimed at reclaiming territories controlled by drug traffickers. The program was spearheaded by State Public Security Secretary José Mariano Beltrame with the backing of Rio Governor Sérgio Cabral . Rio de Janeiro's state governor, Sérgio Cabral, traveled to Colombia in 2007 in order to observe public security improvements enacted in the country under Colombian President Álvaro Uribe since 2000. Following his return, he secured US$ 1.7 billion for

1921-624: Is a free music school set up in Pereirão in Rio, which aims to give children opportunities through musical performance. Media representations of favelas also serve to spread knowledge of favelas, contributing to the growing interest in favelas as tourist locations. In recent years, favela culture has gained popularity as inspiration for art in other parts of the world. Fascination with favela life can be seen in many paintings, photography, and reproductions of favela dwellings. There have also been instances of European nightclubs inspired by favelas. Since

2034-644: Is an umbrella name for several types of impoverished neighborhoods in Brazil . The term, which means slum or ghetto , was first used in the Slum of Providência in the center of Rio de Janeiro in the late 19th century, which was built by soldiers who had lived under the favela trees in Bahia and had nowhere to live following the Canudos War . Some of the last settlements were called bairros africanos (African neighborhoods). Over

2147-476: Is associated with people living in favelas can lead to difficulty in finding jobs. The Brazilian government has made several attempts in the 20th century to improve the nation's problem of urban poverty. One way was by the eradication of the favelas and favela dwellers that occurred during the 1970s while Brazil was under military governance. These favela eradication programs forcibly removed over 100,000 residents and placed them in public housing projects or back to

2260-560: Is decreasing, since January is the only month with average lows below 0 °C. According to the final results from the 2022 census, the population of city proper of Niš was 182,797, while its administrative area had a population of 260,237. The city of Niš has 87,975 households with 2,96 members on average, while the number of homes is 119,196. Religion structure in the city of Niš is predominantly Serbian Orthodox (240,765), with minorities like Muslims (2,486), Catholics (809), Protestants (258), Atheists (109) and others. Most of

2373-509: Is highly concentrated in these areas run by local gangs in each highly populated favela. Drug sales run rampant at night when many favelas host their own baile , or dance party, where many different social classes can be found. These drug sales make up a business that in some of the occupied areas rakes in as much as US$ 150 million per month, according to official estimates released by the Rio media. Despite attempts to remove favelas from Brazil's major cities like Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo ,

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2486-627: Is strategically important, at the intersection of European highway and railway networks connecting Europe with Asia. Niš is easily accessible, having an airport – Niš Constantine the Great Airport and being a point of intersection of numerous railroad and highway lines. It is in Niš that the trunk road running from the north down the Morava River valley forks into two major lines: These roads have been widely known from ancient times, because they represented

2599-554: Is the third largest city in Serbia and the administrative center of the Nišava District . It is located in the southern part of Serbia . According to the 2011 census , the city proper has a population of 182,797, while its administrative area (City of Niš) has a population of 260,237 inhabitants. Several Roman emperors were born in Niš or used it as a residence: Constantine the Great ,

2712-571: Is the exit/access (Dušanovac exit) to the highway, on both sides. As the streets in Marinkova Bara are narrow and under angles, especially the short Husova Street which leads to and from the highway, since the 2010s this caused major, constant traffic jams on both sides of the bridge, but especially on the Marinkova Bara's side. Along the Husova Street are shanties, some of which crumbled in time, several hurting passersby and damaging cars and buses on

2825-404: Is the southern extension of Marinkova Bara, formerly considered to be one the same neighborhood. Today, center of the neighborhood is located around the street of the same name, which connects Braće Jerković street on the west and Zaplanjska street on the east. Many areas of former Marinkova Bara-Siva Stena neighborhood which was periphery of Belgrade before World War II are today occupied by

2938-533: Is undisputed and ran north of Nis, although one author Cyprien Robert claims that half of the population of the town was made up by Serbians. Serbian cartographers of the time (such as Dimitrije Davidović in 1828 and Milan Savić in 1878) also accepted South Morava river as such delineation and added Niš outside the borders of the Serbian people. In 1862 some Muslim families from Belgrade and Smederevo settled in Nis due to

3051-694: The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) showed that in 2010, about 6 percent of the Brazilian population lived in favelas and other slums. Favelas are located in 323 of the 5,565 Brazilian municipalities . The term favela dates back to the late 1800s. At the time, soldiers were brought from the War of Canudos , in the northeastern state of Bahia , to Rio de Janeiro and left with no place to live. When they served in Bahia, those soldiers had been familiar with Canudos' Morro da Favela ("Favela Hill") –

3164-791: The Bulgarian Exarchate . Before the area had been under the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć . The city was also stipulated the area to be ceded to Bulgaria according to the Constantinople Conference in 1876. Niš was finally taken by the Serbian Army during the Serbo–Ottoman War of 1876–1878. The battle for the liberation of Niš started on 29 December 1877, and

3277-647: The Celtic name of the Nišava River , which flows through the city. In historical sources , the town is mentioned as Naissus, Ναϊσσός, Naessus, urbs Naisitana, Нишь, Ньшь, Nisso and Nix. Niš evolved from the toponym attested in Ancient Greek as ΝΑΙΣΣΟΣ (Naissos) achieving its present form via phonetic changes in Proto-Albanian and thereafter the placename entered Slavic. Nish might indicate that Proto-Albanian

3390-768: The Morava Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . The tram system in Niš started to run in November 1930. The national airline Aeroput included Niš as a regular destination for the route Belgrade—Niš—Skopje—Thessaloniki in 1930. During the time of German occupation in World War II, the first Nazi Crveni Krst concentration camp in Yugoslavia was in Niš. About 30,000 people passed through this camp, of whom over 10,000 were shot on nearby Bubanj hill. On 12 February 1942, 147 prisoners staged

3503-716: The Niš Theatre Sinđelić was built. In 1897 Mita Ristić founded the Nitex textile factory. In 1905 the female painter Nadežda Petrović established the Sićevo art colony . The first film was screened in 1897, and the first permanent cinema started operating in 1906. The hydroelectric dam in Sićevo Gorge on the Nišava was built in 1908; at the time, it was the largest in Serbia. The airfield

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3616-488: The World Organization Against Torture (OMCT) did note the drop in the homicide rate within Rio de Janeiro's favelas. The report also pointed to the importance of initiatives that combine public security with intra-favela initiatives. Journalists within Rio studying ballot results from the 2012 municipal elections observed that those living within favelas administered by UPPs distributed their votes among

3729-456: The forced displacement of Muslims in the Principality of Serbia. The urban population of Niš consisted of 17,107 Christian and 4,291 Muslim males, with total number of 3,500 Serbian houses and 2,000 Muslim houses. Muslim population of Niš consisted mainly of Turks , of which a part were of Albanian origin, and the rest were Muslim Albanians and Muslim Romani. In 1870, Niš was included in

3842-487: The 1970s, as a construction boom in the more affluent districts of Rio de Janeiro initiated a rural exodus of workers from poorer states in Brazil. Since then, favelas have been created under different terms but with similar results. Communities form in favelas over time and often develop an array of social and religious organizations and forming associations to obtain such services as running water and electricity. Sometimes

3955-534: The 1980s and early 1990s, public policy shifted from eradication to preservation and upgrading of the favelas. The "Favela-Bairro" program, launched in 1993, sought to improve living standards for the favelados (Pamuk and Cavallieri 1998). The program provided basic sanitation services and social services, connected favelas to the formal urban community through a series of street connections and public spaces and legalized land tenure (Pamuk and Cavallieri 1998). Aggressive intervention, however, did not entirely disappear from

4068-528: The 19th century Niš was an important town, but populated by Bulgarians in the 19th century, when the Niš rebellion broke out in 1841. According to Ottoman statistics during the Tanzimat the population of Sanjak of Niš was treated as Bulgarian, and according to French travelers such as Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui and Ami Boue in 1837/1841. According to all authors between 1840-72 the delineation between Bulgarians and Serbs

4181-548: The Albanian transmission of Naiss > Niš , states that "a discussion with historical South Slavic linguistics is an urgent desideratum". The first settlement on the site of today's Niš may have been founded by the Celts at the end of the 3rd century BC. There is very little archaeological evidence however which can be used to reconstruct a pre-Roman history of Niš. During the Roman era ,

4294-545: The Central Cemetery, built in 1939, while the eastern and southern extensions were detached and since the 1960s urbanized into the modern neighborhoods of Medaković I and Braće Jerković , respectively. Today, Siva Stena forms a local community ( mesna zajednica ), administrative sub-municipal unit, within the municipality of Voždovac and forms urban connection between the neighborhoods of Marinkova Bara, Medaković I, Braće Jerković, Dušanovac and Voždovac itself. According to

4407-641: The Great was born in Naissus. Constantine created the Dacia Mediterranea province, of which Naissus was the capital, which also included Remesiana on the Via Militaris and the towns of Pautalia and Germania. He lived in Naissus briefly from 316 to 322. The city was of great importance for the Constantinian dynasty . It is the birthplace of Constantine the Great who turned it from a middle-sized town to

4520-617: The North, from Western and Central Europe and Belgrade down to the Morava River valley, forks into two major lines at Niš: the southern line, leading to Thessalonica and Athens , and the eastern one leading towards Sofia and Istanbul . Niš is situated at the 43°19' latitude north and 21°54' longitude east, in the Nišava valley, near the spot where it joins the South Morava . The main city square,

4633-652: The Serbian Army entered Niš on 11 January 1878, and it became a part of Serbia. The Albanian quarter was burned and some of the town's Muslim population, which the majority were Albanians, were forced to flee to the Ottoman vilayet of Kosovo , resettling in Pristina , while others went to Skopje. The descendants of the Albanians that resettled in parts of now Kosovo , are now known as Muhaxhir . The number of remaining Muslims counted were 1,168, with many being Muslim Romani, out of

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4746-514: The air forces of the United States and Soviet Union . On 23 June 1948, Niš was the site of a catastrophic flood during which the Nišava river's water level raised by an unprecedented 5.5 meters. After World War II, the University of Niš was founded on 15 June 1965. Over the course of the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia , Niš was subject to airstrikes on 40 occasions. On 7 May 1999, the city

4859-553: The area of Niš is 12.4 °C (54.3 °F). July is the warmest month of the year, with an average of 23.1 °C (73.6 °F). The coldest month is January, averaging at 0.9 °C (33.6 °F). The average of the annual rainfall is 613.8 mm (24.17 in). The average barometer value is 992.74 mb. On average, there are 134 days with rain and snow cover lasts for 41 days. Average temperatures in Niš are rising and they are about 1 °C higher in last 15 years than in period from 1991-2020. Number of snow days and days with frost

4972-447: The auspice of national industrialization and poverty alleviation, pushed for high density public housing as an alternative to the favelas (Skidmore 2010). The "Parque Proletário" program relocated favelados to nearby temporary housing while land was cleared for the construction of permanent housing units (Skidmore 2010). In spite of the political assertions of Rio's Mayor Henrique Dodsworth, the new public housing estates were never built and

5085-561: The beaten tracks along which peoples, goods and armies moved. Known as 'Via Militaris' in Roman and Byzantine periods, or 'Constantinople road' in Middle Ages, these roads still represent major European traffic arteries. Niš thus stands at a point of intersection of the roads connecting Asia Minor to Europe, and the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. Nis had been a relatively developed city in

5198-495: The burgeoning drug trade. Changing routes of production and consumption meant that Rio de Janeiro found itself as a transit point for cocaine destined for Europe. Although drugs brought in money, they also accompanied the rise of the small arms trade and of gangs competing for dominance. While there are Rio favelas which are still essentially ruled by organized crime groups like drug traffickers or by organized crime groups called milícias ( Brazilian police militias ), all of

5311-505: The capital of Serbian king Stefan Nemanja . On 27 July 1189, Nemanja received German emperor Frederick Barbarossa and his 100,000 crusaders at Niš. Niš is mentioned in descriptions of Serbia under Vukan in 1202, highlighting its special status. In 1203, Kaloyan of Bulgaria annexed Niš. Stefan Nemanjić later regained the region. The fall of the Serbian Empire , which was conquered by Ottoman Sultan Murad I in 1385, decided

5424-420: The city limits, these new migrants remained in the favelas. Despite their proximity to urban Rio de Janeiro , the city did not extend sanitation, electricity, or other services to the favelas. They soon became associated with extreme poverty and were considered a headache to many citizens and politicians within Rio. In the 1970s, Brazil's military dictatorship pioneered a favela eradication policy, which forced

5537-623: The city of Naissus became a large urban center. During the Roman conquest of the Balkans , between 168 and 75 BC, the city was used as a base of operations. Naissus was first mentioned in Roman documents near the beginning of the 2nd century CE, and was considered a place worthy of note in the Geography of Ptolemy of Alexandria. The Romans occupied the town during the Dardanian campaign (75–73 BC), and set up

5650-435: The city of Rio and much higher rates in some Rio favelas. Traffickers ensure that individual residents can guarantee their own safety through their actions and political connections to them. They do this by maintaining order in the favela and giving and receiving reciprocity and respect, thus creating an environment in which critical segments of the local population feel safe despite continuing high levels of violence. Drug use

5763-562: The city was ceded to Bulgaria. After the breakthrough of the Salonika front , the First Serbian Army commanded by general Petar Bojović liberated Niš on 12 October 1918. In the first few years after the war, Niš was recovering from the damage. In 1921, Niš became the centre of the Region (oblast), governed by a grand-župan, appointed by royal decree. From 1929 to 1941, Niš was the capital of

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5876-457: The city was liberated in 1878 and became part of the Principality of Serbia , though not without great bloodshed—remnants of which can be found throughout the city. Today, Niš is one of the most important economic centers in Serbia, especially in the electronics, mechanical engineering, textile, and tobacco industries. Constantine the Great Airport is Niš's international airport. The city is also

5989-412: The city while simultaneously empowering favelados to act as key agents in their communities (Navarro-Sertich 2011). Media outlets have been critical of this change in policy and believe its only reflective of the government's concerns of the large media attention Rio attracted during the 2014 FIFA World Cup (McLoughlin 2011) and the 2016 Olympic Games (Griffin 2016). Anthony (2013) was equally as critical of

6102-484: The city's central part, is at 194 m (636 ft) above sea level . The highest point in the city area is "Sokolov kamen" (Falcon's rock) on the Suva Planina ( Dry Mountain ) (1,523 m (4,997 ft)) while the lowest spot is at Trupale , near the mouth of the Nišava (173 m (568 ft)). The city covers 596.71 square kilometres (230 sq mi) of five municipalities. Below Niska Banja and Nis, under

6215-423: The countryside to the cities throughout Brazil by those hoping to take advantage of the economic opportunities urban life provided. Those who moved to Rio de Janeiro chose an inopportune time. The change of Brazil's capital from Rio to Brasília in 1960 marked a slow but steady decline for the former, as industry and employment options began to dry up. Unable to find work, and therefore unable to afford housing within

6328-467: The creation of Rio de Janeiro's first squatter settlement. The soldiers from the War of Canudos (1896-7) were granted permission by Ministry of War to settle on the Providência hill, located between the seaside and centre of the city (Pino 1997). The arrival of former black slaves expanded this settlement and the hill became known as Morro de Providência (Pino 1997). The first wave of formal government intervention

6441-702: The defeat of the Serbian forces, the Ottoman commander of Niš ordered the heads of the slain Serbs mounted on a tower to serve as a warning. The structure became known as Skull Tower ( Serbian : Ćele Kula ). In 1821, the Ottomans arrested the Bishop of Niš, Milentija, as well as 200 Serbian patriots, on charges of preparing an uprising in the Niš area in support of the Greek War of Independence . On June 13 of that year, Bishop Milentija and other Serbian leaders were hanged in public. In

6554-438: The development of Nish < Naiss- may also represent a regional development in late antiquity Balkans which, while closely related to Albanian (i.e. characterized by the same phonetic system), may not be identical with it. Attempts have been made to explain the place name in various ways as "a purely Slavic development", such as by Serbian linguist Aleksandar Loma , however, Austrian linguist Joachim Matzinger, who maintains

6667-495: The displacement of hundreds of thousands of residents. During Carlos Lacerda 's administration, many were moved to public housing projects such as Cidade de Deus ("City of God"), later popularized in a widely popular feature film of the same name . Poor public planning and insufficient investment by the government led to the disintegration of these projects into new favelas. By the 1980s, worries about eviction and eradication were beginning to give way to violence associated with

6780-514: The entire Marinkova Bara, classified as an informal settlement at the time, and estimated to have a population of over 20,000. A total of 1,100 new building apartments were planned, which in turn developed into the Medaković neighborhood. Construction was planned to start in the spring of 1968, while the complete resettlement was to be finished by 1971. The sewage connection with the Kumodraž sewage collector

6893-414: The express purpose of security improvement in Rio, particularly in the favelas. In 2008, the state government unveiled a new police force whose rough translation is Pacifying Police Unit (UPP). Recruits receive special training as well as a US$ 300 monthly bonus. By October 2012, UPPs have been established in 28 favelas, with the stated goal of Rio's government to install 40 UPPs by 2014. The establishment of

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7006-430: The fate of Niš as well. After a 25-day-long siege the city fell to the Ottomans. It was returned to Serbian rule in 1443. Niš again fell under Ottoman rule in 1448, and remained thusly for 241 years. During Ottoman rule Niš was a seat of the empire's military and civil administration. A Silesian traveler stated in 1596 that the route from Sofia to Niš was littered with corpses and described the gates of Niš as bedecked with

7119-417: The favela in vans, and then explore the community's hillside by foot. Guides walk their groups down main streets and point out local hot spots. Most tours stop by a community center or school, which are often funded in part by the tour's profits. Tourists are given the opportunity to interact with local members of the community, leaders, and area officials, adding to their impressions of favela life. Depending on

7232-506: The favelas in Rio's South Zone and key favelas in the North Zone are now managed by Pacifying Police Units , known as UPPs. While drug dealing, sporadic gun fights, and residual control from drug lords remain in certain areas, Rio's political leaders point out that the UPP is a new paradigm after decades without a government presence in these areas. Most of the current favelas greatly expanded in

7345-690: The favelas of Rio de Janeiro. Beginning in Santa Marta, a favela of approximately 5,000 Cariocas, federal aid was administered in order to invigorate the tourism industry. The federal government has dedicated 230 thousand Reais (US$ 145 thousand) to the project efforts in Santa Marta . English signs indicating the location of attractions are posted throughout the community, samba schools are open, and viewing stations have been constructed so tourists can take advantage of Rio de Janeiro's vista. Federal and state officials are carrying out marketing strategies and constructing information booths for visitors. Residents have also been trained to serve as tour guides, following

7458-444: The first Christian emperor and the founder of Constantinople , Constantius III , Constans , Vetranio , Julian , Valentinian I , Valens ; and Justin I . Emperor Claudius Gothicus decisively defeated the Goths at the Battle of Naissus (present-day Niš). Later playing a prominent role in the history of the Byzantine Empire, the city's past would earn it the nickname Imperial City. After about 400 years of Ottoman rule,

7571-416: The first decades of the 18th century (1719–1723). It is well known as one of the most significant and best preserved monuments of this kind in the mid-Balkans. The Fortress was erected on the site of earlier fortifications – the ancient Roman, Byzantine, and later yet Medieval forts. During the First Serbian uprising in 1809, Serbian revolutionaries attempted to liberate Niš in the Battle of Čegar . After

7684-402: The first printing house. In 1884, the first newspaper in the city Niški Vesnik was started. In 1884, Jovan Apel built a brewery. A railway line to Niš was built in 1884, as well as the city's railway station; on 8 August 1884, the first train arrived from Belgrade. In 1885, Niš became the last station of the Orient Express , until the railroad was built between Niš and Sofia in 1888. In 1887,

7797-538: The former Yugoslavia. In 1981, its GDP per capita was 110% of the Yugoslav average. As of September 2017, Niš has one of 14 free economic zones established in Serbia. The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2022): Niš is one of the most important industrial centers in Serbia, well known for its tobacco, electronics, construction, mechanical-engineering, textile, nonferrous-metal, food-processing and rubber-goods industries. Among

7910-416: The freshly-severed heads of poor Bulgarian peasants. In 1689, Niš was seized by the Austrian army during the Great Turkish War , but the Ottomans regained it in 1690. In 1737, Niš was again seized by the Austrians , who attempted to rebuild the fortifications around the city. The same year, the Ottomans reclaimed the city without resistance. The existing fortification is of Ottoman Turkish origin, dating from

8023-444: The ground in Marinkova Bara, where the pouring cascade was built to carry the water into the sewage collector, while the bed of the Mokroluški potok, prior to reaching the cascade, has been channeled. The entire complex was renovated in 2009 when the new parallel canal, the grid above the collector, and the protective fence have been built. It is mostly a low-class neighborhood, with the common yards and small, individual houses. Most of

8136-430: The ground is a natural source of hot water, unique potential of clean and renewable geothermal energy at the surface of up to 65 square kilometers. According to some sources, the natural reservoir is at a depth of 500 to 800 meters, and the estimated capacity is about 400 million cubic meters of thermal mineral water. Niš has a humid subtropical climate , but with continental influences. Average annual temperature in

8249-607: The hippodrome was moved to Banjica . In one of the efforts during the Interbellum to demolish the shanty town of Jatagan Mala , city administration demolished the largest part of the settlement in 1939–40, when 450 houses were razed to the ground, and the inhabitants were forcibly resettled to Marinkova Bara. From June 1945 to December 1946, Marinkova Bara was one of 5 administrative neighborhoods within Belgrade's Raion VI. In November 1968, city announced optimistic plans to resettle

8362-552: The last Constantinian emperor, used Naissus, which had arms factories, as his base in the civil war and recruited Illyrians and others as soldiers for his campaign. In 364 AD, the imperial Villa Mediana 3 km (2 mi) was the site where emperors Valentinian and Valens met and divided the Roman Empire into halves which they would rule as co-emperors. It was besieged by the Huns in 441 and devastated in 448, and again in 480 when

8475-730: The last census from 2011, it had a population of 6,574. Despite the influx of refugees as the result of the Yugoslav Wars from 1991 and migrations from South Serbia, especially from the Leskovac region, population has been steadily declining for decades. This Belgrade District , Serbia location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ni%C5%A1 Niš ( / ˈ n iː ʃ / ; Serbian Cyrillic : Ниш , Serbian pronunciation: [nîːʃ] ; names in other languages ), less often spelled in English as Nish ,

8588-458: The last century. In 2020, a Civil Police report shows that the city of Rio de Janeiro has 1,413 favelas, all under the control of a parallel armed power (drug trafficking or armed militia). Due to the large scale and complexities of these informal settlements , academic interest into this field remains high. The people who live in favelas are known as favelados ("inhabitants of favela"). Favelas are associated with poverty. Brazil's favelas are

8701-403: The main type of residence for destitute Cariocas (residents of Rio). The explosive era of favela growth dates from the 1940s, when Getúlio Vargas 's industrialization drive pulled hundreds of thousands of migrants into the former Federal District, to the 1970s, when shantytowns expanded beyond urban Rio and into the metropolitan periphery. Urbanization in the 1950s provoked mass migration from

8814-533: The manufacturing companies which had a huge impact during the second half of the 20th century on Niš's development are: EI Niš (electronics industry), Mechanical Industry Niš , "Građevinar" (construction company), Niš Tobacco Factory , "Nitex – Niš" (textile industry), "Niš Brewery" (beverages) and "Žitopek" (bakery). Other prominent companies which went bankrupt during the 1990s and 2000s are: "Vulkan" (rubber-goods manufacturer), "NISSAL" (nonferrous-metal industry). Prominent tobacco manufacturer "Niš Tobacco Factory"

8927-550: The mid-1990s, a new form of tourism has emerged in globalizing cities of several so-called developing countries or emerging nations. Visits to the most disadvantaged parts of the city are essential features of this form of tourism. It is mainly composed of guided tours, marketed and operated by professional companies, through these disadvantaged areas. This new form of tourism has often been referred to as slum tourism which can also be seen in areas of South Africa and India. In Brazil, this new growing market of tourism has evolved in

9040-419: The once-temporary housing alternatives began to grow into new and larger favelas (Oliveira 1996). Skidmore (2010) argues that "Parque Proletário" was the basis for the intensified eradication policy of the 1960s and 1970s. The mass urban migration to Rio de Janeiro in the 1950s resulted in the proliferation of favelas across the urban terrain. In order to deal with the "favela problem" (Portes 1979, pp. 5),

9153-552: The overall population of the nation. A number of religious traditions exist in the favelas. Historically, Umbanda and Candomblé are the most prominent religions within favelas, but over the past few decades there has been a shift toward Evangelicalism , including Pentecostalism . While there has been an increase in the number of converts to Evangelicalism, there are also an increasing number of people who claim to be non-religious . Popular types of music in favelas include funk , hip-hop , and Samba . Recently, funk carioca ,

9266-576: The partially-rebuilt town was demolished by the Barbarians . Byzantine Emperor Justinian I restored the town but it was destroyed by the Avars once again. The Slavs , in their campaign against Byzantium, conquered Niš and settled here in 540. In 805, the town and its surroundings were taken by Bulgarian Emperor Krum . In the 11th century Byzantium reclaimed control over Naissus and the surrounding area. King Solomon of Hungary and Prince Géza marched along

9379-400: The policy and said that while rhetoric asserted the government's best intention, the reality was more in line with aggressive policies of the past. He points to the announcement in 2010 from Rio's Mayor Eduardo Paes concerning the removal of two inner city favelas, Morro de Prazeres and Laboriaux, and the forced relocation of its residents. There have been significant shifts in favela policy in

9492-457: The poor population grew at a rapid pace as well as the modern favelas that house them in the end of last century. This is a phenomenon called "favelização" ("favela growth" or "favelisation"). In 1969, there were approximately 300 favelas in Rio de Janeiro; today there are twice as many. In 1950, only 7 percent of Rio de Janeiro's population lived in favelas; in the present day this number has grown to 19 percent or about one in five people living in

9605-477: The population are the Romani , but as the neighborhood is old, it is fully urbanized and thus not classified as an informal settlement . It is known for many small stores, repair and craftsmen shops, etc. Some of the installations of the Serbian power company, Elektrodistribucija and facilities of the Belgrade's communal company are located in the western parts of the neighborhood. The Branislav Nušić elementary school

9718-462: The population speaks Serbian language (249,949). The composition of population by sex and average age: A total of 120,562 citizens (older than 15 years) have secondary education (53.81%), while the 51,471 citizens have higher education (23.0%). Of those with higher education, 34,409 (15.4%) have university education. The ethnic composition of the city of Niš: The city of Niš consists of five municipalities. The first four municipalities are in

9831-505: The pre-war ca. 8,500. The Albanian bazaar in Niš was destroyed. 12 out of 15 mosques and about 1,300 out of 4,000 houses were torn down, while the rest of the Muslim houses were sold at discounted prices. The destruction of buildings owned by Muslims, Jews and recalcitrant Christians was followed by the widening of streets and other measures to "modernise" the town and weaken its Ottoman outlook. Albanian traders who wanted to stay were subjected to

9944-518: The public agenda. Stray-bullet killings, drug gangs and general violence were escalating in the favelas and from 1995 to mid-1995, the state approved a joint army-police intervention called "Operação Rio" (Human Rights Watch 1996). "Operação Rio" was the state's attempt to regain control of the favelas from the drug factions that were consolidating the social and political vacuum left by previously unsuccessful state policies and interventions (Perlman 2006). Since 2009, Rio de Janeiro has had walls separating

10057-402: The residents manage to gain title to the land and then are able to improve their homes. Because of crowding, unsanitary conditions, poor nutrition and pollution, disease is rampant in the poorer favelas and infant mortality rates are high. In addition, favelas situated on hillsides are often at risk from flooding and landslides. In the late 19th century, the state gave regulatory impetus for

10170-455: The result of the unequal distribution of wealth in the country. Brazil is one of the most economically unequal countries in the world, with the top 10 percent of its population earning 50 percent of the national income and about 8.5 percent of all people living below the poverty line. As a result, residents of favelas are often discriminated against for living in these communities and often experience inequality and exploitation. This stigma that

10283-404: The rich neighborhoods from the favelas, officially to protect the natural environment, but critics charge that the barriers are for economic segregation. Beginning in 2008, Pacifying Police Units ( Portuguese : Unidade de Polícia Pacificadora , also translated as Police Pacification Unit), abbreviated UPP , began to be implemented within various favelas in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The UPP

10396-417: The rural areas that many emigrated from. Another attempt to deal with urban poverty came by way of gentrification . The government sought to upgrade the favelas and integrate them into the inner city with the newly urbanized upper-middle class. As these "upgraded favelas" became more stable, they began to attract members of the lower-middle class pushing the former favela dwellers onto the streets or outside of

10509-617: The seat of the University of Niš , the Eparchy of Niš and the Command of Serbian Army . In 2013, the city was host to the celebration of 1700 years of Constantine's Edict of Milan . Niš was known as Нишь or Ньшь ( Nyšь ) in Old Serbian and Old Bulgarian . Nāissus is the Ancient name of the city. Naissus is itself probably a derivative of the older * Nāviskos , from * Nāvia ("trough valley"),

10622-554: The settlement developed in the valley, at the confluence of the Duboki potok and Kumodraški potok creeks into the Mokroluški potok. Other half extended into the hills and slopes above, around the modern Zaplanjska street. In 1890s, location of the Belgrade hippodrome was moved from the area of the modern Vukov Spomenik neighborhood to Marinkova Bara. At the beginning of the 20th century,

10735-601: The state implemented a full-scale favela removal program in the 1960s and 1970s that resettled favelados to the periphery of the city (Oliveira 1996). According to Anthony (2013), some of the most brutal favela removals in Rio de Janeiro's history occurred during this period. The military regime of the time provided limited resources to support the transition and favelados struggled to adapt to their new environments that were effectively ostracized communities of poorly built housing, inadequate infrastructure and lacking in public transport connections (Portes 1979). Perlman (2006) points to

10848-442: The state's failure in appropriately managing the favelas as the main reason for the rampant violence, drugs and gang problems that ensued in the communities in the following years. The creation of BOPE (Special Police Operations Battalion) in 1978 was the government's response to this violence (Pino 1997). BOPE, in their all black military ensemble and weaponry, was Rio's attempt to confront violence with an equally opposing entity. In

10961-491: The street. This section of the neighborhood has been compared to favelas . For decades, no effort was made to fix the situation. Architect Zdravko Zdravković, who was a councillor in Voždovac's municipal assembly, wrote that when he asked one politician why is this problem not being solved, he got an answer: "a politician who would try to reconstuct Marinkova Bara, will be a dead politician". Siva Stena ( Serbian : Сива Стена )

11074-515: The tour, some companies will allow pictures to be taken in predetermined areas, while others prohibit picture-taking completely. Notable features of said tours include: The Brazilian federal government views favela tourism with high regard. The administration of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva initiated a program to further implement tourism into the structure of favela economies. The Rio Top Tour Project, inaugurated in August 2010, promotes tourism throughout

11187-399: The urban area of Niš, while Niška Banja is a suburban municipality. Before 2002, the city of Niš had only two municipalities, one of them named "Niš" and another named "Niška Banja". The city of Niš includes further neighborhoods: The city of Niš is the administrative, industrial, commercial, financial and cultural center of the south-eastern part of Republic of Serbia. The position of Niš

11300-567: The urban center and into the suburbs further away from opportunity and economic advancement. For example: in Rio de Janeiro, the vast majority of the homeless population is black, and part of that can be attributed to favela gentrification and displacement of those in extreme poverty. The cocaine trade has affected Brazil and in turn its favelas, which tend to be ruled by drug lords. Regular shoot-outs between traffickers and police and other criminals, as well as assorted illegal activities, lead to murder rates in excess of 40 per 100,000 inhabitants in

11413-477: The urban poor on hills. However, it was not until 1937 that the favela actually became central to public attention, when the Building Code (Código de Obras) first recognized their very existence in an official document and thus marked the beginning of explicit favela policies. The housing crisis of the 1940s forced the urban poor to erect hundreds of shantytowns in the suburbs, when favelas replaced tenements as

11526-666: The valley of the river Great Morava as far as Niš. The Hungarians seized the Byzantine city without any resistance in 1072. During the People's Crusade , on 3 July 1096, Peter the Hermit clashed with Byzantine forces at Naissus. Manuel I fortified the town, but under his successor Andronikos I it was seized by the Hungarian king Béla III . Byzantine control was eventually reestablished, but in 1185 it fell under Serbian control. By 1188, Niš became

11639-479: The years, many former enslaved Africans moved in. Even before the first favela came into being, poor citizens were pushed away from the city and forced to live in the far suburbs. Most modern favelas appeared in the 1970s due to rural exodus , when many people left rural areas of Brazil and moved to cities. Unable to find places to live, many people found themselves in favelas. Census data released in December 2011 by

11752-409: Was a wooded area below what is today Central Cemetery. In the early 19th century it was part of the domain of Marinko Marinković, obor-knez of Avala . After him, the wood was called Marinkova šuma (Marinko's wood) and later, when the village developed, it was also named after him. Marinkova Bara originates from the 1920s and 1930s when the small village was the eastern suburb of Belgrade. One half of

11865-444: Was also planned. The city then dropped Marinkova Bara from the 1969 relocation plan and the construction of the new buildings was postponed for later that year. Though the new settlements of Medaković II and Medaković III were finished in the 1970s and early 1980s, the majority of Marinkova Bara wasn't demolished or resettled. Mokroluški potok was later conducted underground, into the city's sewage system. It has been conducted below

11978-790: Was built in 1912 on the Trupale field, and the first aeroplane arrived on 29 December 1912. The city's museum was founded in 1913. During the First Balkan War , Niš was the seat of The Main Headquarters of the Serbian Army, which led military operations against the Ottoman Empire . In World War I , Niš was the wartime capital of Serbia, hosting the Government and the National Assembly, until Central Powers conquered Serbia in November 1915, when

12091-418: Was established in the neighborhood in 1935. The IMO bridge, built as the temporary one in the 1970s, connects Marinkova Bara with the major thoroughfares across the highway, Ustanička and Kruševačka streets. The bridge was later several times upgraded, becoming a permanent one. On the Marinkova Bara side, the streets fork in the directions of major streets in this area, like Zaplanjska and Kumodraška. Also, here

12204-576: Was founded in 1879 and the famous Serbian writer Stevan Sremac , a native of Niš, was its first clerk. The first hotel, Europe , was built in 1879; shortly after the first district hospital and the first bank started operating in 1881. In 1878, the first Grammar School (Gimnazija), in 1882 the Teacher Training College, and in 1894, the Girls' College were founded in Niš. The City Hall was built from 1882 to 1887. In 1883, Kosta Čendaš established

12317-452: Was in direct response to the overcrowding and outbreak of disease in Providência and the surrounding slums that had begun to appear through internal migration (Oliveira 1996). The simultaneous immigration of White Europeans to the city in this period generated strong demand for housing near the water and the government responded by "razing" the slums and relocating the slum dwellers to Rio's north and south zones (Oliveira 1996, pp. 74). This

12430-520: Was sold to Philip Morris in August 2003 for 518 million euros, while Nitex was sold to Benetton Group . In recent years, Integrated Micro-Electronics, Inc. , Yura Corporation , Zumtobel Group , Johnson Electric and Shinwon opened their plants in Niš. Currently, Chinese manufacturer, Xingyu automotive systems, is building its factory. In former Electronic and Mechanical Industry complexes, many smaller manufacturers opened their plants. Favela Favela ( Portuguese: [fɐˈvɛlɐ] )

12543-406: Was spoken in the region in pre-Slavic antiquity. According to Ismajli (2015), when this settlement happened is a matter of debate, as Proto-Albanians might have moved relatively late in antiquity in the area which might have been an eastern expansion of Proto-Albanian settlement as no other toponyms known in antiquity in the area presuppose an Albanian development. It cannot be ruled out however that

12656-429: Was the beginning of almost a century of state-sanctioned interventions marked by aggressive eradication policies. Favelas in the early twentieth century were considered breeding grounds for antisocial behavior and spread of disease. The issue of honor pertaining to legal issues was not even considered for residents of the favelas. After a series of comments and events in the neighborhood of Morro da Cyprianna, during which

12769-528: Was the site of a NATO cluster bomb raid which killed 16 civilians. By the end of the NATO bombing campaign, a total of 56 people in Niš had been killed from airstrikes. In April 2012, the Russian-Serbian Humanitarian Center was established in the city of Niš. In December 2017, a new building of Clinical Centre of Niš spreading over 45,000 square meters was opened. The road running from

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