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61-750: Born Margaret Virginia Jones in Livingston, Texas , Jones worked in community and professional theaters in California , Houston , and New York City. "Since 1936, Margo Jones had served as assistant director of the Federal Theatre in Houston, traveled to Soviet Russia for a festival at the Moscow Art Theatre, and founded and directed the Houston Community Theatre. She had recently joined the faculty of

122-510: A documentary film about her life and career, Sweet Tornado: Margo Jones and the American Theater , was shown on PBS . With Jones portrayed by Judith Ivey , the film dramatized scenes from her life, adapted from her letters and correspondence with Broadway producers and Tennessee Williams (portrayed by Richard Thomas ). The film features interviews with people who worked with her, including actor Ray Walston , who got his first big break in

183-458: A knight-errant . Quijano renames himself Don Quixote de La Mancha, and goes off to find adventures with his "squire", Sancho Panza. ("Man of La Mancha (I, Don Quixote)") Don Quixote warns Sancho that they are always in danger of being attacked by Quixote's mortal enemy, an evil magician known as the Enchanter. Suddenly he spots a windmill, mistakes it for a four-armed giant, attacks it, and receives

244-411: A band of Gypsies ("Moorish Dance") who take advantage of Quixote's naiveté and steal everything they own, including Quixote's horse Rocinante and Sancho's donkey Dapple. Quixote and Sancho are forced to return to the inn. Aldonza also shows up at the inn, bruised and ashamed. Quixote swears to avenge her, but she tells him off, flinging her real, pitiful history in his face and blaming him for allowing her

305-569: A beating from the encounter. Quixote decides that he lost the battle because he was never properly knighted. He then mistakes a rundown inn for a castle and orders Sancho to announce their arrival by blowing his bugle. Cervantes talks some prisoners into assuming the roles of the inn's serving wench and part-time prostitute Aldonza, and a group of muleteers who are propositioning her. Aldonza fends them off sarcastically ("It's All The Same"), but eventually deigns to accept their leader, Pedro, who pays in advance. Don Quixote enters with Sancho, asking for

366-465: A fight ("The Combat"). Don Quixote has no martial skill, but by luck and determination – and with the help of Aldonza and Sancho – he prevails, and the muleteers are all knocked unconscious. But the noise attracts the attention of the Innkeeper, who tells Quixote that he must leave. Quixote apologizes for the trouble but reminds the Innkeeper of his promise to dub him knight. The Innkeeper does so ("Knight of

427-510: A glimpse of a life she can never have. She begs him to see her as she really is but Quixote can only see her as his Dulcinea ("Aldonza"). Suddenly, another knight enters. He announces himself as Don Quixote's mortal enemy, the Enchanter, in the form of the "Knight of the Mirrors". He insults Aldonza, so Quixote challenges him to combat. The Knight of the Mirrors and his attendants bear huge mirrored shields, and as they swing them at Quixote ("Knight of

488-480: A household in the town was $ 31,424, and for a family was $ 37,868. Males had a median income of $ 30,318 versus $ 21,774 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 17,214. About 18.2% of families and 22.3% of the population were below the poverty line , including 27.7% of those under age 18 and 17.4% of those age 65 or over. In the 2010 Census, Livingston lost 1.8% of its population. 2010 Census for Livingston, Texas The United States Postal Service operates

549-477: A major hit. Inherit the Wind become an Oscar-nominated film in 1960 and has been revived as a TV special three times. On July 17, 1955, Jones invited friends over to a party, but during the party she spilled paint on the carpet, so her secretary later brought professional cleaners to deal with it. They used carbon tetrachloride , a strong solvent commonly used in dry-cleaning processes at the time. Jones, satisfied with

610-635: A mock trial instead. Only if Cervantes is found guilty will he have to hand over his possessions. A cynical prisoner, known as "the Duke," charges Cervantes with being an idealist and a bad poet. Cervantes pleads guilty, but then asks if he may offer a defense, in the form of a play, acted out by him and all the prisoners. The "Governor" agrees. Cervantes takes out a makeup kit and costume from his trunk, and transforms himself into Alonso Quijano, an old gentleman who has read so many books of chivalry and thought so much about injustice that he has lost his mind and set out as

671-553: A musical role in the stage and film versions of My Fair Lady , the musical demands of the role of Don Quixote were too heavy for him. Richard Kiley instead became Don Quixote. After 22 previews, the musical opened off-Broadway at the experimental thrust-stage ANTA Washington Square Theatre in Greenwich Village on November 22, 1965. The show moved to Broadway to the Martin Beck Theatre on March 20, 1968, then to

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732-409: A musical. Mitch Leigh was selected as composer, with orchestrations by Carlyle W. Hall. Unusually for the time, this show was scored for an orchestra with no violins or other traditional orchestral stringed instruments apart from a double bass, instead making heavier use of brass, woodwinds, percussion and utilizing flamenco guitars as the only stringed instruments of any sort. The original lyricist of

793-460: A new title, I, Don Quixote , was chosen. The play was broadcast live on November 9, 1959, with an estimated audience of 20 million. The New York Public Library at Lincoln Center, Billy Rose Collection, has a rare tape of this broadcast. Years after this television broadcast and after the original teleplay had been unsuccessfully optioned as a non-musical Broadway play, director Albert Marre called Wasserman and suggested that he turn his play into

854-748: A place where actors, writers, and technicians could have steady jobs and not be subject to the problems found in the volatile New York scene. When the Ford Foundation began giving grants outside of New York during the 1950s, the movement gathered momentum and Theatre '47 became the model of how to build a new company. In her book Theatre-in-the-Round , Jones outlined inexpensive methods to enable companies to get started, detailing valuable information on subscription sales, board development, programming, actor/artist relations, and other issues relevant to new regional-theatre companies. Her theater-in-the-round concept requires no stage curtain or little scenery, and allows

915-919: A professional city manager to handle operations. The current mayor is Judy Cochran. The major employers in Livingston are lumber operations and the Polunsky Unit state prison in West Livingston. Livingston is the headquarters to two regional bank systems, the First National Bank and the First State Bank. First State Bank has its main office in downtown Livingston and branches in Livingston (west side of town on Highway 190), Onalaska , and Shepherd . First National Bank has its main office on Highway 190 and branches in downtown Livingston and Onalaska. The city's airport, Livingston Municipal Airport (LMA)

976-545: Is located to the southwest of the city. It is classified as a general-aviation facility serving private aircraft. Major highways: The City of Livingston is served by the Livingston Independent School District . The Texas Legislature designated Polk County as within the boundary of Angelina College 's district. Polk County Community College opened in the fall of 2014. The college offers various classes and two-year associate degrees. Lake Evelyn

1037-432: Is within the borders of Camp Cho-Yeh, which began operation in the 1940s; it continues to operate as a summer camp and retreat center. Cho-Yeh means 'land of tall pines', and was so named because of the large pine trees on the property. Cho-Yeh is also used by Texas A&M Galveston for their yearly Fish Camp to introduce TAMUG students to the traditions of the university system. High-school basketball: Lake Livingston

1098-406: The 2020 United States census , there were 5,640 people, 1,951 households, and 1,268 families residing in the town. The population in the 2010 census was 5,335, and was estimated to be 5,128 in 2018. As of the census of 2000, the population density was 649.9 inhabitants per square mile (250.9/km ). The 2,358 housing units averaged 282.1 per square mile (108.9/km ). The racial makeup of the town

1159-552: The Eden Theatre on March 3, 1971, and finally to the Mark Hellinger Theatre on May 26, 1971, for its last month, a total original Broadway run of 2,328 performances. Musical staging and direction were by Albert Marre, choreography was by Jack Cole , and Howard Bay was the scenic and lighting designer, with costumes by Bay and Patton Campbell. Richard Kiley won a Tony Award for his performance as Cervantes/Quixote in

1220-804: The Stratford Festival in Stratford , Ontario, Canada. In 2015, the Shakespeare Theatre Company produced Man of La Mancha at the Sidney Harman Hall . The production starred Anthony Warlow as Quixote and Amber Iman as Aldonza/Dulcinea. In 2019, the play received a West End revival with a production at the London Coliseum . Kelsey Grammer starred as Cervantes/Quixote, Danielle de Niese and Cassidy Janson as Aldonza/Dulcinea, Peter Polycarpou as Sancho, and Nicholas Lyndhurst as

1281-521: The United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 8.4 square miles (22 km ), of which 8.4 sq mi (22 km ) are land and 0.12% is covered by water. However, the town of Livingston is approximately 10 mi (16 km) east of Lake Livingston , which is the largest drinking-water reservoir in Texas. The zip code is 77351 for the general area of Livingston. As of

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1342-478: The private-prison company Community Education Centers , the facility has frequently been criticized for its subpar treatment of migrants. It is ranked as one of the 10 worst detention centers in the nation, which are the subject of a nationwide campaign by activists to close them. Livingston has a manager-council system of government. It elects a mayor at-large , and has a city council made up of members elected from single-member districts . The city council hires

1403-633: The thrust stage of the ANTA Washington Square Theatre in 1965. Man of La Mancha started as a non-musical teleplay written by Dale Wasserman for CBS's DuPont Show of the Month program. This original telecast starred Lee J. Cobb , Colleen Dewhurst (who replaced Viveca Lindfors ), and Eli Wallach and was performed on a television sound stage. The DuPont Corporation disliked the title Man of La Mancha , thinking that its viewing audience would not know what La Mancha actually meant, so

1464-508: The Don Quixote play is brutally interrupted when the Inquisition enters the dungeon and drags off an unwilling prisoner to be tried. The Duke taunts Cervantes for his look of fear, and accuses him of not facing reality. This prompts Cervantes to passionately defend his idealism. The Don Quixote play resumes ("Man of La Mancha" – first reprise). Quixote and Sancho have left the inn and encounter

1525-588: The Fall (1964), and through to this day. For eight years, Jones balanced her career between Broadway and regional projects. In Dallas, she staged the world premiere of Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee's Inherit the Wind , a fictionalized retelling of the Scopes monkey trial , after it had been rejected by several Broadway producers. The play received rave reviews and subsequently opened on Broadway in April 1955, where it became

1586-633: The Governor/Innkeeper. In the late sixteenth century, failed author-soldier-actor and tax collector Miguel de Cervantes has been thrown into a dungeon by the Spanish Inquisition , along with his manservant. They have been charged with foreclosing on a monastery. Their fellow prisoners attack them, eager to steal the contents of the large trunk Cervantes has brought with him. However, a sympathetic criminal known as "the Governor" suggests setting up

1647-848: The Livingston Post Office. The Livingston Municipal Airport , operated by the City of Livingston, is located in West Livingston . Nearby West Livingston has the Texas Department of Criminal Justice Allan B. Polunsky Unit . Since 1999 this prison has been the location of Texas's death row . A few miles outside of Livingston is the IAH Polk County Secure Adult Detention Center, which houses around 700 immigrant men daily who have been detained by federal agents of Immigration and Customs Enforcement . Run by

1708-442: The Mirrors"), the glare blinds him. The Knight taunts Quixote, forcing him to see himself as the world sees him: a fool and a madman. Don Quixote collapses, weeping. The Knight of the Mirrors removes his helmet – he is really Dr. Carrasco, returned with his latest plan to cure Quixote. Cervantes announces that the story is finished, but the prisoners are dissatisfied with the ending. They prepare to burn his manuscript when he asks for

1769-641: The Texas Centennial and situated on the grounds of Fair Park in Dallas. The theater was America's first modern nonprofit professional resident theater, and also the first professional arena theater (theater-in-the-round) in the country. Jones was inspired by Franklin Roosevelt 's Depression-era National Theater Project and the European arts movement, which she had experienced directly during the 1930s. The resident company

1830-607: The University of Texas's drama department in Austin (around 1942)." She traveled internationally, experiencing theater abroad, and eventually gained commercial success on Broadway as co-director of the original production of The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams. She directed Williams' Summer and Smoke , a flop in its first production, but highly regarded years later. After she directed Maxwell Anderson 's successful Joan of Lorraine , starring Ingrid Bergman as Joan of Arc , she

1891-514: The Woeful Countenance"). Quixote then declares that he must comfort the wounded muleteers, because chivalry requires kindness to one's enemies. Aldonza, impressed, says that she will help the muleteers instead. But when she comes to them with bandages, they beat her, rape her, and carry her off ("The Abduction"). Quixote, unaware of this, contemplates his recent victory and new knighthood ("The Impossible Dream" – first reprise). At this point,

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1952-451: The audience to sit on three sides of the stage. The physical space also requires particularly skilled blocking, directing, and acting: "Its mistakes are mistakes seen very close up." Theater-in-the-round staging was used for well-known shows as the original stage production of Man of La Mancha , and all plays staged at the ANTA Washington Square Theatre (demolished in the late 1960s), including Arthur Miller 's autobiographical play After

2013-410: The barber with a sword and snatches the basin, declaring it is the "Golden Helmet of Mambrino ", which makes its wearer invulnerable. Dr. Carrasco and the priest leave, with the priest impressed by Don Quixote's view of life and wondering if curing him is really worthwhile ("To Each His Dulcinea"). Quixote still wishes to be officially dubbed a knight: he plans to stand vigil all night over his armor in

2074-413: The chance to present one last scene. The governor agrees. Quixote is back at home, and has fallen into a coma. Sancho tries to cheer him up ("A Little Gossip"), and Alonso opens his eyes. He is now sane: he gives his name as Alonso Quijano and thinks his knightly career was just a dream. However, he feels close to death, and asks the priest to help him make out his will. Aldonza suddenly forces her way into

2135-438: The cleaning, fell asleep into the night. Unfortunately, some carbon tetrachloride had been absorbed into the carpet and later evaporated, filling her home with toxic fumes. She woke up dizzy; the gas was later found to have caused kidney failure . She was then found unconscious on the couch resting and she was rushed to hospital, but died a week later. According to her friends, she briefly regained consciousness and found out she

2196-566: The concept of theater-in-the-round to television with his Cameo Theatre . The Margo Jones Award was established in 1961 by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee. The theater space inside the Magnolia Lounge building has been renamed the Margo Jones Theatre to honor Jones and is the home to several small theater groups. The television series Curious & Unusual Deaths features an episode in season two about Jones' death. In 2006,

2257-408: The courtyard, the muleteers once again taunt Aldonza with a suggestive song ("Little Bird, Little Bird"). Pedro makes arrangements with her for an assignation later. The priest and Dr. Carrasco arrive, but cannot reason with Don Quixote. Quixote becomes distracted by a barber who passes by the inn, wearing his shaving basin on his head to ward off the sun's heat ("The Barber's Song"). Quixote threatens

2318-434: The dead. Sancho is distraught at his friend's death. Aldonza tries to comfort him, saying that Alonso Quijano may be dead but Don Quixote lives on. When Sancho addresses her as Aldonza, she replies, "My name is Dulcinea." The Inquisition enters to take Cervantes to his trial, and the prisoners, finding him not guilty, return his manuscript. It is his (as yet) unfinished novel, Don Quixote . As Cervantes and his servant mount

2379-422: The inn's courtyard, and then have the Innkeeper (whom he mistakes for a nobleman) grant him knighthood the following morning. Aldonza encounters Quixote in the courtyard and confronts him; Quixote does his best to explain the ideals he follows and the quest he is on ("The Impossible Dream"). Pedro enters, furious at being kept waiting, and slaps Aldonza. Enraged, Don Quixote takes him and all the other muleteers on in

2440-412: The local priest, who realizes that the two women are more concerned with the embarrassment Quixote's madness may bring them than with his actual welfare ("I'm Only Thinking of Him"). Cervantes chooses "the Duke" to play Dr. Sanson Carrasco, Antonia's fiancé, a man just as cynical and self-centered as the prisoner who is playing him. Carrasco is upset at the idea of marrying into the family of a madman, but

2501-561: The lord of the castle. The Innkeeper (played by The Governor) humors Don Quixote as best he can. Quixote sees Aldonza and declares that she is his lady, Dulcinea, to whom he has sworn eternal loyalty ("Dulcinea"). Aldonza, used to rough treatment, is first flabbergasted and then annoyed at Quixote's kindness, and is further aggravated when the Muleteers turn Quixote's tender ballad into a mocking serenade. Meanwhile, Antonia, Don Quixote's niece, has gone with Quixote's housekeeper to seek advice from

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2562-520: The musical was poet W. H. Auden , but his lyrics were discarded, some of them considered too overtly satiric and biting, attacking the bourgeois audience at times. Auden's lyrics were replaced by those of Joe Darion. The musical first played at the Goodspeed Opera House in Connecticut in 1965. Rex Harrison was to be the original star of this production, but although Harrison had starred in

2623-513: The next step toward her dream of running a repertory theatre outside of New York. She moved back to Dallas and opened Theatre '47. The theater changed its name to the corresponding year every New Year's Eve, but according to the New York Times , was more often simply called "Margo's". Her theater was in the sleek "Magnolia Lounge" ( Magnolia Petroleum Company , later Mobil Oil) building, designed by Swiss-born architect William Lescaze, in 1936 for

2684-496: The original production of Summer and Smoke . Livingston, Texas Livingston is a town in and the county seat of Polk County, Texas , United States. With a population of 5,640 at the 2020 census , it is the largest city in Polk County. It is located approximately 46 miles (74 km) south of Lufkin and roughly 74 miles (119 km) northeast of Houston and was originally settled in 1835 as Springfield. Its name

2745-650: The original production, and it made Kiley a bona fides Broadway star. Kiley was replaced in the original Broadway run by first Jose Ferrer on Broadway and in the 1966 National Tour, and then by operatic baritone David Atkinson . Atkinson also performed Cervantes/Quixote in the 1968 National Tour and for all of the matinee performances in the 1972 Broadway revival, which also starred Kiley. The original cast also included Irving Jacobson (Sancho), Ray Middleton (Innkeeper), Robert Rounseville (The Padre), and Joan Diener (Aldonza). John Cullum , Hal Holbrook , and Lloyd Bridges also played Cervantes and Don Quixote during

2806-632: The priest convinces Carrasco that it would be a worthy challenge to use his abilities to cure his prospective uncle-in-law. Carrasco and the priest set out to bring Don Quixote back home ("I'm Only Thinking of Him [Reprise]"). Back at the inn, Sancho delivers a missive from Don Quixote to Aldonza courting her favor and asking for a token of her esteem. Aldonza provides the requested token: an old dishrag. She asks Sancho why he follows Quixote, but he can come up with no explanation other than "I Really Like Him". Alone, Aldonza ponders Quixote's behavior and her inability to laugh at him ("What Do You Want of Me?"). In

2867-411: The realm of commercialized Broadway, and this was a key component in the start of the regional-theatre movement. She reasoned, "If we succeeded in inspiring the operation of 30 theatres like ours, the playwright won't need Broadway." Playwrights Inge, Jerome Lawrence , and Robert E. Lee championed this sentiment when they received their first big breaks from Jones' Dallas theater. Jones envisioned it as

2928-556: The room. She has come to visit Quixote because she can no longer bear to be anyone but Dulcinea. When he does not recognize her, she sings a reprise of "Dulcinea" and tries to help him remember the words of "The Impossible Dream." Suddenly, he remembers everything and rises from his bed, calling for his armor and sword so that he may set out again ("Man of La Mancha" – second reprise). But it is too late – in mid-song, he cries out and falls dead. The priest sings "The Psalm" ( Psalm 130 in Latin) for

2989-422: The run of the production. Keith Andes also played the role. The musical was performed on a single set that suggested a dungeon. All changes in location were created by alterations in the lighting, by the use of props supposedly lying around the floor of the dungeon, and by reliance on the audience's imagination. More recent productions, however, have added more scenery. The original West End London production

3050-419: The work as a musical version of Don Quixote . The original 1965 Broadway production ran for 2,328 performances and won five Tony Awards , including Best Musical. The musical has been revived four times on Broadway, becoming one of the most enduring works of musical theatre. " The Impossible Dream ", the principal song in the show, became a standard . The musical has played in many other countries around

3111-592: The world, with productions in Dutch, French (translation by Jacques Brel ), German, Hebrew, Irish, Estonian, Japanese, Korean, Bengali, Gujarati, Uzbek, Bulgarian, Hungarian, Serbian, Slovenian, Swahili, Finnish, Chinese, Ukrainian, Turkish, and nine distinct dialects of the Spanish language. Man of La Mancha was first performed at the Goodspeed Opera House in East Haddam, Connecticut , in 1965, and had its New York premiere on

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3172-447: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.13. In the town, the population was distributed as 27.7% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.2 males. The median income for

3233-515: Was 70.38% White, 18.50% African American, 0.64% Native American, 0.83% Asian, 8.08% from other races, and 1.56% from two or more races. About 13.90% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 2,048 households, 34.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.4% were married couples living together, 16.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.5% were not families. About 30.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.7% had someone living alone who

3294-510: Was Aldonza. Hal Linden played Quixote in the show's 1988 U.S. National tour, and Robert Goulet played Quixote in the 1997–98 U.S. National tour. A studio-made recording of the score was released in 1996, conducted by Paul Gemignani and starring Plácido Domingo as Quixote, Mandy Patinkin as Sancho, Julia Migenes as Aldonza, Jerry Hadley as the Priest and Samuel Ramey as the Innkeeper. In 2014, Man of La Mancha featured as part of

3355-478: Was at the Piccadilly Theatre , opening on April 24, 1968, and running for 253 performances. Keith Michell starred, with Joan Diener reprising her original role and Bernard Spear as Sancho. The play has been revived on Broadway four times: In the film Man of La Mancha (1972), the title role went to Peter O'Toole (singing voice dubbed by Simon Gilbert ), James Coco was Sancho, and Sophia Loren

3416-410: Was changed in 1846 to Livingston, when it was designated as the county seat of Polk County. The Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation is located to the east of Livingston. These people traditionally occupied territory in what is now east Texas and Louisiana. The 2000 census reported a resident population of 480 persons within the reservation. The tribe has nearly 1200 enrolled members. According to

3477-578: Was dedicated to staging new plays and classics of world theater rather than revivals of past Broadway hits. The initial season introduced William Inge's first play, Farther Off from Heaven , later revised as The Dark at the Top of the Stairs . Though touring shows did exist at this time, no quality professional American theatre companies existed outside of New York. Jones believed in the decentralization of theater. She wanted her art to exist all across America, beyond

3538-448: Was featured on the third episode of the first season of the television show, River Monsters , which aired April 19, 2009, on Animal Planet . The host, Jeremy Wade , was searching for alligator gar . Man of La Mancha Man of La Mancha is a 1965 musical with a book by Dale Wasserman , music by Mitch Leigh , and lyrics by Joe Darion . It is adapted from Wasserman's non-musical 1959 teleplay I, Don Quixote , which

3599-688: Was fired during the Washington, DC , tryout. However, her name remained on the marquee and playbills, and no other director was ever credited for the production. All three plays were filmed. Bergman repeated her Joan of Lorraine role in Joan of Arc (1948), for which she was Oscar-nominated. Geraldine Page was Oscar-nominated for her performance in Summer and Smoke (1961). Since 1950, at least five different film/TV productions of The Glass Menagerie have been made. The success of The Glass Menagerie allowed her to take

3660-460: Was going to die, and made elaborate preparations for her burial, including asking her friends to dress her properly and grooming her for her funeral. She died July 24, 1955, at the age of 43, never realizing what killed her. In 1959, her theater was closed. Jones' innovative ideas inspired the growth of numerous resident companies, and made experiencing the art she loved possible for regions across America. In 1950–55, producer Albert McCleery brought

3721-429: Was in turn inspired by Miguel de Cervantes and his 17th-century novel Don Quixote . It tells the story of the "mad" knight Don Quixote as a play within a play, performed by Cervantes and his fellow prisoners as he awaits a hearing with the Spanish Inquisition . The work is not and does not pretend to be a faithful rendition of either Cervantes' life or Don Quixote . Wasserman complained repeatedly about people taking

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