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55-584: In 2002, Crivella was elected as a federal Senator of Brazil from the state of Rio de Janeiro on the Liberal Party ticket. He has since helped found the Brazilian Republican Party (PRB) which has been allied with President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva . With a Civil Engineering degree from Universidade Santa Ursula , Crivella became known for planning and execution of the Projeto Nordeste ,

110-451: A Senate elector required an annual income of 400,000 contos-de-réis. Once elected, these electors would then vote for senator. The election itself would not result in a winner automatically. The three candidates receiving the most votes would make up what was called a " triple list ", from which the Emperor would select one individual that would be considered " elected ". The Emperor usually chose

165-725: A charitable project to redevelop lands abandoned by the Brazilian federal government in the city of Irecê . The project was developed to use Israeli irrigation practices, which Crivella has observed in his several trips to Israel. It has led to the renewal of agriculture and livestock raising there. He is a bishop of the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God (UCKG), an international evangelical church founded by his uncle Edir Macedo in 1977. Born in Rio de Janeiro to Catholic parents, Crivella attended

220-409: A first-come, first-served basis and are not allocated ahead of time. Frisas are open air box seats located along the samba runway. Camarotes are luxury boxes situated between the frisas and the grandstands. Sector 9 is the tourist sector which are the same as grandstand tickets, with the difference being that they are allocated so people have assigned seats. Carnival ticket prices can vary depending on

275-478: A missionary. He is considered a preacher of the prosperity gospel . Marcelo Crivella entered political life, being a founder of the Brazilian Republican Party (PRB), and ran successfully for the position of Senator in the 2002 elections. In 2003, he became senator for the State of Rio de Janeiro until 2017. In 2006 Crivella ran for governor of Rio de Janeiro state. He ran for mayor of the capital in 2004 and 2008, but

330-548: A two-year term and re-elected in February 2023 for another two-year term. The Senate has 81 members, serving an eight-year term of office . There are three senators from each of the country's 27 federative units, the Federal District and the 26 states . Elections are staggered so that either a third or two-thirds of senators are up for election every four years. The most recent election took place in 2022, where one-third of

385-531: A venue (often a bank) announced the day before. LIESA prices for grandstand tickets vary from Rs5 to Rs500 for the Tourist Sector (2014 prices) (Rs500 = approx. US$ 250). LIESA publish the base price of the tickets, and agents and brokers charge more (sometimes significantly more) but offer considerable convenience and other benefits. As the parade is taking place in the Sambadrome and the balls are being held in

440-428: A way for blocos to increase their legitimacy and avert police oppression. Blacks at the time were often oppressed by the police for any street Carnival activities due to the city's attempt to become a European-style capital at this time. There was no carnival in 1915–18 (due to World War I ) or 1940–45 (due to World War II ). Once more it was canceled with strict warnings against clandestine celebrations in 2021 due to

495-487: Is a festival held every year before Lent ; it is considered the biggest celebration of Carnival in the world, with two million people per day on the streets. The first Carnival festival in Rio occurred in 1723. The typical Rio Carnival parade is filled with revelers, floats, and adornments from numerous samba schools which are located in Rio (more than 200 approximately, divided into five leagues/divisions). A samba school

550-418: Is composed of a collaboration of local neighbours that want to attend the carnival together, with some kind of regional, geographical and common background. There is a special order that every school has to follow with their parade entries. Each school begins with the "comissão de frente" (meaning "Front Commission"), that is the group of people from the school that appear first. Made of ten to fifteen people,

605-507: The AESCRJ banner before it lost organizing rights, thus also providing for the establishment of new organizations like LIESB and Samba é Nosso for the lower level divisions. The Gold Division (A Series) champion school which advances directly as a participant in the Special Group for the next year's Carnival parades last on Carnival Monday while the Special Group champion parades once more on

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660-622: The COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil and was postponed in 2022 for similar reasons. It returned in 2023. The pre-existing traditions of the 'Entrudos' and other popular festivities such as the 'ranches' and 'Cordão carnavalesco' that dated from the Empire would eventually be combined into carnival blocks by the 1920s, and evolve into their ultimate form - the Rio samba schools. Estácio de Sá , together with Portela and Estação Primeira de Mangueira paraded for

715-890: The Imperial Constitution in 1824, it was based on the House of Lords of the British Parliament , but since the Proclamation of the Republic in 1889 and under the first republican Constitution the Federal Senate has resembled the United States Senate . The current president of the Federal Senate is Rodrigo Pacheco , a member of the Social Democratic Party from Minas Gerais . He was elected in February 2021 for

770-626: The Methodist Church in his youth. His connection with his uncle, Edir Macedo, made them try an unsuccessful commercial partnership, before he was invited in 1977 to work in Macedo's newly founded UCKG. He studied at Santa Ursula University in Civil Engineering and obtained a Bachelor of Science in 1984. Soon Crivella became a pastor. In 1992, he became a missionary pastor in South Africa for

825-541: The afro-Brazilian religions, an "unchristian excess" and ordered severe financial cuts for the organizers. On 22 December 2020, just nine days before the end of his term as mayor, Crivella was arrested at his home in Rio de Janeiro, after investigations on a kickback corruption scheme during his administration. Because his vice mayor, Fernando Mac Dowell , died in 2018, the president of the Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro , Jorge Felippe, became interim mayor. In

880-667: The Brazilian Senate, Crivella established himself as a representative of the Brazilian diaspora , as many citizens are working abroad. He was president of the Subcomissão Permanente de Proteção dos Cidadãos Brasileiros no Exterior (Permanent Subcommittee on Protection of Brazilian Citizens Abroad), subject to the Comissão de Relações Exteriores e Defesa Nacional (Committee on Foreign Relations and National Defense), of which Crivella

935-492: The Copacabana Palace and beach, many carnival participants are at other locations. Street festivals are very common during carnival and are highly populated by the locals. Elegance and extravagance are usually left behind, but music and dancing are still extremely common. Anyone is allowed to participate in the street festivals. Bandas are very familiar with the street carnival especially because it takes nothing to join in on

990-473: The Law on Biosafety , which regulates research with stem cells . He opposes civil unions for homosexuals and the codification of homophobia . After protests by activists, he explained that he feared unintended consequences of a proposed law against homophobia, but certainly wants protections and equal rights for homosexuals. Veja magazine had a cover story about the influence of Charles Darwin , who developed

1045-954: The Mesa Diretora ( Presiding Board ) of the Federal Senate is as follows: The current composition of the Senate (57th Legislature) is as follows: Acre Alagoas Amapá Amazonas Bahia Ceará Espírito Santo Federal District Goiás Maranhão Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul Minas Gerais Pará Paraíba Paraná Pernambuco Piauí Rio de Janeiro Rio Grande do Norte Rio Grande do Sul Rondônia Roraima Santa Catarina São Paulo Sergipe Tocantins Notes: Rio Carnival The Carnival in Rio de Janeiro ( Portuguese : Carnaval do Rio de Janeiro )

1100-562: The Republic in 1889 ended the Brazilian Empire in favor of the First Republic . The 1891 Constitution was then adopted, transforming Brazil's provinces into states and the Senate into an elected body. This was retained under later constitutions, including the current 1988 Constitution . Now known as the Federal Senate, it resembles the United States Senate in that each state has the same number of senators. The current composition of

1155-514: The Saturday after Ash Wednesday. As of 2018, LIESB handed over the management of the E series and its schools to ACAS, which now operates it as a rookie level organization for samba schools, in 2020 the C Series (Silver Division) fell under a new organization, LIVRES, with LIESB handling the divisions above and below it. Rio's Carnival begins on the Friday preceding Lent and ends on Ash Wednesday, but

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1210-439: The Senate had to be at least 40 years old and have an annual income of 800,000 contos-de-réis , which limited candidates to wealthy citizens. Voters also faced an income qualification. Voting in an election for the Senate was limited to male citizens with an annual income of at least 200,000 contos-de-réis. Those who qualified for this did not vote directly for senators; instead, they voted for candidates to be Senate electors. To be

1265-507: The Senate was a consulting body to the Emperor. Membership was for life and it was a place of great prestige, to which only a small part of the population could aspire. The original Senate had 50 members, representing all of the Empire's provinces , each with a number of senators proportional to its population. In addition to these elected senators, daughters and sons of the Emperor aged at least 25 were senators by right . The elected members of

1320-560: The Senate was elected. Elections are held under the first-past-the-post and block voting systems. In years when a third of members are up for election, voters can cast only one vote and the candidate who receives a plurality of votes within their state is elected. In years when two-thirds of members are up for election, voters can cast two votes. People can not vote for the same candidate twice, but each party can field up to two candidates in each state. The two highest-placed candidates in each state are elected. The Federal Senate of Brazil

1375-579: The Winners' Parade happens on the Saturday after the carnival ends. The winning school and runners' up of the Special Group, as well as the A Series champion school, all march past one final time in front of their supporters on this night. “Held the week before Ash Wednesday, the samba school parades thrive as both a cultural performance tradition and an urban entertainment business. The parades are an amalgamation of dance, fashion, music, narrative, spectacle, and competition in which thousands of performers process in

1430-441: The architect Oscar Niemeyer the project of a permanent local stadium for the parades in that same area, because until then the bleachers had continued to be temporary, and only assembled and disassembled for the event. With the increase in the number of schools taking part, which made the parade longer and tiring for the public, in 1984 the parade was separated into two dates and categories: Friday evening into Saturday morning for

1485-450: The beginning of the 20th century the Samba and Batucada rhythms classically associated with Rio Carnival were introduced by Afro-Brazilians and Pardos , by adapting different cultural inputs to produce a new musical genre. During this period, Carnival assumed its position as the biggest popular festival in Brazil. In the 1920s and 1930s in Rio, Samba schools were beginning to become popular as

1540-471: The book, saying that it was the work of a young, immature missionary. Brazilian Senate Opposition (32) Independents (7) Recent elections 15°47′59″S 47°51′51″W  /  15.79972°S 47.86417°W  / -15.79972; -47.86417 The Federal Senate ( Portuguese : Senado Federal ) is the upper house of the National Congress of Brazil . When created under

1595-451: The candidate with the most votes, but it was within his discretion to select whichever of the three individuals listed. Following the adoption of the 1824 Constitution, the first session of the Senate took place in May 1826. The Emperor had repeatedly delayed calling the first election, which had led to accusations that he would attempt to establish an absolutist government. The Proclamation of

1650-464: The carnival. As stated by Samba City, "Samba Carnival Instruments are an important part of Brazil and the Rio de Janeiro carnival, sending out the irresistible beats and rhythms making the crowd explode in a colourful dance revolution fantasy fest!" The samba that is found in Rio is Battucanada, referring to the dance and music being based on percussion instruments. It "is born of a rhythmic necessity that it allows you to sing, to dance, and to parade at

1705-472: The city's public spaces. Incorporated into every aspect of the Rio Carnival are dancing and music. The most famous dance in brazilian carnival is samba . The samba remains a popular dance not only in carnival but in the ghettos outside of the main cities. These villages keep alive the historical aspect of the dance without the influence of the western cultures. Music is another major part of all aspects of

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1760-518: The comissão de frente introduces the school and sets the mood and style of their presentation. These people have choreographed dances in elaborate costumes that usually tell a short story. Following the "comissão de frente" is the first float of the samba school, called "abre-alas" ("Opening Wing"). These are followed by the Mestre-sala and Porta-Bandeira ("Master of Ceremonies and Flag Bearer"), with one to four pairs, one active and three reserve, to lead

1815-400: The dancers, which include the old guard veterans and the "ala das baianas", with the drum line battery at the rear and sometimes a brass section and guitars. This brass section was included in the early 20th century as part of a more diverse musical ensemble which began to be offered at this time. The origins of the Rio Carnival celebration dates back to the 16th and 17th centuries. Carnival

1870-535: The early morning hours through the Sambadrome (Sambódromo), a linear structure consisting of a runway for the parades and bleacher seating for 72,500 spectators.” In 1984, the government decided to give Rio Carnival its new home in the Sambadrome . Today, some of the most famous events of Rio Carnival are ticketed events. There are different types of Sambadrome tickets that are available for purchase. Grandstand tickets are general admissions tickets that are available on

1925-502: The elected deputies (which included representatives from present-day Uruguay , then part of the Brazilian Empire under the name of Província Cisplatina ), the Emperor dissolved the Assembly. In 1824, Pedro I implemented the first Constitution which established a legislative branch with the Chamber of Deputies as the lower house , and the Senate as an upper house. The first configuration of

1980-591: The first time in the city in 1929. All three were former carnival blocks which transformed into schools with professional staffing and city support. In 1930, seven schools were already active in the city. With the works of in Avenida Presidente Vargas , the parade moved there, and from 1942 to 1945 the parade was held in São Januário . From 1952 temporary stands for the public were annually assembled, and in 1961 paid tickets made their debut to take advantage of

2035-547: The fun except to jump in. One of the most well known bandas of Rio is Banda de Ipanema . Banda de Ipanema was first created in 1965 and is known as Rio's most irreverent street band. Rio de Janeiro is "submerged", almost "invisible" and that emerges with full intensity during Carnival. Even though this is only clearly perceived during Carnival, this city is occupied (especially in the central area) extensively by actors who, in different locations, play, sing and dance, giving new meaning to their daily lives and their relationship with

2090-465: The largest organized street dance is typically found on Cinelândia Square in Rio's Centro. In 2012, more than 2 million revelers took to the streets of Rio de Janeiro to participate in the Cordão da Bola Preta bloco. According to police estimates, more than 5 million people attended a bloco during Rio Carnival 2012 and there was not one reported incident of crime. When the Sambadrome was built in 1984, it had

2145-417: The lower-level schools; and Sunday evening into Monday morning for the major schools, including the more recognizable ones. That year, a “super-champion” school was also announced following the parade of the champions that took place the following Saturday, which by that time were awarded for the best performances of the past nights of competition. Since this practice was never again repeated, Mangueira remains

2200-448: The only samba school to ever be awarded with the title and dignity of "super-champion" of the annual event. Portela is the samba school that has the largest number of championships with 22. The schools of the Special Group under LIESA parade over two days (Sunday and Monday), while the A Series schools parade on Friday and Saturday under LIERJ , which also has the B Series, which parades on Fat Tuesday . Both organizations were under

2255-603: The parties are affiliated to the Rio de Janeiro State Street Carnival Blocks Federation (FBCERJ), established in 1965. The Queen of the Carnival in Rio de Janeiro and up to two princesses having the duty to woo the revelry, along with the King Momo . Unlike some cities, in the city of Rio de Janeiro , Queens of Carnival do not see a certain school of samba. In competitions, princesses are usually placed as second and third, and are correspondingly 1st and 2nd Princess. Some of them after

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2310-466: The rising international and national interest and the increasing tourist arrivals. In 1974, due to the works of the subway, the parade was held on Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, from where it was also broadcast for the first time in color television. In 1978, the parade was transferred to the Marquês de Sapucaí Avenue, where it remains up to this day. In 1983, the then governor Leonel Brizola commissioned

2365-401: The same time." This is why the batucada style is found in most all of Rio's street carnivals. Street parades, blocos, and bandas take place throughout the city of Rio during Carnival, the most famous and largest carnival celebration of the world. There can be more than 300 bandas taking place at any given point in time. While the biggest street party takes place right outside the Sambadrome,

2420-416: The side-effect of taking street parades from the downtown area to a specific, ticketed performance area. Some samba schools have since been motivated by an agenda that focuses on regaining public space, and using the carnival tradition to occupy the streets with parades or blocos . Many of these represent a local community of the area but are open to all. Several of the Rio street carnival blocks that hold

2475-518: The state of Rio de Janeiro, and was supported by the President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva . Polls put him in second place, but he was beaten by Denise Frossard , the candidate of the PPS , and Crivella declined to participate in the runoff election. In 2008, he ran for mayor of the state capital, but came in 3rd place in the first round and was eliminated. Crivella reached the second round but

2530-512: The theory of evolution . In an interview, Crivella said that he is a creationist and rejects this theory. The Senator said "there is no conclusive proofs that [...] one species could generate another species ". He has been criticized for his 1999 book Evangelizing Africa in which he said that homosexuality was a "terrible evil", that Catholics were demonic, that African religions were based on "evil spirits", and that Hindus drank their children's blood. He has since tried to distance himself from

2585-410: The ticket type, sector and season. The cheapest sectors are 12 and 13. Tickets can be bought in advance through international brokers, or through local travel agents in Rio de Janeiro. 'Purchase of a ticket' normally means purchase of a voucher which is then exchangeable for the ticket close to the date. Ticket sales are organised by LIESA , who will often also make tickets available at late notice via

2640-633: The universal Church, until 2002. He became pastor and bishop, having worked ten years diffusing the Universal Church in the African continent. In 1999 he was part of an event at the Maracana sports stadium in Rio de Janeiro. By 1999, he had signed a contract with Sony Records. His religious preaching is broadcast by radio. Crivella has recorded as a singer, often using his own songs. He has released 14 disks, selling more than 5 million copies. His biggest success

2695-406: Was brought to Brazil by Portuguese colonizers between the 16th and 17th centuries, manifesting itself initially through the 'Entrudo', a popular festival where public games and lighthearted mockery would run wild in the streets. Over time, the festival acquired other ways of manifesting itself, such as in the use of masks and costumes. O Moleque by Lima Barreto, depicts an emergence of costume which

2750-449: Was defeated on his running for Governor of Rio de Janeiro in 2014 by Luiz Fernando Pezão . In 2016, Marcelo Crivella won the election for Rio de Janeiro Mayor beating left-wing candidate Marcelo Freixo by about 20 percentage points. He is the first Pentecostal to govern a big Brazilian city. As mayor of Rio de Janeiro, Crivella called the Carnival of Rio de Janeiro , which is rooted in

2805-615: Was established as the Imperial Senate by the Constitution of 1824 , first enacted after the Declaration of Independence . It was modelled on the House of Lords of the British Parliament . Following independence, in 1822, Emperor Pedro I ordered the convocation of a Assembleia Geral Constituinte e Legislativa ( Legislative and Constituent General Assembly ) to draft the country's first Constitution. Following several disagreements with

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2860-478: Was his first album, O Mensageiro da Solidariedade (The Messenger of Solidarity). The albums were recorded by Line Records and by Sony Music . Crivella is the author of the books Histórias de Sabedoria e Humildade , a collection of moral and religious tales, Um Sonho que se Tornou Realidade , which is about the Projeto Nordeste, and “Evangelizando a África,” a book he wrote during his 10 years he spent in Africa as

2915-477: Was originally used in Carnival, tracing back to the European cultural roots. The costumes are symbolic of political and cultural themes of the time, which are then integrated into Carnival. The emergence of carnival societies created by the monarch elite also contributed to the popularization of the party among the poor. In 1840, the very first Rio masquerade took place, and polka and waltz took center stage. Later in

2970-413: Was unsuccessful in the three races. In 2004 he came in second in the disputed Rio de Janeiro municipal election, but he did not succeed to go to the second round against César Maia . He complained about negative coverage by O Globo newspaper, owned by the second-largest media conglomerate in the country, which published several articles accusing him of fraud. In 2006, he was gubernatorial candidate for

3025-573: Was vice president. As an example, he led efforts to gain better treatment of Brazilians picked up in the United States as illegal immigrants. As policy, they are detained while their cases are being reviewed, which can be lengthy. Crivella identifies as a conservative politician but he has been a great ally of President Lula. His party supports the government. Crivella opposes the legalization of abortion . Crivella favors public policies for family planning through sex education and sterilization , and

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