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41-564: Mardan sits on a plain, surrounded on three sides in 2009 by mountains controlled by the Islamist militants. Swat lies just 30 miles to the north, with the main road to that troubled valley running straight through town. Mardan has the feel of a backwater. On the edge of town is rusting ghost of the sugar mill that once powered the local economy. Billboards depict glitzy shopping malls never built. Mardan has an important historical and geographical position. A region communicating Afghanistan and India in

82-566: A beautiful mosque in Bannu Bazar in around 1820s. The Mughal Khel tribe has the following sub-tribes: Qasim Khel, Jaffar Khel, Hakim Khel, and Muhammad Hassan Khel. The Mughal Khel have ruled and held the position of maliks in Ghoriwala for more than 300 years. Due to centuries of living in a land far away from their brethren, the Mughal Khels gradually assimilated in the local society, adopting

123-594: A kinsman of Arab commander Khalid ibn al-Walid . When Khalid ibn al-Walid summoned Qais from Ghor to Medina , Qais accepted Islam and the prophet renamed him Abdur Rashīd (meaning "Servant of the Guide to the Right Path" or "Servant of God" in Arabic ). Abdur Rashid returned to Ghor and introduced Islam there. The book stated that Yūsuf's grandfather (and Mand's father), Khashay, also had two other sons, Muk and Tarkalāṇī, who were

164-451: A regular rotation of ownership, the Yusufzai landowners would migrate for up to 30 miles for their new share after each cycle, although the tenants cultivating the land would stay on. The wēsh system operated among the Yusufzai of Swat region until at least 1920s. The hamsāya or "shade sharers" were the clients or dependents from other (non-Yusufzai) Pashtun tribes who became attached to

205-496: Is a variety of Northern Pashto , is the prestige variety of Pashto in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Some of its consonants differ from the other dialects: The Yusufzai Pashtun aristocracy was historically divided into several communities based on patrilineal segmentary groups: The khān referred to the Yusufzai landowners. In the 16th century, saint Sheikh Milli, a prominent Yusufzai dignitary, distributed

246-492: Is found only in loanwords and tends to be replaced by /p/, the name is usually pronounced as Yūsəpzay or Īsəpzay . The name literally means "descendant of Yusuf " in Pashto; Yūsuf ( يوسف‎ ) is an Arabic and Aramaic masculine given name meaning "(God) shall add." According to some scholars, including philologist J.W. McCrindle , the name Yūsəpzay or Īsəpzay is derived from the tribal names of Aspasioi and Assakenoi –

287-565: Is sometimes called Hoti Mardan, lies 2 miles from the cantonment. Sheikh Malee was a great Pashtoon Geographer. He lived about 500 years ago and was one of the reliable friends of Sardar Malak Ahmad, a famous Yousafzai leader. In those days Mardan, Buner, Swat and other Pashtoon areas were collectively known as Swat. He was a sincere and an honest man. But he is famous because of the land allocation programme called "Veish" which he introduced in Peshawar, Mardan, Buner, Swat and other areas. He introduced

328-477: The Aśvakan or Assakan is also the origin of the ethnonym Afghān , which has been historically used for all Pashtuns. According to a popular mythical genealogy, recorded by 17th-century Mughal courtier Nimat Allah al-Harawi in his book Tārīkh-i Khān Jahānī wa Makhzan-i Afghānī , the Yusufzai tribe descended from their eponymous ancestor Yūsuf, who was son of Mand, who was son of Khashay (or Khakhay), who

369-577: The British Raj annexed Dir and granted the title of the "Nawab of Dir" to Sharif Khan Akhundkhel, the ruler of Dir (1886–1904). The princely state of Dir existed until 1969, after which they were merged into West Pakistan , and then in 1970 into the North-West Frontier Province (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ) of Pakistan. Its area is part of the present-day Buner , Lower Dir and Upper Dir . One of Iliaszai grandson through Taje,

410-546: The Sanskrit and Avestan words for " horse "). McCrindle noted: "The name of the Aśvaka indicates that their country was renowned in primitive times, as it is at the present day, for its superior breed of horses . The fact that the Greeks translated their name into "Hippasioi" (from ἵππος , a horse) shows that they must have been aware of its etymological signification." The name of

451-567: The Yousafzai , was expelled from Kabul by Mirza Ulugh Beg , a Timurid ruler and paternal uncle of the Mughal Emperor Babur . The Yusufzai migrated to Peshawar valley where they sought and received help from the Dilazak. Later, the relationships between the two tribes deteriorated and a long war ensued. 20 years later, at the battle of Katlang , the Yousafzai and Allied forces pushed

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492-551: The 16th century, but they are also present in parts of Afghanistan , including Kunar , Kabul , Kandahar and Farah . Outside of these countries, they can be found in Ghoriwala District Bannu ( Mughal Khel ), Balochistan Sibi ( Akazai ), Chagai ( Hassanzai ) and Rohilkandh . Most of the Yusufzai speak a northern variety of Pashto and some southern variety of Pashto (as in case of Mughal Khel ) and Afghan dialect Persian . In Pashto phonology , as /f/

533-671: The British at Nagina on 21 April 1858 during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . Today, many Yusufzais are settled in India, most notably in Rohilkhand region, as well as in Farrukhabad , which was founded in 1714 by Pashtun Nawab Muhammad Khan Bangash . In Dir , descendants of 17th-century Akhund Ilyas Yusufzai, the founder of the city of Dir , laid the foundation of the state of Dir . In 1897,

574-627: The Delhi throne as the titular Mughal head, but gave the actual control of Delhi to Najib ad-Daula. From 1757 to 1770, Najib ad-Daula served as the governor of Saharanpur , also ruling over Dehradun . In 1761, he took part in the Third Battle of Panipat and provided thousands of Rohilla troops and many guns to Ahmad Shah Durrani to defeat the Marathas . He also convinced Shuja-ud-Daula , the Nawab of Awadh , to join

615-683: The Dilazak east of the Indus River under the leadership of Malik Ahmed Khan . Yusufzai The Yusufzai or Yousafzai ( Pashto : یوسفزی , pronounced [jusəpˈzai] ), also referred to as the Esapzai ( ايسپزی , pronounced [iːsəpˈzai] ), or Yusufzai Afghans historically, are one of the largest tribes of Pashtuns . They are natively based in the northern part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( Malakand , Dir , Swat , Shangla , Buner , Swabi , Mardan , Bajaur , Peshawar , Tor Ghar ), to which they migrated from Kabul during

656-552: The Durrani forces. Before his departure from Delhi, Ahmad Shah Durrani appointed Najib-ud-Daula as Mir Bakshi (paymaster-general) of the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II . After his death in 1770, Najib ad-Dawlah was succeeded by his son, Zabita Khan , who was defeated in 1772 by a joint Mughal-Maratha force, forcing him to flee from Rohilkhand. However, the descendants of Najib ad-Dawlah continued to rule Najibabad area until they were defeated by

697-739: The Mughal Army in Peshawar . In 1667, the Yusufzai again revolted against the Mughals, with one of their chiefs in Swat proclaiming himself the king. Muhammad Amin Khan brought a 9,000 strong Mughal Army from Delhi to suppress the revolt. Although the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb was able to conquer the southern Yusufzai plains within the northern Kabul valley , he failed to wrest Swat and the adjoining valleys from

738-680: The North-Western Railway. The fort was built by Hodson of the Guides in 1854. The civil lines lay in the southern part of the cantonment on the Naushahra road, and contained the Assistant Commissioner's bungalow, courthouse, tahslll, Government dispensary, and other public offices. An Anglo-vernacular middle school was maintained by the District board. The village of Hoti, from which the station

779-465: The Unit of the land. He classified Pashtoons into nine major subgroups and the region into nine districts. He wrote a book in nine volumes about his land reforms. This is called 'Daftar e Sheikh Malee' and has been mentioned in the poems of the great poet, Khushal Khan Khattak. The 5th (Guides) Battalion of the 12th Frontier Force Regiment had Mardan as its normal duty station. In 1857, the Guides formed part of

820-552: The Yusufzai had never paid taxes or tributes to Babur or any other Mughal Emperor. Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai conquered the land of Malakand division and Yusufzai remained the powerful and prominent tribe of Malakand Agency. Major parts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa remained under the Yusufzai Chieftaincy and major Yusufzai chiefs are the following. After 1675, the Yusufzai Chieftaincy was divided into 32 areas which

861-424: The Yusufzai land among the major Yusufzai tribal clans ( khēl ). However, to avoid inequalities, he ordered that the lands should not become permanent property of the clans, but rather they should be realloted within the patrilineal clans periodically after every ten years or so. In this system ( wēsh ), each landowning khān would own shares ( brakha ) representing his proportion of the total area distributed. Through

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902-516: The Yusufzai tribe of Afghans was first explicitly mentioned in Baburnama by Babur , a Timurid ruler from Fergana (in present-day Uzbekistan ) who captured Kabul in 1504 . On 21 January 1519, two weeks after his Bajaur massacre , Babur wrote: "On Friday we marched for Sawad ( Swat ), with the intention of attacking the Yusufzai Afghans, and dismounted in between the water of Panjkora and

943-634: The Yusufzai tribe over the years. The faqīr or "poor" were the non-Pashtun landless peasants who were assigned to the Yusufzai landowners. As dependent peasants, the faqīr used to pay rent for the land they cultivated. In the 19th century, the distinction between hamsāya as a "dependent Pashtun tribe" and faqīr as "non-Pashtun landless peasants" became blurred. Both terms were then interchangeably used to simply refer to landless dependents or clients. The mlātəṛ or "supporters" provided services to their patrons as artisans ( kasabgar ), musicians ( ḍəm ), herders, or commercial agents, mostly in return for

984-599: The ancient inhabitants of the Kunar Valley and the Swat Valley who offered resistance when Alexander invaded their land in 327–326 BCE. According to historian R.C. Majumdar , the Assakenoi were either allied to or a branch of the larger Aspasioi , and both of these ancient tribal names were probably derived from the word Aśvaka , which literally means "horsemen", "horse breeders", or " cavalrymen " (from aśva or aspa ,

1025-505: The bulk of those Pashtuns who settled in Rohilkhand , India where they were known as the Rohilla . Najib-ud-Daula , who belonged to the Yusufzai tribe, was a prominent Rohilla chief. In the 1740s, he founded the city of Najibabad in Rohilkhand. In 1757, he supported Ahmad Shah Durrani in his attack on Delhi. After his victory, Ahmad Shah Durrani re-installed the Mughal emperor Alamgir II on

1066-628: The control of the Yusufzai. Ahmad Shah Durrani (1747–1772), the founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire , categorized all Afghan tribes into four ulūs (tribal confederacies) for administrative purposes: Durrani , Ghilji , Sur , and Bar Durrani ("Upper Durranis"). The Yusufzai were included in the Bar Durrani confederacy along with other eastern Pashtun tribes, including the Mohmand , Afridi , Bangash , and Khattak . The Bar Durrani comprised

1107-548: The force that went from the Punjab to the aid of the British locked in a critical combat with Indian soldiers. When the news of the outbreak reached Peshawar, a council of war was held and measures adopted to meet the situation. The same night the Guides started on their memorable march to Delhi. On 21 May 1857 the 55th Native Infantry rose at Mardan. The majority made good their escape across the Indus, only to perish after fearful privations at

1148-572: The hands of the hill-men of the Hazara border. Delhi fell to the British on 20 September 1857 after a siege lasting five months. The victorious soldiers fell upon the city and freely indulged in looting and massacre. The Guides Memorial in Mardan was built by the British in 1892 in memory of their soldiers who sacrificed their lives in defence of Queen's Residency in Kabul on September 23, 1879. This historical memorial

1189-537: The local elements and thus have transitioned from the Hard Pashto pronunciations to Soft Pashto but still in their speech and appearance their long lost characters can be identified. As the author of Bannu Gazetteer said: The most notable case of the sort is that of the Mughal Khels of Ghoriwala, a Yousafzai group, who conquered territory for themselves seven generations ago and still preserve in speech and physiognomy proof of their origin. Yusufzai Pashto, which

1230-533: The past, it had witnessed a wonderful history. Alexander the Great reached the valley through Kunar Afghanistan and Swat in 326 BC.This was followed by Buddhism until the 7th century AD. Towards the end of 7th century; the Dilazak Afghans arrived in the region. They introduced Islam in the valley. Following this Sultan Sabuktagin, Mahmood Ghaznavi, Mohammad Ghori, Mughals until the time of Aurangzeb and Nadir Shah ruled

1271-507: The progenitors of the Gigyani and Tarkani tribes, respectively. Yūsuf had one brother, Umar, who was the progenitor of the Mandanr tribe, which is closely related to Yusufzais. The 1595 Mughal account Ain-i-Akbari also mentioned the tradition of Israelite descent among Pashtuns, which shows that the tradition was already popular among 16th-century Pashtuns. During the early modern period ,

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1312-589: The rebellion. In February 1586, about 8,000 Mughal soldiers, including Birbal, were killed near the Karakar Pass between Swat and Buner by the Yusufzai lashkar led by Kalu Khan . This was the greatest disaster faced by the Mughal Army during Akbar's reign. In 1630, under the leadership of Pir Roshan 's great-grandson, Abdul Qadir, thousands of Pashtuns from the Yusufzai, Mandanrs, Kheshgi , Mohmand , Afridi , Bangash , and other tribes launched an attack on

1353-406: The second floor there are open arches from which a major part of the surroundings is visible. On the third stage there are cupolas on each corner of this memorial. 34°12′14.5″N 72°02′16.2″E  /  34.204028°N 72.037833°E  / 34.204028; 72.037833 Dilazak Dilazak is a Pushtun tribe from Karlani Division of Afghans . Around 1520, a Pashtun tribe,

1394-680: The tribe. Shah Mansur had favoured peace while the faction of Malik Ahmad Khan was against any forging of close ties. Bibi Mubarika played an important role in the establishment of friendly relations of Yusufzai Pashtun chiefs with Babur, who later founded the Mughal Empire after defeating Pashtun Sultan Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. One of Mubarika's brothers, Mir Jamal Yusufzai, accompanied Babur to India in 1525 and later held high posts under Mughal Emperors Humayun and Akbar . Although suspicions existed on both sides and

1435-593: The united waters of Chandāwal (Jandul) and Bajaur. Shah Mansur Yusufzai had brought a few well-flavoured and quite intoxicating confections ." Due to the military and strategic strength of the Yousafzai, Babur needed security from their location in the hills that threatened his empire and did not allow for a safe expansion to India . As part of a treaty with Yusufzai Afghans to have family ties, Babur married Bibi Mubarika , daughter of Yusufzai chief Shah Mansur on 30 January 1519 for mutual security after failing to subdue

1476-690: The valley. Then came the Sikhs and finally British Raj until 1947. As of 1903 Mardan Cantonment in Peshawar District, North-West Frontier Province, was the permanent headquarters of the Queen's Own Corps of Guides. It is also the headquarters of the Mardan tahsll and the Yusufzai subdivision. Population (1901), 3,572. The cantonment is situated in 34°12'N. and 72°2'E., on the right bank of the Kalpani river, 33 miles north-east of Peshawar and 15 miles north of Nau- shahra, on

1517-530: Was a man named Gadezai , who had five sons: Hassan, Behram, Ali Sher, Hussain, and Ibrahim. The first four sons settled in present-day District Buner , while Ibrahim was separated from them during the massacre of Yousafzai by Ulugh Beg in Kabul . Initially settling in Kurram , Ibrahim's descendants eventually migrated to Ghoriwala in present-day District Bannu . Ibrahim had only one son named Hassan Khan, and his family

1558-534: Was built in the centre of Mardan city. It has three storey building. There is an opening arch in the center of this memorial while on both sides are staircases. There is an influence of Hindu temple architecture on the ground structures, featuring suspended leaves in well-carved stone works, with marble stones and mouldings that not only support the building but also secure it from earthquake shockwaves. The Gothic arches are British architecture like those seen in Churches. On

1599-416: Was known as Hassan Khel. However, after one of his descendant, Mughal Khan Yousafzai, his tribe came to be known as Mughal Khel . Mughal Khan's leadership and capabilities helped establish his tribe as one of the leading and honorable tribes of Bannu. Jaffar Khan Yousafzai, Mughal Khan's grandson, also earned a name and place for himself among the elders of the district. He also commissioned the construction of

1640-683: Was remained under each Yusufzai tribal Mashar (Leader). In 1586, Akbar the Great tried to invade Malakand in the Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586) but failed and it become the greatest disaster to Mughal empire in the era of Akbar. During the 1580s, many Yusufzais and Mandanrs rebelled against the Mughals and joined the Roshani movement of Pir Roshan . In late 1585, Moghul emperor Akbar sent military forces under Zain Khan Koka and Birbal to crush

1681-572: Was son of Kand, who was son of Kharshbūn, who was son of Saṛban (progenitor of the Sarbani tribal confederacy), who was son of Qais Abdur Rashid (progenitor of all Pashtuns). Qais Abdur Rashid was a descendant of Afghana, who was described as a grandson of the Israelite king Saul and commander-in-chief of the army of prophet Solomon . Qais was claimed to be a contemporary of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and

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