The Marin Islands are two small islands , named East Marin and West Marin , in San Rafael Bay , an embayment of San Pablo Bay in Marin County , California .
65-550: The Marin Islands are located offshore from the city of San Rafael , in the northern San Francisco Bay Area . The islands comprise the Marin Islands National Wildlife Refuge, which was established in 1992. The surrounding submerged tidelands are also included in the refuge . The islands are the property of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and require special permission to visit. The islands are named after
130-465: A former vacation retreat, now supports a variety of introduced and native plants and provides critical nesting material and rest sites for the nearby colony. The submerged tidelands support a variety of resident and migratory water birds such as surf scoter , black oystercatcher , diving ducks , and osprey . Refuge objectives are to protect migratory species, including the heron and egret nesting colony, protect and restore suitable habitat for
195-574: A household in the city was $ 60,994; the median reported income for a family was $ 74,398 (these figures had risen to $ 67,789 and $ 85,459 respectively as of a 2007 estimate ). Males reported a median income of $ 50,650 versus $ 39,912 for females. The reported per capita income for the city was $ 35,762. About 5.6% of families and 10.2% of the population reported incomes below the poverty line , including 11.7% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over. BioMarin , Autodesk , In Defense of Animals , Westamerica Bank , and GIS Data Resources are among
260-579: A land grant of 2 sq. leagues known as Rancho Olompali , from Governor Micheltorena of Alta California in 1843, which included the prehistoric Miwok village of Olompali (his home village) and is north of present-day Novato . The village of Olompali dates back to 500, had been a main center in 1200, and might have been the largest Miwok village in Marin County. Ynitia held onto the Rancho Olompoli land title for nine years, but in 1852 he sold most of
325-465: A political party. San Rafael is governed by a city council with five members, four of which are elected by geographic district for four-year terms. Each Councilmember is required to live in the district they represent and are elected only by the registered voters of that district. The Mayor is elected at-large. The current members are: In the United States House of Representatives , San Rafael
390-589: A political structure and so are not "tribes" in that sense. Rather, chiefs or headmen ( oi-bu in Olamentko and hoipu in Hookooeko) were empowered at the tribelet level. The Coast Miwok did not have a single name for all three tribes, describing themselves instead by tribe, tribelet, or village, depending on the context. Using Merriam's divisions, the tribelets as shown on the map to the right – itself derived from Milliken – can be classified as: The Coast Miwok language
455-649: A portion of each group to Mission San Francisco and another portion to Mission San Jose in the southeast portion of the San Francisco Bay Area. By the end of 1817, 850 Coast Miwok had been converted. Mission San Rafael was founded by the Spanish Franciscans in Coast Miwok territory in the late fall of 1817. By that time the only Coast Miwok people still on their land were those on the Pacific Coast of
520-761: Is U.S. Route 101 , connecting the North Coast (California) and the Redwood Empire to the north, and San Francisco to the south. Interstate 580 heads across the Richmond–San Rafael Bridge to the East Bay . The San Rafael Transit Center , located at the corner of 3rd and Hetherton Streets, is served by a number of bus agencies, including Golden Gate Transit , Marin Transit , Sonoma County Transit , Sonoma County Airport Express, and Greyhound . Local bus service
585-654: Is a city and the county seat of Marin County , California , United States. The city is located in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area . As of the 2020 U.S. census , the city's population was 61,271, up from 57,713 in 2010. San Rafael was founded by the Spanish in 1817, when Vicente Francisco de Sarría established Mission San Rafael Arcángel , initially as an asistencia (sub-mission). San Rafael Arcángel
650-572: Is about a girl named Pearly Sweetcakes who came from San Rafael. The TV show 13 Reasons Why is based in San Rafael, and many scenes from the first season were filmed downtown. Coast Miwok Marin County Plains & Sierra Miwok Lake Miwok The Coast Miwok are an Indigenous people of California that were the second-largest tribe of the Miwok people. Coast Miwok inhabited
715-535: Is also a historic and walkable neighborhood south of First Street in close proximity to central Downtown. San Rafael is a stronghold of the Democratic Party . According to the California Secretary of State , as of February 10, 2019, San Rafael has 31,288 registered voters. Of those, 17,566 (56.1%) are registered Democrats , 4,292 (13.7%) are registered Republicans , and 8,121 (26%) have declined to state
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#1733093820058780-672: Is also the home to one of the two campuses of Guide Dogs for the Blind , a guide dog training school. Most public schools in San Rafael are operated by the San Rafael City Schools district. Miller Creek Elementary School District operates some public elementary and middle schools north of San Rafael proper. All comprehensive public high schools are governed by San Rafael City Schools. The district operates two comprehensive public high schools: San Rafael High School , Terra Linda High School and one alternative high school, Madrone. In 2006,
845-520: Is from November to early April: rain is rare outside of this period and it is normal to receive no rain in June, July, August, and September. The wettest "rain year" was from July 1994 to June 1995 with 61.45 inches (1,560.8 mm) and the driest from July 1975 to June 1976 with 13.62 inches (345.9 mm). The most rain in one month was 24.11 inches (612.4 mm) in January 1995, and the heaviest 24-hour rainfall
910-650: Is in California's 2nd congressional district , represented by Democrat Jared Huffman . From 2008 to 2012, Huffman represented Marin County in the California State Assembly . In the California State Legislature , San Rafael is in: San Rafael has one university, Dominican University of California . The Ali Akbar College of Music , was founded in San Rafael by Indian musician Ali Akbar Khan to teach Indian classical music . San Rafael
975-514: Is provided primarily by Golden Gate Transit and Marin Transit. Commuter rail by Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit (SMART) serves the city at two stations: a converted San Rafael Transit Center and a station at Marin Civic Center . The line to Santa Rosa and its Airport opened in 2017 bringing passenger rail to San Rafael for the first time since 1958. Until 1958, San Rafael was served by
1040-1038: Is still spoken, but the Bodega dialect, spoken by the Olamentko group, is documented in Callaghan (1970). From speaking with Coast Miwok people in the early 1900s, Merriam believed that the Lekahtewutko and Hookooeko dialects were substantially the same. Ethnobotany of the Coast Miwok. They had extensive knowledge and relationships with local flora. Presumably every plant had a name and purpose. Notable engagement with plants may be viewed from four perspectives: medicinal uses, food sustenance, technology and spiritual significance. Medicinal uses: The California Floristic province provides an abundant natural pharmacy for healing and known developed treatments for maladies include but are not limited to: analgesic (pain relief), hematology (blood purifier), snakebite, respiratory, gastrointestinal and dermatological (skin) applications. Comparable to
1105-606: The Coast Miwok man known as Chief Marin , after whom Marin County was later named. He is thought to have hidden out there in the 1820s after escaping from Mission San Rafael , before being recaptured and incarcerated at the Mexican San Francisco Presidio . The islands were donated to the federal government by the Crowley family of San Francisco. They had been bought by Thomas Crowley at auction in 1926 for $ 25,000 in
1170-651: The Marin County Civic Center in San Rafael. Much of the movie Gattaca , starring Ethan Hawke , was also shot in the Marin County Civic Center. Industrial Light & Magic was founded in 1975 by Lucas to do special effects for his films and those of other filmmakers. The new-age music program Hearts of Space has been headquartered in San Rafael since 2004. Largely because of the presence of LucasFilm, San Rafael started to attract video game developers, with several major studios located in
1235-591: The Mexican secularization act of 1833 , the Mexican government took over the California missions in 1834, and Mission San Rafael was abandoned in 1844, eventually falling into ruin. The San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad reached San Rafael in 1879 and was linked to the national rail network in 1888. The United States Navy operated a San Pablo Bay degaussing range from San Rafael through World War II . According to
1300-588: The Mexican-American war . Revere forced enslaved Coast Miwok people to operate the plantation, selling timber and crops. By the early 20th century, a few Miwok families pursued fishing for their livelihoods; one family continued commercial fishing into the 1970s, while another family maintained an oyster harvesting business. When this activity was neither in season nor profitable, Miwok people of this area sought agricultural employment, which required an itinerant lifestyle. The preferred locality for such work
1365-686: The Northwestern Pacific Railroad . The line from San Rafael was extended to Larkspur to make Larkspur Landing ferry connection in December 2019. The term " 420 ", as used in reference to cannabis consumption, originated in San Rafael. A group of students of the San Rafael High School class of 1975 known as the Waldos used "420" as a code for smoking marijuana at 4:20 p.m., after school. Shel Silverstein 's poem "The Smoke-Off"
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#17330938200581430-590: The Pomo , also Maidu , Ohlone , Esselen , and northernmost Yokuts . However Kroeber observed less "specialized cosmogony " in the Miwok, which he termed one of the "southern Kuksu-dancing groups", in comparison to the Maidu and other northern California tribes. Coast Miwok mythology and narratives were similar to those of other natives of Central and Northern California. The Coast Miwok believed in animal and human spirits, and saw
1495-576: The United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 22.5 square miles (58 km ). 16.6 square miles (43 km ) of it is land and 6.0 square miles (16 km ) of it (26.42%) is water. San Francisco is 16 miles (26 km) to the south. The San Rafael shoreline has been historically filled to a considerable extent to accommodate land development, with underlying bay mud (saturated clayed silt) of up to 90 feet (27 m) in thickness. At certain locations such as Murphys Point,
1560-626: The 2010 Census, there were 70,197 residents of San Rafael postal addresses (ZIP codes 94901 and 94903). The following statistics refer to the incorporated limits of San Rafael only. The population density was 2,573.9 inhabitants per square mile (993.8/km ). The racial makeup of San Rafael was 40,734 (70.6%) White , 1,154 (2.0%) African American , 709 (1.2%) Native American , 3,513 (6.1%) Asian , 126 (0.2%) Pacific Islander , 8,513 (14.8%) from other races , and 2,964 (5.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 17,302 persons (30.0%). The Census reported that 55,594 people (96.3% of
1625-399: The 2016-2020 US Census report, different regions of San Rafael remain below the poverty line of 11.4%. According to San Rafael's 2023 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, the top employers in the city are: After the arrival of George Lucas in San Rafael in 1970 to film the movie THX 1138 , the city became a center for the entertainment industry, particularly the high-tech elements of
1690-612: The Coast Miwok word for people, Micha-ko , was suggested by A. L. Kroeber as a possible endonym , keeping with a common practice among tribal groups and the ethnographers studying them in the early 20th century and with the term Miwok itself, which is the Central Sierra Miwok word for 'people'. The Coast Miwok spoke their own Coast Miwok language in the Utian linguistic group. They lived by hunting and gathering , and lived in small bands without centralized political authority. In
1755-640: The First People to establish on the North American continent. Evidence to suggest this migration path and timeline is supported by the theory of the Kelp Highway and discovery of footprints in White Sands New Mexico date of arrival as far back as 23-21,000 years ago. Before and after the glacial maximum the sea level and coast line drastically changed and archeological sites are likely underwater as
1820-656: The Marin Peninsula, from Point Reyes north to Bodega Bay . The Spanish authorities brought most of the Coast Miwoks who had been at Missions San Francisco and San Jose back north to form a founding population for Mission San Rafael. But some who had married Ohlone or Bay Miwok-speaking Mission Indians remained south of the Golden Gate. Over time in the 1820s Mission San Rafael became a mission for Coast Miwok and Pomo speakers. Mission San Francisco Solano , founded in 1823 in
1885-571: The San Rafael City Schools district removed The Bronze Bow from their social studies curriculum, after allegations of the book showing Jews in a bad light compared to Christians . Notable private schools include Marin Academy , Saint Raphael School, and Brandeis Marin. The Marin School was a private nonsectarian school that closed in 2023. The major north–south freeway through San Rafael
1950-666: The Sonoma Valley (the easternmost traditional Coast Miwok region), came to be predominately a mission for Indians that spoke the Wappo or Patwin languages. At the end of the Mission period (1769–1834) the Coast Miwoks were freed from the control of the Franciscan missionaries. At the same time the Mission lands were secularized and ceded to Californios . Most Coast Miwok began to live in servitude on
2015-550: The Tomales Bay. About 500 Miwok people relocated to Rancho Nicasio . By 1850 they had one league of land left. This radical reduction of land was a result of illegal confiscation of land by Europeans under protest by native residents. In 1870, José Calistro , the last community leader at Nicasio, purchased the small surrounding parcel. Calistro died in 1875, and in 1876 the land was transferred by his will to his four children. In 1880 there were 36 Miwok people at Nicasio. The population
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2080-522: The animal spirits as their ancestors. Coyote was seen as their ancestor and creator god . In their stories, the Earth began with land formed out of the Pacific Ocean . In their myths, legends, tales, and histories , the Coast Miwok participated in the general cultural pattern of Central California. The authenticated Coast Miwok villages are: Coastal populations like the Coast Miwok were likely some of
2145-456: The business. Lucasfilm was founded by George Lucas in 1971, and is best known for the global hit movie series Star Wars and also for Indiana Jones . Some of the company's operations were moved to San Francisco in 2005. Portions of the Universal movie production American Graffiti were filmed in downtown San Rafael under George Lucas's direction, and portions of THX 1138 were shot at
2210-636: The city being named after the Archangel Raphael , the Angel of Healing. The mission was originally planned as a hospital site for Central Valley American Indians who had become ill at the cold San Francisco Mission Dolores . Father Luis Gil, who spoke several Native American languages, was put in charge of the facility. In part because of its ideal weather, San Rafael was later upgraded to full mission status in 1822. The mission had 300 converts within its first year, and 1,140 converts by 1828. Following
2275-561: The city in 2010 was 59.0% non-Hispanic White , 1.8% non-Hispanic African American , 0.2% Native American , 6.0% Asian , 0.2% Pacific Islander , 0.3% from other races , and 2.6% from two or more races. 30.0% were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 22,371 households, out of which 25.8% had children under the age of 18, 44.3% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.9% were non-families. 32.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who
2340-488: The city: Community in San Rafael include Albert Park , Boyd Park, Gerstle Park, Pickleweed Park and the Terra Linda Recreational Center. Notable large parks include China Camp State Park and McNear's Beach Park. There are a number of neighborhood parks and mini-parks such as Bret Harte Park, Boyd Park, Sun Valley Park, Oleander Park, Victor Jones Park, Peacock Gap Park and Gerstle Park. Gerstle Park
2405-508: The colony, and protect the tidal mud flats and unique island ecosystem . [REDACTED] This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service . San Rafael, California District 2: Katie Rice San Rafael ( / ˌ s æ n r ə ˈ f ɛ l / SAN rə- FEL ; Spanish for " St. Raphael ", Spanish pronunciation: [san rafaˈel] )
2470-489: The companies headquartered in San Rafael. In May 2022, Autodesk announced its intention to move its headquarters to San Francisco, along with its 578 employees, and close the San Rafael office by October of that year. San Rafael, a small city situated in Marin County , is known for its affluent suburban/urban environment. Despite the median income for a family in San Rafael reaching an estimated amount of $ 97,009 according to
2535-503: The flora available. Coast Miwok utilized various species for their intrinsic properties, fire and rot resistance, fiber strength, flexibility and color ect. Spiritual Significance Plants were deeply valued and an integral part of spiritual or ceremonial practices. Specific plants were used for certain purposes: success for hunting, rites of passage, aiding fertility, protection and health, as well as mourning. Coast Miwok people's world view included animism , and one form this took
2600-585: The freezing mark. The National Weather Service reports that August is usually the warmest month with a high of 80.1 °F (26.7 °C) and a low of 55.0 °F (12.8 °C). December, the coldest month, has an average high of 55.1 °F (12.8 °C) and an average low of 41.0 °F (5.0 °C). The highest temperature on record is 110 °F (43.3 °C), recorded in June 1961. The highest temperature in recent years, 108 °F (42.2 °C), occurred on July 23, 2006, and 108 °F (42.2 °C) again on September 6, 2020. The record lowest temperature
2665-689: The general area of present-day Marin County and southern Sonoma County in Northern California , from the Golden Gate north to Duncans Point and eastward to Sonoma Creek . Coast Miwok included the Bodega Bay Miwok, or Olamentko (Olamentke), from authenticated Miwok villages around Bodega Bay , the Marin Miwok, or Hookooeko (Huukuiko), and Southern Sonoma Miwok, or Lekahtewutko (Lekatuit). While they did not have an overarching name for themselves,
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2730-505: The hope that they would become the western terminus of the Richmond–San Rafael Bridge . Instead, they became a family vacation spot for more than sixty years. West Marin Island, elevation 26 meters (85 ft) above the bay waters, supports the largest heron and egret rookery in the San Francisco Bay Area . Nesting species include great egrets , snowy egrets , great blue herons , and black-crowned night herons . East Marin Island,
2795-455: The land to James Black of Marin. He retained 1,480 acres (6.0 km ) called Apalacocha. His daughter eventually sold Apalacocha . The other Miwok-owned rancho was at Rancho Nicasio northwest of San Rafael . Near the time of secularization (1835), the Church granted the "San Rafael Christian Indians" 20 leagues (80,000 acres or 32,000 hectares) of Mission lands from present-day Nicasio to
2860-495: The marriages of 49 couples from their Huimen and Guaulen local tribes ( San Rafael and Bolinas Bay ) appeared in the Mission San Francisco Book of Marriages. Local tribes from farther and farther north along the shore of San Pablo Bay moved to Mission San Francisco through 1812. Then in 1814 the Spanish authorities began to split the northern groups—Alagualis, Chocoimes (alias Sonomas), Olompalis, and Petalumas—sending
2925-503: The modern concepts of farming and restoration, Coast Miwok practiced their own methods. Coast Miwok were active stewards to encourage and sustain ecological life-giving sources , otherwise known as resources . For example cultivation efforts involved seed collection, storing seeds, propagation, and transplantation. Other methods include prescribed burns and generational management of oak tree groves or stands . Technology Building shelter, assisting travel and tools were specialized by
2990-641: The native populations of the Sonoma region, and the Coast Miwok population continued to decline rapidly from other diseases brought in from the Spaniards as well as the Russians at Fort Ross . By the beginning of California statehood (1850), many Miwok of Marin and Sonoma Counties were making the best of a difficult situation by earning their livelihoods through farm labor or fishing within their traditional homelands. Others chose to work as seasonal or year-round laborers on
3055-654: The population) lived in households, 1,314 (2.3%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 805 (1.4%) were institutionalized. There were 22,764 households, out of which 6,358 (27.9%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 9,845 (43.2%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 2,004 (8.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,133 (5.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,450 (6.4%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 301 (1.3%) same-sex married couples or partnerships . 7,434 households (32.7%) were made up of individuals, and 2,954 (13.0%) had someone living alone who
3120-438: The population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 28,040 people (48.6%) lived in rental housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 56,063 people, 22,371 households, and 12,773 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,378.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,304.6/km ). There were 22,948 housing units at an average density of 1,383.1 units per square mile (534.0 units/km ). The racial makeup of
3185-403: The ranches that were rapidly passing from Mexican ownership into Anglo-American ownership. After Mission San Rafael closed during the 1834–1836 period, the Mexican government deeded most of the land to Californios, but allowed the Miwok ex- neophytes to own land at two locations within traditional Coast Miwok territory: Olompali and Nicasio . The Coast Miwok leader Camilo Ynitia , secured
3250-401: The ranchos for the new California land grant owners, such as those who went to work for General Mariano G. Vallejo at Rancho Petaluma Adobe . The ranch owners were dependent upon the labor pool of Indians with agricultural and ranching skills. Other Miwok chose to live independently in bands like those at Rancho Olompali and Rancho Nicasio . In 1837, a smallpox epidemic decimated all
3315-546: The sandstone or shale rock outcrops through the mud. San Rafael has a wide diversity of natural habitats from forests at the higher elevations to marshland and estuarine settings. Its marshes are home to the endangered species salt marsh harvest mouse . There are also riparian areas including the San Rafael Creek and Miller Creek corridors. San Rafael has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification Csb ), with mild winter lows seldom reaching
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#17330938200583380-574: The sea level has risen over 400 ft since 18,000 years ago and the coast line reduced by over 30 miles in some areas. Documentation of Miwok peoples dates back as early as 1579 by a priest on a ship under the command of Sir Francis Drake . Other verification of occupancy exists from Spanish and Russian voyagers between 1595 and 1808. Over 1,000 prehistoric charmstones and numerous arrowheads have been unearthed at Tolay Lake in Southern Sonoma County – some dating back 4,000 years. The lake
3445-614: The springtime they would head to the coasts to hunt salmon and other seafood, including seaweed. Otherwise their staple foods were primarily acorns —particularly from black and tan oak –nuts and wild game, such as deer and cottontail rabbits and black-tailed deer , Odocoileus hemionus columbianus , a coastal subspecies of the California mule deer , Odocoileus hemionus . When hunting deer, Miwok hunters traditionally used Brewer's angelica , Angelica breweri to eliminate their own scent. Miwok did not typically hunt bears. Yerba buena tea leaves were used medicinally. Tattooing
3510-447: Was 20 °F (−6.7 °C) on December 22, 1990. There are an average of 17.9 afternoons annually with a high of 90 °F (32.2 °C) or more and 1.2 afternoons with a high of 100 °F (37.8 °C) or more. Freezing temperatures (32 °F/0 °C or below) occur on an average of 3.6 mornings. Total annual precipitation averages 32.16 inches (816.9 mm), with an average of 64.3 days with measurable rain. The rainy season
3575-421: Was 40.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.1 males. There were 24,011 housing units at an average density of 1,070.9 units per square mile (413.5 units/km ), of which 11,909 (52.3%) were owner-occupied, and 10,855 (47.7%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.6%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.1%. 27,554 people (47.7% of
3640-433: Was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.99. The age distribution was as follows: 19.5% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 33.3% from 25 to 44, 24.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.7 males. The reported median income for
3705-421: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44. There were 12,982 families (57.0% of all households); the average family size was 3.02. The population was spread out, with 11,132 people (19.3%) under the age of 18, 4,956 people (8.6%) aged 18 to 24, 16,915 people (29.3%) aged 25 to 44, 15,574 people (27.0%) aged 45 to 64, and 9,136 people (15.8%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
3770-476: Was 8.74 inches (222.0 mm) on December 11, 1995. A trace of snow was recorded on January 30, 1976. The 2010 United States Census reported that the city of San Rafael had a population of 57,713. This figure does not, however, include portions of the Santa Venetia and Lucas Valley-Marinwood CDPs , nor various other unincorporated areas, all of which have San Rafael postal addresses; in total, according to
3835-562: Was a traditional practice among Coast Miwok, and they burned poison oak for a pigment. Their traditional houses, called "kotcha", were constructed with slabs of tule grass or redwood bark in a cone-shaped form. Miwok people are skilled at basketry . A recreated Coast Miwok village called Kule Loklo is located at the Point Reyes National Seashore . In C. Hart Merriam 's discussions with Coast Miwok peoples, he identified three cultural tribes: These tribes did not have
3900-419: Was founded as the 20th Spanish mission in the colonial province of Alta California by three priests—Father Narciso Durán from Mission San José , Father Abella from Mission San Francisco de Asís , Father Luis Gíl y Taboada from La Iglesia de Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles —on December 14, 1817, four years before Mexico gained independence from Spain . The mission from which the downtown grew and
3965-496: Was persuaded to leave in the 1880s when Marin County curtailed funds to all Miwok (except those at Marshall ) who were not living at the Poor Farm, a place for indigent peoples. Some Coast Miwok persons were enslaved. In 1846, Joseph Warren Revere (career militant and grandson of Paul Revere ) purchased Rancho San Geronimo . It was 8,701 acres (3,521 ha) of Coast Miwok land, first seized by Manuel Micheltorena in 1844 during
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#17330938200584030-518: Was the Kuksu religion that was evident in Central and Northern California. This included elaborate acting and dancing ceremonies in traditional costume, an annual mourning ceremony, puberty rites of passage , shamanic intervention with the spirit world and an all-male society that met in subterranean dance rooms. Kuksu was shared with other indigenous ethnic groups of Central California, such as their neighbors
4095-652: Was thought to be a sacred site and ceremonial gathering and healing place for the Miwok and others in the region. Coast Miwok would travel and camp on the coast and bays at peak fishing seasons. After the Europeans arrived in California, the population declined from diseases introduced by the Europeans. Beginning in 1783, mission ecclesiastical records show that Coast Miwok individuals began to join Mission San Francisco de Asis , now known as Mission Dolores. They started joining that mission in large numbers in 1803, when
4160-551: Was upgraded to full mission status in 1822, a month before Alta California declared independence from Spain as part of Mexico . Following the American Conquest of California , the community of San Rafael incorporated as a city in 1874. San Rafael was once the site of several Coast Miwok villages: Awani-wi , near downtown San Rafael, Ewu , near Terra Linda and Shotomko-cha , in Marinwood . Mission San Rafael Arcángel
4225-445: Was within Marin and Sonoma counties. The Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria , formerly the Federated Coast Miwok, gained federal recognition of their tribal status in December 2000. The new tribe consists of people of both Coast Miwok and Southern Pomo descent. Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. (See Population of Native California .) Alfred L. Kroeber put
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