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116-643: Margaret Amy Pyke (née Chubb ; 1893–1966) was a British family planning activist and pioneer. A founding member of the British National Birth Control Committee (NBCC), later known as the Family Planning Association (FPA), she succeeded Lady Gertrude Denman as chairman of that organization in 1954. Pyke was also involved in the founding of the International Planned Parenthood Federation . She

232-597: A Scottish nationalist and came second. He won the School History Prize in his final year. In 1932, Macleod went up to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge , where he read History. His only recorded speech at the Cambridge Union Society was in his first term against the Ottawa agreement – his biographer comments that although not too much should be made of this, it suggests a lack of sentimental attachment to

348-586: A United Nations meeting) both absent; Shepherd believes that it was probably Macleod who raised it. The Cabinet agreed to stick to Lloyd's formula that Britain had not incited the Israeli attack on Egypt. When Eden stepped down as prime minister in January 1957, Lord Kilmuir, formally witnessed by Lord Salisbury , took a straw poll of the Cabinet to determine his successor; despite his closeness to Butler, Macleod, along with

464-461: A backup contraception method is required on fertile days, typical use is often less effective than other methods, and they do not protect against sexually transmitted infection . Recent research based on nationally representative surveys supports a strong association between family planning mass media campaigns and contraceptive use, even after controlling for social and demographic variables. The 1989 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey found half of

580-949: A brand for contraceptives in order to expand the market for contraceptives. Drug shops and pharmacies provide health care in rural areas and urban slums where there are few public clinics. They account for most of the private sector provided contraception in sub-Saharan Africa, especially for condoms, pills, injectables and emergency contraception. Pharmacy supply and low-cost emergency contraception in South Africa and many low-income countries increased access to contraception. Workplace policies and programs help expand access to family planning information. The Family Guidance Association of Ethiopia, which works with more than 150 enterprises to improve health services, analyzed health outcomes in one factory over 10 years and found reductions in unintended pregnancies and STIs as well as sick leave. Contraception use rose from 11% to 90% between 1997 and 2000. In 2016,

696-415: A career). Family planning has become a catch-all phrase for much of the work undertaken in this realm. However, contemporary notions of family planning tend to place a woman and her childbearing decisions at the center of the discussion, as notions of women's empowerment and reproductive autonomy have gained traction in many parts of the world. It is usually applied to a female - male couple who wish to limit

812-430: A child with autism or Down syndrome ; the chances of having multiple births increases, which cause further late-pregnancy risk; they have an increased chance of developing gestational diabetes ; the need for a Caesarian section is greater; and the risk of prolonged labor is higher, putting the baby in distress. Family planning is among the most cost-effective of all health interventions. "The cost savings stem from

928-480: A flying log when a German armoured car burst through a road block which his men had just erected. He was treated in hospital in Exeter and left with a lifelong slight limp. In later life, besides his limp he suffered pain and reduced mobility from the spinal condition ankylosing spondylitis . At the age of 27, Macleod was already considered somewhat too old to be a platoon commander. Once fit for duty again, he served as

1044-401: A higher risk of complications and death as a result of pregnancy. Waiting until the mother is at least 18 years old before trying to have children improves maternal and child health. To prevent complications, access to quality health care is imperative, including contraception, skilled medical professionals, and abortion services and care. Also, if additional children are desired after a child

1160-482: A job as a headmistress's secretary at Hayes Court School. She and her husband separated but never divorced. Margaret Pyke was a family planning pioneer who worked in the family planning movement for 36 years, until her death in 1966. When five birth control societies merged to form the National Birth Control Council (NBCC) in 1930, Margaret Pyke was its first administrator. The NBCC changed its name to

1276-588: A large country such as China to 30 per cent of annual GDP in a small economy such as Uganda. If adolescent girls in Brazil and India were able to wait until their early twenties to have children, the increased economic productivity would equal more than $ 3.5 billion and $ 7.7 billion, respectively. In the Copenhagen Consensus produced by Nobel laureates in collaboration with the UN, universal access to contraception ranks as

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1392-507: A letter of endorsement from Churchill. Macleod came bottom of the poll, obtaining 2,756 votes out of 13,000. Macleod's father died at the start of 1947, just at the onset of the exceptionally bitter winter . With the 50th Division now largely disbanded, its HQ was sent to Norway after the end of hostilities in May 1945 as part of Operation Doomsday , supervising the surrender of German forces and repatriation of Allied prisoners. In Norway, Macleod

1508-450: A lot. Federal family planning programs reduced childbearing among poor women by as much as 29 percent, according to a University of Michigan study. Adoption is another option used to build a family. There are seven steps that one must make towards adoption. One must decide to pursue an adoption, apply to adopt, complete an adoption home study, get approved to adopt, be matched with a child, receive an adoptive placement, and then legalize

1624-707: A national reputation as a tough figure. Macleod was on the Steering Committee to decide on political strategy in the runup to the 1959 election , at which the Macmillan government was re-elected. Macleod was appointed Secretary of State for the Colonies in October 1959. He had never set foot in any of Britain's colonies, but the Hola massacre in Kenya had helped focus his thinking on

1740-1286: A project funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). The program intended to educate both men and men of reproductive age about modern contraception methods. The major media channels and products included radio spots, radio series drama, Green Star logo promotional activities (identifies sites where family planning services are available), posters, leaflets, newspapers, and audio cassettes. In conjunction with other non-project interventions sponsored by other Tanzanian and international agencies from 1992 to 1994, contraception use among women ages 15–49 increased from 5.9% to 11.3%. The total fertility rate dropped from 6.3 lifetime births per individual in 1991–1992 to 5.8 in 1994. Direct government support for family planning includes providing family planning education and supplies through government-run facilities such as hospitals, clinics, health posts and health centers and through government fieldworkers. In 2013, 160 out of 197 governments provided direct support for family planning. Twenty countries only provided indirect support through private sector or NGOs. Seventeen governments did not support family planning. Direct government support has continued to increase in developing countries from 82% in 1996 to 93% in 2013, but

1856-748: A reduction in unintended pregnancy, as well as a reduction in transmission of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV". Childbirth and prenatal health care cost averaged $ 7,090 for normal delivery in the United States in 1996. U.S. Department of Agriculture estimates that for a child born in 2007, a U.S. family will spend an average of $ 11,000 to $ 23,000 per year for the first 17 years of child's life. (Total inflation-adjusted estimated expenditure: $ 196,000 to $ 393,000, depending on household income.) Investing in family planning has clear economic benefits and can also help countries to achieve their "demographic dividend", which means that countries productivity

1972-617: A result of sexual violence perpetrated during the genocide , but victims' groups gave a higher estimated number of over 10,000 children. Some consider access to safe, voluntary family planning to be a human right and to be central to gender equality, women's empowerment and poverty reduction . Over the past 50 years, right-based family planning has enabled the cycle of poverty to be broken resulting in millions of women and children's lives being saved. Iain Macleod Iain Norman Macleod (11 November 1913 – 20 July 1970)

2088-426: A set of practices used to determine the fertile and infertile phases of a woman's menstrual cycle . These methods may be used to avoid pregnancy, to achieve pregnancy, or as a way to monitor gynecological health. Methods of identifying infertile days have been known since antiquity, but scientific knowledge gained during the past century has increased the number and variety of methods. Various methods can be used and

2204-573: A staff captain with the 46th Division in Wye, under the Deputy Assistant Adjutant General (DAAG), Captain Dawtry. In 1941, a drunk Macleod almost killed Dawtry, as the latter had retired to bed rather than play stud poker with him. He shot at his door until his revolver ran out of bullets, and then passed out after smashing down the door with a heavy piece of furniture. He demanded an apology

2320-528: A training division. Macleod ended the war as a major. Macleod unsuccessfully contested the Western Isles constituency at the 1945 general election . There was no Conservative Party in the seat, so Macleod advertised an inaugural meeting. He and his father, a lifelong Liberal but an admirer of Winston Churchill , were the only attendees, so Macleod elected his father Association Chairman and he selected his son as Parliamentary candidate, in due course receiving

2436-606: A widespread declaration by the Supreme Court ruling forced sterilization unconstitutional. Compulsory or forced sterilization programs or government policy attempt to force people to undergo surgical sterilization without their freely given consent. People from marginalized communities are at most risk of forced sterilization. Forced sterilization has occurred in recent years in Eastern Europe (against Roma women), and in Peru (during

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2552-400: A woman is unable to conceive by natural means, she may seek assisted conception. It is recommended to the couple to ask for reproductive counseling after one year of trying to conceive, or after six months of trying if the woman is more than 35 years old, if she has irregular or infrequent menses, if she has a history of endometriosis or pelvic inflammatory disease , or if a problem related to

2668-579: A woman's ova by artificial insemination (either by intracervical insemination or IUI) and less commonly by in vitro fertilization ( IVF ), but insemination may also be achieved by a donor having sexual intercourse with a woman for the purpose of achieving conception. This method is known as natural insemination (NI). Mapping of a woman's ovarian reserve , follicular dynamics and associated biomarkers can give an individual prognosis about future chances of pregnancy, facilitating an informed choice of when to have children. Fertility awareness refers to

2784-425: Is able to increase when there are more people in the workforce and less dependents. UNFPA says that "For every dollar invested in contraception, the cost of pregnancy-related care is reduced by $ 1.47." UNFPA states, The lifetime opportunity cost related to adolescent pregnancy – a measure of the annual income a young mother misses out on over her lifetime – ranges from 1 per cent of annual gross domestic product in

2900-399: Is born, it is healthier for the mother and the child to wait at least two years (but not more than five years) after the previous birth before attempting to conceive. After a miscarriage or abortion, it is healthier to wait at least six months. When planning a family, women should be aware that reproductive risks increase with age. Like older men, older women have a higher chance of having

3016-1339: Is declining in developed countries from 58% in 1976 to 45% in 2013. Ninety-seven percent of Latin America and the Caribbean, 96% of Africa, and 94% of Oceania governments provided direct support for family planning. In Europe, only 45% of governments directly support family planning. Out of 172 countries with available data in 2012, 152 countries had implemented realistic measures to increase women's access to family planning methods from 2009 to 2014. This data included 95% of developing nations and 65% of developed nations. The private sector includes nongovernmental and faith-based organizations that typically provide free or subsidized services to for-profit medical providers, pharmacies and drug shops. The private sector accounts for approximately two-fifths of contraceptive suppliers worldwide. Private organizations are able to provide sustainable markets for contraceptive services through social marketing, social franchising, and pharmacies. Social marketing employs marketing techniques to achieve behavioral change while making contraceptives available. By utilizing private providers, social marketing reduces geographic and socioeconomic disparities and reaches men and boys. Social franchising designs

3132-405: Is done in a doctor's office through intrauterine insemination (IUI). This type of surrogacy obviously includes a genetic connection between the surrogate and the child. Legally, the surrogate will have to disclaim any interest in the child to complete the transfer to the intended parents. A gestational surrogacy occurs when the intended mother's or a donor egg is fertilized outside the body and then

3248-1021: Is hosted by the United Nations Foundation and operates in support of the UN Secretary-General's Global Strategy for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health. The world's largest international source of funding for population and reproductive health programs is the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). In 1994, the International Conference on Population and Development set the main goals of its Program of Action as: The World Health Organization (WHO) and World Bank estimate that $ 3 per person per year would provide basic family planning, maternal and neonatal health care to women in developing countries. This would include contraception , prenatal, delivery, and post-natal care in addition to postpartum family planning and

3364-441: Is included, IUDs and vasectomy are much less costly than other methods. In addition to providing birth control, male and/or female condoms protect against sexually transmitted infections (STI). Condoms may be used alone, or in addition to other methods, as backup or to prevent STIs. Surgical methods ( tubal ligation , vasectomy) provide long-term contraception for those who have completed their families. When, for any reason,

3480-438: Is not typically recommended as a primary method of family planning. Family planning is sometimes used as a synonym or euphemism for access to and the use of contraception. However, it often involves methods and practices in addition to contraception. Additionally, many might wish to use contraception but are not necessarily planning a family (e.g., unmarried adolescents, young married couples delaying childbearing while building

3596-592: Is unclear exactly what his recommendation had been). He refused to serve in Home's government, and while serving as editor of The Spectator alleged that the succession had been stitched up by Macmillan and a "magic circle" of Old Etonians. Macleod did not contest the first ever Conservative Party leadership election in 1965 , but endorsed the eventual winner Edward Heath . When the Conservatives returned to power in June 1970, he

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3712-515: The 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division , a first line TA formation, under the command of Major-General Douglas Graham . Macleod embarked on 1 June ready for the invasion, which was then postponed from 5 June to 6 June. The 50th Division, a highly experienced veteran formation which had fought in North Africa and Sicily , was tasked with capturing Arromanches , where the Mulberry artificial harbour

3828-587: The Cambridge Magazine , a critical review. In 1923 the Pykes moved to Cambridge, largely to found an infant school, the Malting House School . Geoffrey Pyke had original ideas about the education of very young children, encouraging them to learn, as far as possible, for themselves, adults being there to help and guide them and to answer questions rather than instruct them. These ideas gained influence through

3944-535: The Earls of Selkirk and Kilmuir , as well as Heath who, as Chief Whip, attended Cabinet but was not technically a full member) who would want to postpone military action until all other options had been exhausted or until Nasser provided them with a better pretext, whichever came first. There were three unknowns and ten hawks—a narrow Cabinet majority in favour of military action. On 11 September, at Cabinet, Eden tasked Macleod with finding out if there would be trouble from

4060-524: The Inner Temple and went through the motions of studying to become a barrister , but in the late 1930s he was essentially living the life of a playboy from his bridge earnings. He was winning up to £2,500 per annum tax free (around £140,000 at 2016 prices). He later wrote a book that contains a description of the Acol system of bidding : Bridge is an Easy Game , published in 1952 by Falcon Press, London. He

4176-746: The Isle of Lewis in the Western Isles of Scotland, his father a descendant of tenant farmers on Pabbay and Uig , tracing back to the early 1500s. They moved to Skipton in 1907. Macleod grew up with strong personal and cultural ties to Scotland , as his parents bought in 1917 part of the Leverhulme estate on the Isle of Lewis, where they often used to stay for family holidays. He was educated at Ermysted's Grammar School in Skipton, followed by four years (beginning in 1923) at St Ninian's Dumfriesshire, followed by five years at

4292-825: The Lancaster House Conference , containing Africans and some European delegates, including Macleod's brother Rhoderick, which agreed to a constitution and eventual black majority rule. Jomo Kenyatta was freed in August 1961, and Kenya later became self-governing in June 1963 and fully independent on 12 December 1963. As the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Macleod attended the Ugandan Constitutional Conference at Lancaster House in 1961 alongside then-Governor of Uganda Sir Frederick Crawford and Ugandan politician A.G. Mehta . The conference resulted in

4408-634: The Sustainable Development Goals ) reflects this international consensus. The 2012 London Summit on Family Planning, hosted by the UK government and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, affirmed political commitments and increased funds for the project, strengthening the role of family planning in global development. Family Planning 2020 (FP2020) is the result of the 2012 London Summit on Family Planning where more than 20 governments made commitments to address

4524-519: The eugenics movement of the 20th century, 60,000 people were sterilized in 32 states across the US with state-sanctioned sterilizations peaking in 1930-40's. More recently, unwanted sterilizations have been performed on over a thousand women in California prisons between 1997 and 2010. Protocols have been established to protect against unwanted permanent contraception through Medicaid Laws, but there has not been

4640-452: The service number 129352. He was posted to the 2/7th Battalion, DWR, which was then serving as part of the 137th Infantry Brigade of the 46th Infantry Division , a second line Territorial Army (TA) formation, then commanded by Major-General Henry Curtis . Macleod's battalion was sent overseas to France in time to see action in the Battle of France in May, where he was injured in the leg by

4756-494: The 1990s against indigenous women). China's one-child policy was intended to limit the rise in population numbers, but in some situations involved forced sterilisation. Rape can result in a pregnancy. Rape can occur in a variety of situations, including war rape , forced prostitution and marital rape . In Rwanda , the National Population Office has estimated that between 2,000 and 5,000 children were born as

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4872-554: The Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers Export Association partnered with family planning organizations to provide training and free contraceptives to factory clinics, creating the potential to reach thousands of factory employees. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) may meet the needs of local poor by encouraging self-help and participation, understanding social and cultural subtleties, and working around red tape when governments do not adequately meet

4988-472: The Cabinet decided to go ahead with the landings (but hand over to peacekeeping duties to the UN at some future date, an option which Macleod (and Heathcoat Amory) argued was hardly compatible with use of force). The other options had been to postpone by 24 hours in the hope that Israel and Egypt might accept an Anglo-French occupation (a view supported by Butler, Kilmuir, Heathcote Amory and an "unnamed minister", presumed to be Macleod), or postpone indefinitely on

5104-479: The Cabinet that Israel would attack Egypt after all, but did not tell them about the secret Sèvres Protocol. Cabinet minutes record that Macleod was doubtful about the use of force (as were Monckton and Heathcoat Amory) because of the lack of clear UN authority and the risk of antagonising the USA. However, they did not formally dissent from the Cabinet decision to invade if Israel attacked Egypt (the Cabinet were deceived about

5220-406: The Cabinet, insisted on settling a separate railwaymen's strike, despite an arbitration award against them, as it was felt that they had more public sympathy than the busmen. On the bus issue, Macleod was overruled and forced to pick a fight with Frank Cousins on the pretext that they accept an independent arbitration award. Macmillan had picked a fight shrewdly, as the busmen had no allies amongst

5336-452: The Colonies under Harold Macmillan in the early 1960s, overseeing the independence of many African countries from British rule but earning the enmity of Conservative right-wingers, and the soubriquet that he was "too clever by half". Macleod was unhappy with the "emergence" of Sir Alec Douglas-Home as party leader and prime minister in succession to Macmillan in 1963 (he claimed to have supported Macmillan's deputy Rab Butler , although it

5452-587: The Conservative Parliamentary Secretariat, writing briefing papers for Conservative MPs on Scotland, labour (employment, in modern parlance) and health matters. Macleod was selected as Conservative candidate for Enfield in 1946. Forty-seven applicants were already being considered; through a bridge connection Macleod arranged a meeting with the Enfield Conservative Association chairman and persuaded him to add his CV to

5568-556: The Conservative Party. William Rees-Mogg , then a Conservative candidate in the North-East, made a speech urging that Macleod be party leader. David Astor of The Observer , who on 4 November had attacked Eden for "crookedness" in an editorial, wrote to Macleod on 14 November, urging him as a younger minister to seize the party leadership so that collusion could be pinned on Eden and Lloyd, after Edward Boyle had told him that he

5684-686: The Empire. He took no other part in student politics, but spent much of his time reading poetry and playing bridge, both for the University (he helped to found the Cambridge University Bridge Society) and at Crockfords and in the West End. He graduated with a Lower Second in 1935. A bridge connection with the chairman of the printing company De La Rue earned him a job offer. However, he devoted most of his energies to bridge and, by 1936,

5800-563: The Engineers' Union and Geddes of the Postmen's Union, and agreed that the upcoming TUC Conference would back an equivocal resolution by Geddes. On 25 August, the day after Monckton's "outburst" expressing doubts at the Egypt Committee, Cabinet Secretary Norman Brook sent a note to Eden listing Macleod as among those Cabinet members (the others being Butler, Monckton, Derrick Heathcoat Amory ,

5916-502: The French that every effort must be made to stop Israel attacking Jordan, whilst Eden had told Israel that Britain would not come to Egypt's aid. It is not known whether Macleod knew of the secret Protocol of Sèvres . On 23 October, Eden told the Cabinet that there had been secret talks with Israel in Paris. The Cabinet further considered the use of force on 24 October. On 25 October, Eden told

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6032-522: The Ministry of Labour, wrote that Macleod had doubts but was not especially morally outraged, and saw no evidence that he planned to resign. William Rees-Mogg claimed that Butler persuaded Macleod not to resign, while a female friend of Macleod's recorded him turning up at her flat, demanding a drink, and declaring that he would have to resign having learned that Eden had deceived the Cabinet. Suez alienated academics, journalists and other opinion-formers from

6148-449: The NHS, administered it well and defended it against Treasury attacks on its budget. In the reshuffle of December 1955, Prime Minister Anthony Eden promoted Macleod to the Cabinet as Minister of Labour and National Service. Eden regarded Macleod, still only 42 years old, as a possible future prime minister and thought the job would be valuable experience of dealing with trade unions. Macleod

6264-724: The National Birth Control Association in 1931 and then to the Family Planning Association in 1939. Since 1998 it has been known as FPA. In 1930 the purpose of the NBCC was "that married people may space or limit their families and thus mitigate the evils of ill health and poverty". Margaret Pyke was “tireless in creating and sustaining” the new NBCC clinics which were established across the UK to provide advice on contraception, marriage and all aspects of sex. The branches “were staffed entirely by volunteers (except for

6380-643: The Research Department, and had difficulty being selected for a winnable seat, so Macleod coached him in interview technique. In October 1951 Churchill again became prime minister. Macleod was not offered office but instead became Chairman of the backbench Health and Social Services Committee. A brilliant Commons performance made his career. On 27 March 1952, having been called fifth in the debate rather than third as originally scheduled, he spoke after former Health Minister Aneurin Bevan . Beginning his speech with

6496-552: The Symptothermal method has achieved success rates over 99% if used properly. These methods are used for various reasons: There are no drug-related side effects, they are free to use and only have a small upfront cost, they work for both achieving and preventing pregnancy, and they may be used for religious reasons. (The Catholic Church promotes this as the only acceptable form of family planning, calling it Natural Family Planning .) Their disadvantages are that either abstinence or

6612-563: The War Office doing higher grade secretarial work. From 1917 to 1919 she was deputy assistant to the chief controller of the QMAAC and from 1919 to 1920 she was head of the employment department of the London Society for Women's Service. In 1918 Chubb married Geoffrey Nathaniel Pyke (1893–1948), the elder son of Lionel Pyke QC. Their only child, David ( b . 1921), became a doctor and for 27 years

6728-503: The adopters report that they are happier after adoption. When women can pursue additional education and paid employment, families can invest more in each child. Children with fewer siblings tend to stay in school longer than those with many siblings. Leaving school in order to have children has long-term implications for the future of these girls, as well as the human capital of their families and communities. Family planning slows unsustainable population growth which drains resources from

6844-606: The adoption. A number of contraceptive methods are available to prevent unwanted pregnancy . There are natural methods and various chemical-based methods, each with particular advantages and disadvantages . Behavioral methods to avoid pregnancy that involve vaginal intercourse include the withdrawal and calendar-based methods , which have little upfront cost and are readily available. Long-acting reversible contraceptive methods, such as intrauterine device (IUD) and implant are highly effective and convenient, requiring little user action, but do come with risks. When cost of failure

6960-553: The doctors) and worked in borrowed premises”. In 1933 she contracted pulmonary tuberculosis and subsequently lived with Lady Denman at Balcombe, taking over from her, when she died in 1954, as chair of the Family Planning Association. In 1955 Pyke coordinated the visit of the minister of health, Iain Macleod , to the Family Planning Association’s offices and one of its clinics, an event which is acknowledge helping to change

7076-405: The embryos are transferred into the uterus. The woman who carries the child is often referred to as a gestational carrier. The legal steps to confirm parentage with the intended parents are generally easier than in a traditional because there is no genetic connection between child and carrier. Sperm donation is another form of assisted conception. It involves donated sperm being used to fertilise

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7192-572: The environment, and national and regional development efforts. The WHO states about maternal health that: About 99% of maternal deaths occur in less developed countries ; less than one half occur in sub-Saharan Africa and almost a third in South Asia. Maternal health also faces racial disparity in maternal health outcomes as per CDC 2021 report, where maternal mortality is higher among Hispanics compared to their counterparts. Both early and late motherhood have increased risks. Young teenagers face

7308-486: The extent to which such an attack had already been secretly agreed – "collusion" – by Eden and Selwyn Lloyd). At Cabinet on the morning of 30 October, Lloyd reported that the USA was ready to move a motion at the UN condemning Israel, which had attacked Egypt in the Sinai the previous day, as an aggressor. Macleod and Heathcoat Amory approved of Lloyd's suggestion of postponing the attack by 24 hours (in breach, as it happens, of

7424-430: The grounds that Israeli-Egyptian hostilities had already ceased (the view of Salisbury, Monckton and Buchan-Hepburn). Only Monckton had his dissent recorded, the others agreeing to accept the decision of the majority. Randolph Churchill alleged that Macleod almost resigned on 4 November. Nigel Fisher wrote that this was not so, but that Macleod would have resigned if Butler had done so. Robert Carr , junior minister at

7540-509: The health of women and reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes. There are multiple benefits to family planning including spacing births for healthier pregnancies, thus decreasing risks of maternal morbidity, fetal prematurity and low birth. There is also a potential positive impact on the individual's social and economic advancement, as raising a child requires significant amounts of resources: time, social, financial, and environmental. Planning can help assure that resources are available. For many,

7656-609: The historian, Brian Harrison , as part of the Suffrage Interviews project, titled Oral evidence on the suffragette and suffragist movements: the Brian Harrison interviews. He talks about his mother's family background, education and her involvement in the birth control movement. Margaret Pyke died suddenly from a cerebral haemorrhage on 19 June 1966 at Ardchattan Priory, Argyll , while staying with friends in Scotland. Her body

7772-520: The inevitable end of Empire. He told Peter Goldman of the Conservative Research Department that he intended to be the last Colonial Secretary, although he later wrote that he "telescoped events rather than creating new ones". He saw Nigeria , British Somaliland , Tanganyika , Sierra Leone , Kuwait and British Cameroon become independent. He made a tour of Sub-Saharan Africa in 1960. He would often find himself in conflict with

7888-669: The interwar period, but with a 12,000 Labour majority in 1945 was not regarded as an immediate prospect. In 1948, the Parliamentary boundaries were redrawn, and Macleod was unanimously selected for the new and much more winnable Enfield, West , which he would win in February 1950 and hold comfortably throughout his career. In 1948, the Secretariat merged with the Conservative Research Department under Rab Butler . Macleod

8004-430: The link between smoking and lung cancer . He did so at a press conference throughout which he chain-smoked. Macleod became a member of White's Club in 1953, and shocked members by sitting up all night to play cards. His friend Enoch Powell was jealous at Macleod's rapid promotion, but offered Macleod the use of a room at his flat when Eve Macleod was seriously ill with polio. Macleod consolidated rather than reformed

8120-428: The list. After interviews, he reached the final shortlist of four. Macleod came second after making a poor speech to the assembled Association at the selection meeting, but the winning candidate failed to achieve the required 10% majority. Amid accusations of skulduggery—the members had not been told of this requirement in advance and forty of them, the representatives of two branches, walked out in protest—a second meeting

8236-400: The male is present. Some families or women seek assistance through surrogacy , in which a woman agrees to become pregnant and deliver a child for another couple or person (this is not allowed in all countries). There are two types of surrogacy: traditional and gestational. In traditional surrogacy, the surrogate uses her own eggs and carries the child for her intended parents. This procedure

8352-462: The more conservative Duncan Sandys , whom Macmillan had appointed Commonwealth Secretary as a counterweight to Macleod. Although Macmillan sympathised with Macleod's aspirations, he was sometimes disturbed at the speed with which he progressed matters, and did not always come down on his side in political disputes. The state of emergency in Kenya was lifted on 12 January 1960, followed that same month by

8468-461: The needs of their constituents. A successful NGO can uphold family planning services even when a national program is threatened by political forces. NGOs can contribute to informing government policy, developing programs, or carry out programs that the government will not or can not implement. Family planning programs are now considered a key part of a comprehensive development strategy. The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (now superseded by

8584-598: The next morning for his refusal to play, although the two men remained friends thereafter. Dawtry later became Chief Clerk of Westminster Council. Macleod attended Staff College, Camberley , in 1943, and graduated early in February 1944, having for the first time had to test his abilities against other able men and found something of a purpose in life. As a major , he landed in France on Gold Beach on D-Day on 6 June 1944, as Deputy Assistant Quartermaster general (DAQMG) of

8700-493: The number of abortions, and lower the incidence of death and disability related to complications of pregnancy and childbirth." UNFPA states, "If all women with an unmet need for contraceptives were able to use modern methods, an additional 24 million abortions (14 million of which would be unsafe), 6 million miscarriages , 70,000 maternal deaths and 500,000 infant deaths would be prevented." In cases where couples may not want to have children just yet, family planning programs help

8816-463: The number of children they have or control pregnancy timing (also known as spacing children ). Family planning has been shown to reduce teenage birth rates and birth rates for unmarried women. In 2006, the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) issued a recommendation, encouraging men and women to formulate a reproductive life plan, to help them in avoiding unintended pregnancies and to improve

8932-534: The opposition for demanding one. He moved the house to laugh at Gaitskell by quoting the line of "Mr Marx, of whom I am a devoted follower – Groucho , not Karl " "Sir, I never forget a face, but I will make an exception for yours". He then moved on to a blistering attack on Gaitskell, including the declaration that "I cannot conceal the scorn and contempt for the part that the Leader of the Opposition has played in this." He

9048-415: The other unions. Ernest Bevin or Arthur Deakin would not have allowed such a strike, but Cousins felt compelled to support it, and Opposition leader Hugh Gaitskell criticised the government in a speech at Glasgow. Gaitskell moved a motion of censure over Macleod's treatment of the strike. Macleod had recently demanded more debates on industrial relations but in his Commons speech of 8 May now criticised

9164-601: The overwhelming majority of his colleagues, backed Harold Macmillan , regarding him as a stronger leader. Macleod had intended at first to be a reforming Minister of Labour – he attempted, in the teeth of resistance from the TUC , to negotiate a Workers' Charter (a throwback to the Industrial Charter of the late 1940s) in return for a Contract of Service. He also hoped to take a tougher line with strikes than his predecessor Walter Monckton , whose explicit remit had been to appease

9280-412: The policy, financing, delivery, and socio-cultural barriers to women accessing contraception formation and services. FP2020 is a global movement that supports the rights of women to decide for themselves whether, when and how many children they want to have. The commitments of the program are specific to each country, as compared to the generalized main goals of the 1995 conference program of action. FP2020

9396-578: The private school Fettes College in Edinburgh. Macleod showed no great academic talent, but did develop an enduring love of literature, especially poetry, which he read and memorised in great quantity. In his final year at school Macleod appears to have blossomed a little, standing for Oswald Mosley 's New Party in the mock election in October 1931 ; he came third, behind the Unionist and Ian Harvey who stood as

9512-480: The promising young backbencher was. When summoned to 10 Downing Street on 7 May, he claimed to have been half-expecting a reprimand for his refusal to serve a second term as a British representative at the Council of Europe , a job he found boring, but he was instead appointed Minister of Health, which was not a Cabinet position at that time. Later in 1952, Macleod announced that British clinician Richard Doll had proved

9628-641: The promotion of condoms to prevent sexually transmitted infections . Historically, the capacity to control one's reproductive abilities has been unequally distributed across society. Long-acting reversible contraception (LARCs), including intrauterine devices and progestin implants, and permanent sterilization have been implemented to limit reproduction in communities of color, the lower socioeconomic class, and among individuals with intellectual disabilities. Multiple studies have reported disproportionate recommendations of LARCs to individuals from marginalized communities compared to white, high-income individuals. With

9744-473: The public perception towards contraception, making it more be seen as “respectable”. Margaret Pyke was also involved in the foundation of the International Planned Parenthood Federation , was appointed OBE in 1963 for her work in the family planning sector, and after her death in 1966, the Margaret Pyke Trust was founded in her memory. In July 1977 Pyke's son, David, was interviewed about his mother by

9860-408: The purpose of family planning is to make sure that any couple, man, or woman who has a child has the resources that are needed in order to complete this goal. With these resources a couple, man or woman can explore the options of natural birth, surrogacy , artificial insemination , or adoption . In the other case, if the person does not wish to have a child at the specific time, they can investigate

9976-466: The resources that are needed to prevent pregnancy, such as birth control , contraceptives, or physical protection and prevention. There is no clear social impact case for or against conceiving a child. Individually, for most people, bearing a child or not has no measurable impact on personal well-being. A review of the economic literature on life satisfaction shows that certain groups of people are much happier without children: However, both adoptees and

10092-444: The same time they became members of the "One Nation" group. Together with Angus Maude Macleod wrote the pamphlet One Nation in 1950, and together with Enoch Powell he wrote The Social Services: Needs and Means which appeared in January 1952. Macleod and Powell were close friends at this time. He was astonished when the ascetic Powell became engaged. Powell, a much more industrious man, was somewhat jealous of Macleod's promotion at

10208-477: The secret agreement between Britain, France and Israel) in order to bring the Americans on board, although they thought it unlikely to work, but it was not adopted. Macleod was telling others of his dismay that ministers had not been fully informed of the agreement with France and Israel. Either now or at some subsequent meeting Eden apologised to the Cabinet for his reticence "in time of war", causing Macleod to snap "I

10324-431: The third-highest policy initiative in social, economic, and environmental benefits for every dollar spent. Providing universal access to sexual and reproductive health services and eliminating the unmet need for contraception will result in 640,000 fewer newborn deaths, 150,000 fewer maternal deaths and 600,000 fewer children who lose their mother. At the same time, societies will experience fewer dependents and more women in

10440-469: The unions in the event of military operations in the Eastern Mediterranean. However, Norman Brook advised Macleod to "hold his hand for the moment, as this was not the appropriate time". It is unclear if this initiative came from Brook or was in response to an inquiry from Macleod himself. Macleod missed the thinly-attended Cabinet on 18 October, but afterwards was sent Eden's minute that he'd told

10556-523: The unions. The unions were beginning to become more militant, under the leadership of Frank Cousins , boss of the TGWU . Macleod had to settle strikes in the shipbuilding and engineering industries in 1957, but in 1958 the government felt able to take a stronger line with the London bus strike. Macleod initially accepted his own chief Industrial Commissioner's Investigation into the busmens' case. Macmillan, backed by

10672-536: The war and see the birth of his second child in October. Contemporaries began to record him saying that autumn that he planned to enter politics and become prime minister. He continued to serve in France and the Low Countries until November 1944, when the 50th Division was, due to a highly critical shortage of manpower in the British Army at this stage of the war, ordered to return to Yorkshire to be reconstituted as

10788-519: The withdrawal of American and British financial aid for the Aswan Dam , which in turn triggered Nasser's nationalisation of the Canal. Macleod was also party to the Cabinet decision on 27 July, the day after nationalisation the Canal, that Nasser's action should be opposed on the grounds that the Canal was an international trust and that Britain, if necessary acting alone, should use force as a last resort. Macleod

10904-534: The women who recalled hearing or seeing family planning messages in radio, print, and television consequently used contraception, compared with 14% who did not recall family planning messages in the media, even after age, residence and socioeconomic status were taken into account. The Health Education Division of the Ministry of Health conducted the Tanzanian Family Planning Communication Project from January 1991 through December 1994,

11020-524: The words "I wish to deal closely and with relish with the vulgar, crude and intemperate speech to which the House of Commons has just listened", he attacked Bevan with facts and figures and commented that a health debate without Bevan would be like " Hamlet without the first gravedigger". Churchill, who had been getting up to leave, stayed to listen and was heard to ask the Chief Whip , Patrick Buchan-Hepburn , who

11136-521: The workforce, driving faster economic growth. The costs of universal access to contraceptives will be about $ 3.6 billion/year, but the benefits will be more than $ 400 billion annually and maternal deaths will be reduced by 150,000. Modern methods of family planning include birth control, assisted reproductive technology and family planning programs. In regard to the use of modern methods of contraception, The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) says, "Contraceptives prevent unintended pregnancies, reduce

11252-431: The writings of Susan Sutherland Isaacs , whom the Pykes engaged as head of the school staff. Margaret Pyke was a strong supporter of the school and its ideas. By 1927, Geoffrey Pyke's interference in the day-to-day running of the school, hoping to achieve his grand ambitions for it, led to Susan Isaacs leaving her position. Pyke's subsequent bankruptcy led to the closure of The Malting House School, and Margaret had to take

11368-442: Was a British Conservative Party politician. A playboy and professional bridge player in his twenties, after war service Macleod worked for the Conservative Research Department before entering Parliament in 1950 . He was noted as a formidable Parliamentary debater and—later—as a platform orator. He was quickly appointed Minister of Health, later serving as Minister of Labour. He served an important term as Secretary of State for

11484-672: Was a consultant physician at King's College Hospital , London, and registrar of the Royal College of Physicians . Geoffrey Pyke had achieved fame in 1915 by escaping from Germany. He had been sent there as correspondent to the Daily Chronicle but had soon been arrested and interned at Ruhleben camp outside Berlin . A few months later he escaped from the camp and made his way on foot to the Dutch frontier. After that he divided his time between lecturing on his experiences and founding, with others,

11600-600: Was an international bridge player. He was one of the great British bridge players. He won the Gold Cup in 1937, with teammates Maurice Harrison-Gray (Capt), Skid Simon , Jack Marx and Colin Harding . At a time when average male earnings were around £200 per annum (around £11,000 at 2016 prices) and he was earning around £150 per annum at De La Rue, Macleod sometimes made £100 in a night gambling, but on another occasion had to borrow £100 from his father to pay his debts. Macleod

11716-583: Was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in Heath's government, but died suddenly only a month later. Iain Macleod was born at Clifford House, Skipton , Yorkshire, on 11 November 1913. His father, Dr. Norman Alexander Macleod, was a well-respected general practitioner in Skipton, with a substantial poor-law practice (providing medical services for those who could not afford to pay); the young Macleod would often accompany his father on his rounds. His parents were from

11832-404: Was appointed OBE in 1963. The Margaret Pyke Trust was established in 1969 in her memory. Margaret Amy Chubb, the eldest child of William Lindsay Chubb (1856–1937), a medical practitioner, and his wife, Isabel Margaret Pringle, was born on 8 January 1893 at Darenth House, Sandgate , Kent, where she spent most of her first two decades. She attended Conamur School, Sandgate, to 1911 as a day girl and

11948-552: Was blocked from doing so by the TUC. The strike ended after seven weeks, and Macmillan dated the government's recovery in the polls from this point. After the TUC refused to back him, Cousins had had to settle the London transport workers strike on terms which he could have obtained without striking. In October 1958 Macleod announced that he was letting the National Arbitration Tribunal go out of existence. Macleod had acquired

12064-549: Was cremated at Glasgow. Family planning Other aspects of family planning aside from contraception include sex education , prevention and management of sexually transmitted infections , pre-conception counseling and management , and infertility management. Family planning, as defined by the United Nations and the World Health Organization , encompasses services leading up to conception. Abortion

12180-486: Was discreetly congratulated afterwards by the Labour frontbencher Alf Robens . Roy Jenkins in 1993 described Macleod's attack on Gaitskell as "high order jugular debating", accusing Gaitskell of weak leadership in appeasing the militants of his own party and attacking him for refusing to endorse the findings of the arbitration tribunal. Cousins wanted to call out the petrol tanker drivers, in breach of another agreement, but

12296-476: Was happy there. In 1912 Margaret Chubb went to Oxford to read modern history at Somerville College , a period which she also enjoyed. She made many friends at Oxford, some of whom remained close to her for the rest of her life. She went down in 1915 with a second-class honours degree and, as war service, joined the Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps (QMAAC) . From 1916 to 1917 she worked in the recruiting department of

12412-503: Was in charge of setting prices for the country's stock of wine and spirits, much of which had been looted by the Germans from occupied France. In December 1945, he successfully defended a colonel at a court martial , and was tipped for a career at the Bar by the presiding officer. He was demobilised from the British Army in January 1946. In 1946, after an interview with David Clarke, Macleod joined

12528-683: Was in joint, then sole, charge of Home Affairs. He drafted the Social Services section of the Conservative policy paper The Right Road for Britain (1949). Along with Enoch Powell , Angus Maude and Reginald Maudling , Macleod was seen as a protégé of Butler at the CRD. David Clarke thought Macleod the least intellectually gifted of the three but later came to think him the most politically gifted. All four men were elected to Parliament in February 1950, and along with Edward Heath who entered Parliament at

12644-507: Was not a member of the Egypt Committee, and still less was he party to Eden and Lloyd's secret dealings with the French and the Israelis. Macleod's duties required him to discuss the Suez Crisis with union leaders. In August 1956, he spoke to Vincent Tewson , General Secretary of the TUC , and found him "very "weak-kneed"" and "ill-informed". On 20 August, Macleod and Eden met Tewson, Beard of

12760-496: Was not aware that we were at war, Prime Minister!" The Anglo-French ultimatum was on the afternoon of 30 October. On 2 November, the Cabinet agreed that even in the event of a ceasefire between Egypt and Israel, Anglo-French forces should still seize the Canal in a policing role until UN forces were able to take up the baton (Macleod and Heathcoat Amory were doubtful). By the weekend of 3–4 November, fighting between Israel and Egypt had largely ceased. At Cabinet on Sunday 4 November,

12876-585: Was not directly involved in the collusion with France and Israel over the Suez Crisis , but although he was unhappy at the turn of events, he did not resign. He never publicly opposed Suez, either at the time or later. He was party to the two crucial Cabinet decisions: the first was the decision on 21 March for a policy of hostility to Nasser, who was seen as a threat to British interests in the Middle East, and of building new alliances with Jordan and Iraq; this led to

12992-521: Was not interested and that Monckton was not up to it. Macleod did not reply but showed the letter to Freddie Bishop, head of the Prime Minister's Private Office, and Cabinet Secretary Norman Brook for their comments; Eden, who was on the verge of a breakdown, did not regard the matter as important. On 20 November 1956 the question of collusion was raised in Cabinet, with Eden and Lloyd (who was in New York at

13108-478: Was often too tired to work in the mornings after gambling for much of the night, although he tended to perk up as the day went on; he was popular with colleagues and on at least one occasion mucked in to work overtime for a last-minute order for Chinese banknotes. His biographer comments that he "might have stayed" had he found the work more interesting, but after tolerating him for a number of years De La Rue sacked him in 1938. In order to placate his father he joined

13224-432: Was scheduled, at which Macleod performed much better and won handsomely. Throughout both meetings he had been strongly supported by the local Young Conservatives , who could vote on Association matters despite in some cases being not yet old enough to vote for Parliament – the 15-year-old Norman Tebbit was a branch officer for Ponders End (a working class area). Enfield had been won by the Conservatives several times in

13340-653: Was still earning money from playing and writing newspaper columns about bridge until 1952, when his developing political career became his priority. In September 1939, upon the outbreak of the Second World War , Macleod enlisted in the British Army as a private in the Royal Fusiliers . On 20 April 1940, he was commissioned as an officer with the rank of second lieutenant in the Duke of Wellington's Regiment (DWR), with

13456-712: Was to be set up, and by the end of the day patrols had pushed to the outskirts of Bayeux . Macleod spent much of the day touring the beachhead area to check on progress, driving past enemy-held strongpoints, with Lieutenant Colonel "Bertie" Gibb. He later recorded that he had "a patchwork of memories" of D-Day. He could remember what he ate but not when he ate it, or that when he went to load his revolver he found his batman had instead filled his ammunition pouch with boiled sweets. British planners had expected 40% casualties on D-Day, and Macleod later recorded that he himself had fully expected to be killed, but on realising at midnight that he had survived D-Day decided that he would survive

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