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90-470: The Maplewood Hotel is a historic residential hotel at 328-330 Maple Street in Holyoke, Massachusetts . Consisting of two buildings dating to the late 19th century, it was the first residential building of its type in the city, built by local industrialist Frank Beebe, who occupied one of its units. When opened, it offered high quality furnished and unfurnished residences in a full-service environment. The hotel

180-512: A trust company established in 1899 with the merging of 23 rag paper mills, 13 of which were located in Holyoke. At one point the company was the largest producer of fine papers in the world, but leadership lacking technical knowledge of the industry led the company to fold by 1963. The availability of water power enabled Holyoke to support its own electric utility company and maintain it independently of America's major regional utilities. The city

270-760: A coalition of universities and tech companies have built the Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center , an energy-efficient, high-performance computing center, in Holyoke which opened in 2012. Partners in this project include Cisco Systems , Harvard University , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT,) the University of Massachusetts , Boston University , Northeastern University , EMC Corporation , and Accenture PLC . The data center has been built in Holyoke in part due to hydropower accessibility as well as

360-526: A congregation today. As of 2010 an estimated 60% of Holyoke was religious, with the largest demographic being Christians, more specifically Roman Catholics , who comprised 49% of the city's population. In 2011, two Catholic parishes, Holy Cross and Mater Dolorosa were merged into Our Lady of the Cross Parish. A number of other Catholic parishes, including Our Lady of Guadalupe, St. Jerome's, Blessed Sacrament and Immaculate Conception Parish also reside in

450-474: A considerably smaller number of businesses in Holyoke work in the paper industry today, it is still commonly referred to as "The Paper City". Today the city contains a number of specialty manufacturing companies, as well as the Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center , an intercollegiate research facility which opened in 2012. Holyoke is also home to the Volleyball Hall of Fame and known as

540-482: A credit union for the students of a former parochial school. Despite a reputation as an industrial city, agriculture has played a continuing role in the Holyoke's livelihood throughout its history. On July 24, 1917, it became the first city in Western Massachusetts to open a modern farmers market , a novelty at the time, bringing producers directly to consumers. The current farmers market, which began in 1979,

630-481: A degree that their population increased and they reached a density of 287 people per 100 square miles as opposed to 41 in the north. Scholars estimate that, by the year 1600, the indigenous population of New England had reached 70,000–100,000. The French encountered Algonquian peoples in this area through their trade and limited colonization of New France along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. The historic peoples of

720-538: A group of settlers from Roxbury, Massachusetts to the Valley to establish Springfield on land scouts had found to be advantageous for farming and trading. This settlement was built north of the Connecticut River's first major falls, Enfield Falls , where seagoing vessels had to transfer cargo into smaller shallops to continue northward on the river. Due to its proximity to the banks of the river Springfield quickly became

810-530: A major employer since the construction of the Holyoke Mall , the third largest shopping mall in New England , in 1979. Retail has provided the city with a large and steady tax base, contributing over $ 7 million in taxes annually. The city also features the corporate headquarters of PeoplesBank , the largest bank in Western Massachusetts, as well as the local Holyoke Credit Union which was originally started as

900-548: A massive demand for new housing as the population grew by more than 1000% from the years from 1850 to 1890. Initially this demand was filled by company housing, including such examples as the Hadley Falls Company Housing District , whose structures were built in 1847–1848. Gradually the Holyoke Water Power Company began building housing on its land holdings to sell to working families, and by

990-451: A number of line workers for Lyman Mills , including his son John J. Prew, who founded Springdale and became the first French member of the city council, then the board of aldermen. By 1900, one in three residents were French or French Canadian descent, and when the city reached its peak population of 62,300 in 1913, this number had become one in four, while the city contained the 7th largest French or French Canadian immigrant population in

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1080-604: A number of which remain operational today under the Pioneer Valley Railroad . As of the census of 2020, there were 38,247 people in 15,062 households. There were 16,874 housing units in the city. The racial makeup in 2017 was 84.9% white (33.0% non-Hispanic white ), 21.8% black , 0.4% Native American , 1.6% Asian (0.4% Cambodian , 0.4% Indian , 0.3% Chinese , 0.3% Korean , 0.1% Pakistani ), 0.1% Pacific Islander , 6.6% some other race, and 4.6% from mixed race . Hispanics and Latinos of any race were 51.2% of

1170-602: A peak rank as the 82nd largest city in the United States by 1900, comparable to the standing of Buffalo (83rd) or Scottsdale (85th) among cities in 2018. Holyoke reached its peak population before the end of the First World War with an estimated 62,300 residents according reported in 1913 by the school superintendent at that time, and 65,286 reported for 1916 by the World Book . Following a period of de-industrialization after

1260-543: A population nearly 40 times its size. Before 1900 Holyoke would produce 320 tons per day, predominantly of writing paper. In 1888, Holyoke's paper industry spurred the foundation of the American Pad & Paper Company (AMPAD) , which as of 2007 was one of the largest suppliers of office products in the world. Holyoke was also previously the location of the headquarters of the American Writing Paper Company ,

1350-452: A seasonal economy. The basic social unit was the village: a few hundred people related by a clan kinship structure. Villages were temporary and mobile. The people moved to locations of greatest natural food supply, often breaking into smaller units or gathering as the circumstances required. This custom resulted in a certain degree of intertribal mobility, especially in troubled times. In warm weather, they constructed portable wigwams ,

1440-439: A small class of young mothers who have completed The Care Center's own educational programs in addition to those by Bard. Holyoke Public Library, found at 335 Maple Street, is one of the very few examples of neoclassical architecture in the city of Holyoke, designed by prominent local architect James A. Clough . It sits on Library Park, which was donated by the Holyoke Water Power Company in 1887. The library established in 1870

1530-569: A successful settlement on the Bay Path to Boston, as well as the Massachusetts Path to Albany. Originally, the settlement spanned both sides of the river but was partitioned in 1774 with the land on the western bank becoming West Springfield, Massachusetts . This area, previously allotted to landowners on the east side of the river in Springfield, was settled by colonists by 1655, and included what

1620-616: A system of numbered streets and avenues, engineer Philander Anderson laid out the names of routes in Holyoke's grid system alternating between tree species for North to South streets (Sycamore, Locust, Linden, Oak, Beech, Pine, Walnut, Elm, Chestnut, Maple), and the names of the Hadley Falls Company founders ( Lyman , Dwight , Appleton , Cabot , Sargeant , Jackson ), as well as several Massachusetts counties ( Hampden , Suffolk , Essex , Hampshire , Franklin ) for thoroughfares running east to west. The city's advantageous location on

1710-623: A time. Historians hypothesize that this practice kept the population down, with some invoking Liebig's law of the minimum . The southern Algonquians of New England relied predominantly on slash and burn agriculture. They cleared fields by burning for one or two years of cultivation, after which the village moved to another location. This is the reason the English found the region relatively cleared and ready for planting. By using various kinds of native corn (maize), beans and squash, southern New England natives were able to improve their diet to such

1800-553: A type of hut usually with buckskin doors. In the winter, they erected the more substantial longhouses , in which more than one clan could reside. They cached food supplies in more permanent, semi-subterranean structures . In the spring, when the fish were spawning, they left the winter camps to build villages at coastal locations and waterfalls. In March, they caught smelt in nets and weirs , moving about in birch bark canoes . In April, they netted alewife , sturgeon and salmon . In May, they caught cod with hook and line in

1890-416: A week later, on March 22, 1850. A part of Northampton known as Smith's Ferry was separated from the rest of the town by the creation of Easthampton in 1809. The shortest path to downtown Northampton was on a road near the Connecticut River oxbow, which was subject to frequent flooding. The neighborhood became the northern part of Holyoke in 1909. Holyoke had few inhabitants until the construction of

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1980-689: Is Nuestras Raices . Established in 1992 by members of the La Finquita community garden of South Holyoke , the nonprofit organization has worked with state and federal agencies to help new farmers build skills and expertise, particularly in the Puerto Rican community, through microloans , direct marketing, and land leasing. Holyoke also has a prominent example of ecosystem garden permaculture —the Holyoke Edible Food Forest Garden, established in 2004 by Eric Toensmeier and Jonathan Bates. In

2070-484: Is currently in receivership and managed by Dr. Stephen Zrike, a receiver appointed by the Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education; as superintendent, the receiver presides over school curriculum and practices. The city's private schools include First Lutheran School and Mater Dolorosa Catholic School. The city is also home to Holyoke Community College , the first community college in

2160-632: Is home to an estimated 1,300 residents observing the faith and two synagogues, Congregation Sons of Zion, a Conservative congregation, and Congregation Rodphey Sholom, practicing Orthodoxy . Both congregations originated in the 19th century, with Rodphey Sholom founded in 1903 but tracing its heritage to the Paper City Lodge of the Order Brith Abraham, founded in 1899, and Sons of Zion being founded in 1901. Today both congregations hold joint services during certain holidays. Known by its moniker,

2250-490: Is located at 42°12′11″N 72°37′26″W  /  42.20306°N 72.62389°W  / 42.20306; -72.62389 (42.203191, −72.623969). According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 22.8 square miles (59 km ), of which 21.3 square miles (55 km ) is land and 1.5 square miles (3.9 km ) (6.70%) is water. The city is bordered by Southampton and Westfield to

2340-483: Is now Holyoke. Holyoke as a geographic entity was initially incorporated as the 3rd parish of West Springfield on July 7, 1786, and was called "Ireland" or "Ireland Parish". The area's first post office , "Ireland", was established June 3, 1822, with Martin Chapin as first postmaster; it was discontinued in 1883. Another, "Ireland Depot", was established February 26, 1847, with John M. Chapin as first postmaster, and assumed

2430-545: Is regularly held outside city hall on Thursdays from 10 to 2 from May to October. As late as the 1950s, the city maintained a poor farm while, in contrast, during the late 19th century a number of wealthy manufacturers raised thoroughbred Jersey cattle . This trend began in 1881, when the city went from a population of zero to fifty head of registered Jerseys, the largest herd in the Connecticut Valley being that of William Whiting . This prize-winning herd, then 75 head,

2520-516: Is widely used in a number of engineering applications today, including waterworks and carburators , as well as aviation instrumentation. Powered by these municipally-owned canals, Holyoke has among the lowest electricity costs in the Commonwealth, and as of 2016 between 85% and 90% of the city's energy was carbon neutral , with administrative goals in place to reach 100% in the future. The Indigenous people of Holyoke and South Hadley Falls were

2610-687: The Algonquian peoples . Though records are incomplete, the area was settled by the Pocomtuc , sometimes referred to as the Agawam or Nonotuck. English colonists arrived in the Connecticut River Valley in 1633, when traders from the Plymouth Plantation established a post at Windsor, Connecticut . In 1636, Massachusetts Bay Colony assistant treasurer and Puritan iconoclast William Pynchon led

2700-606: The Farm Labor Program initiated by the US Department of Labor . Not unlike the Bracero program , in the following decades the agency recruited Puerto Rican laborers to work on agricultural land in the continental United States; in the case of Holyoke, many worked on valley tobacco farms, and arrived in the city in search of better job opportunities at the mills as previous generations had. The first permanent Puerto Rican resident

2790-517: The Holyoke Dam to utilize the water power of Hadley Falls, it is one of a handful of cities in New England built on the grid plan . During the late 19th century the city produced an estimated 80% of the writing paper used in the United States and was home to the largest paper mill architectural firm in the country, as well as the largest paper, silk, and alpaca wool mills in the world. Although

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2880-918: The Holyoke Post Office , apartment blocks, and many of the city's iconic Victorian estates. Alderman started his independent practice after being an apprentice to James A. Clough of Clough & Reid, who is best known as the architect of the former iconic Mount Tom Summit Houses as well as the Holyoke Public Library. Architect Oscar Beauchemin 's work shaped both the Main Street landscape of Springdale and many large multi-colored brick tenements built in mixed density housing can be attributed to him, often with Renaissance Revival architectural motifs. Holyoke's own millwright engineers and architects David and Ashley Tower, doing business as D. H. & A. B. Tower , would go on to design more than 100 mills in

2970-576: The dam and the Holyoke Canal System in 1849 and the subsequent construction of water-powered mills, particularly paper mills , the first and last to operate in the city, being those of the Parsons Paper Company . At one point over 25 paper mills were in operation in the city. The Holyoke Machine Company , manufacturer of the Hercules water turbine, was among many industrial developments of

3060-568: The ocean ; and trout , smelt , striped bass and flounder in the estuaries and streams. Putting out to sea, they hunted whales , porpoises , walruses and seals . They gathered scallops , mussels , clams and crabs and, in southern New Jersey, harvested clams year-round. From April through October, natives hunted migratory birds and their eggs: Canada geese , brant , mourning doves and others. In July and August they gathered strawberries , raspberries , blueberries and nuts. In September, they split into small groups and moved up

3150-555: The "Birthplace of Volleyball", as the internationally played Olympic sport was invented and first played at the local YMCA chapter by William G. Morgan in 1895. While managing the Holyoke Testing Flume in the 1880s, hydraulic engineer Clemens Herschel invented the Venturi meter to determine the water use of individual mills in the Holyoke Canal System . This device, the first accurate means of measuring large-scale flows,

3240-604: The "Paper City", Holyoke's economic base was developed almost entirely around the paper industry for the better part of the late 19th and early 20th century; at one time the city was reportedly the largest producer of stationery, writing, and archival goods in the world. While writing paper production has left the city, Holyoke is still home to a number of specialty paper manufacturers and converters, including companies like Eureka Lab Book , Hampden Paper , Hazen Paper , United Paper Box , and University Products . Several international companies also maintain manufacturing facilities in

3330-470: The 19th century, whereas others like Rock Valley and Elmwood were villages within West Springfield that predate the city. Additionally a number of names such as Ewingville and Elmwood Heights have been used historically but have become defunct as separate entities. In alphabetical order, Holyoke's neighborhoods are: Holyoke's industrial development in the late 19th and early 20th centuries led to

3420-898: The Algonquian peoples is not known. At the time of the European arrival, the hegemonic Iroquois Confederacy , based in present-day New York and Pennsylvania , was regularly at war with their Algonquian neighbors. The Algonquian peoples include and have included historical populations in: Colonists in the Massachusetts Bay area first encountered the Wampanoag , Massachusett , Nipmuc , Pennacook , Penobscot , Passamaquoddy , and Quinnipiac . The Mohegan , Pequot , Pocumtuc , Podunk , Tunxis , and Narragansett were based in southern New England. The Abenaki were located in northern New England: present-day Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont in what became

3510-688: The Connecticut River—the largest river in New England —beside Hadley Falls, the river's steepest drop (60 feet), attracted the Boston Associates , who had successfully developed Lowell, Massachusetts ' textile industry. From the late 19th century until the mid-20th century, Holyoke was the world's biggest paper manufacturer. The elaborate Holyoke Canal System , built to power paper and textile mills, distinguishes it from other Connecticut River cities. A series of railways running parallel to these canals also provided easy access to freight,

3600-828: The First Congregational Church of Holyoke, founded in 1850, the First Lutheran Church of Holyoke, founded in 1867, and the United Methodist Church of Holyoke, South Hadley, and Granby, which meets in South Hadley , which was founded in 1810. A Greek Orthodox church, Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church, has also existed in the city since its founding in 1917. Holyoke is also home to a significant Jewish population. As one of 35 municipalities in Massachusetts with more than 100 Jewish residents, Holyoke

3690-547: The HCC MGM Culinary Arts Institute in cooperation with MGM Springfield in April 2018. In 2016, Bard College established the first of its microcolleges in Holyoke, its other being based out of Brooklyn. Bard Microcollege Holyoke operates in partnership with local nonprofit The Care Center, which provides educational and career opportunities to pregnant and parenting teens. Associates of Arts degrees are granted to

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3780-673: The Illinois Country were the Shawnee , Illiniwek , Kickapoo , Menominee , Miami , Sauk and Meskwaki . The latter were also known as the Sac and Fox, and later known as the Meskwaki Indians, who lived throughout the present-day Midwest of the United States. During the nineteenth century, many Native Americans from east of the Mississippi River were displaced over great distances through

3870-477: The Mount Tom Range and the Connecticut River, is characterized by a series of terraces separated by wooded ravines, known as dingles , which drain to the river. Mount Tom is characterized by its high cliffs, sweeping vistas, and microclimate ecosystems. The 110-mile (180 km) Metacomet-Monadnock Trail traverses the Mount Tom Range and East Mountain. Fossilized dinosaur tracks and specimens can be found at

3960-604: The United States and eastern Quebec in what became Canada. They traded with French colonists who settled along the Atlantic coast and the Saint Lawrence River. The Mahican were located in western New England in the upper Hudson River Valley (around present-day Albany, New York). These groups cultivated crops, hunted, and fished. The Algonquians of New England such as the Piscataway (who spoke Eastern Algonquian ), practised

4050-623: The United States passage and enforcement of Indian removal legislation; they forced the people west of the Mississippi River to what they designated as Indian Territory . After the US extinguished Indian land claims, this area was admitted as the state of Oklahoma in the early 20th century. Ojibwe/Chippewa, Odawa , Potawatomi , and a variety of Cree groups lived in Upper Peninsula of Michigan , Western Ontario , Wisconsin , Minnesota , and

4140-559: The area, including a power transmission factory for U.S. Tsubaki in Springdale , and a Sonoco cardboard recycling plant in South Holyoke . Some former mills have in the past been used as incubators for new manufacturing businesses as well; from 1973 until 1983, when it relocated to a newly constructed factory in Deerfield , Yankee Candle's first factory was located in one such building in

4230-661: The canal district. Today the City of Holyoke has one of three foreign-trade zones in the Commonwealth, the other two being the Port of New Bedford and the Massachusetts Port Authority of Boston. Though the number of service-based jobs overtook Holyoke manufacturing jobs in 1972, the city is still home to an array of manufacturing concerns outside of the paper and textile industries, including several producing industrial machinery and components. Until 2017, its oldest manufacturer

4320-418: The city has been approached by several cultivation businesses hoping to establish themselves in former mills. In 2018, the first cannabis cultivation operation, a $ 10 million investment, opened in the city, with plans to open a dispensary in the future. The city's educational needs are served by Holyoke Public Schools , including Holyoke High School , and a number of private institutions. The school system

4410-505: The city is still home to a number of firms specializing in such equipment as medical devices, industrial vacuums, solid waste containers, plastics and rubber manufacturing, bookbinding agents and archival supplies. In recent years the city has also seen a handful of food manufacturing firms, due to its proximity to large metropolitan areas like New York City and Boston. In 1996 the Paper City Brewing Company opened out of one of

4500-424: The city was $ 22,625. About 24.7% of families and 28.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 45.6% of those under age 18 and 19.8% of those age 65 or over. As of 2017, the city had the most recipients of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance per capita of any in Massachusetts, with 37% of residents receiving such benefits. Of all ZIP codes in the Commonwealth, including those of Boston, Holyoke had

4590-468: The city's extensive fiber network. In 2015, the editors of Popular Mechanics ranked Holyoke as 6th on a list of 14 cities they considered to be best for startups in the United States, citing these factors. ISO New England , one of the United States' eight electricity regional transmission organizations , is based in Holyoke, utilizing the city's central location for easy access to metropolitan areas in New England and New York. The retail sector has been

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4680-402: The city's in total. As one of the first planned industrial communities in the United States, downtown Holyoke features rectilinear street grids —a novelty in New England . This street hierarchy was seen as an economic development tool as it lends well to high-rise buildings, and the surrounding canals could be landscaped for recreation. Whereas New York's Commissioner's Plan of 1811 lays out

4770-524: The city's population of 39,880. Holyoke is home to houses of worship for numerous denominations of Christianity and Judaism. One of the city's oldest monikers was Baptist Village as the first congregation established there was the First Baptist Church of Holyoke, which first erected a meetinghouse in 1792, traces its origins to five baptisms on the shores of the Connecticut in 1725, and continues as

4860-561: The city. In addition to its parishes, the city has a number of convents of sisters including the Sisters of Providence of Holyoke in Ingleside , the Sisters of St. Joseph of Springfield who maintain group homes there, and the Sisters of St. Francis of Assisi in Highland Park . Protestant congregations have played a significant role in Holyoke's civic life since its founding, including

4950-468: The country, exceeding Chicago's at that time. By 1980, reflecting economic and cultural changes, this population comprised 10% of the population, a similar figure to those who identified as French or French Canadian in the 2010 census. Beginning at the end of World War II , an influx of Puerto Ricans and other Latino groups began to migrate to the Northeast United States , driven largely by

5040-553: The end of the 19th century more private developments had begun to appear. Holyoke's architecture can be characterized by a mixture of Italianate , Gothic Revival , Queen Anne and Second Empire , with some Tudor revival examples throughout its neighborhoods. The city is also home to at least two examples of works by national architects, the Holyoke City Hall designed in the Gothic Revival style by Charles B. Atwood , and

5130-407: The era. Holyoke's population rose from just under 5,000 in 1860 to over 60,000 in 1920. Due to this staggering growth the municipality was officially incorporated as a city on April 7, 1873, only 23 years after its initial incorporation as the "Town of Holyoke". Later that year the city elected its first mayor, William B. C. Pearsons , who, a quarter-century earlier, had established himself among

5220-555: The family fortune. He retired from that business in 1901, devoting himself to philanthropic endeavours. He gave the Maplewood to a social services organization in 1921, which effected the combination of the two buildings, and promoted Beebe's philosophies of better living and self-help to its tenants and the community. Holyoke, Massachusetts Holyoke is a city in Hampden County, Massachusetts , United States, that lies between

5310-529: The first lawyers in the city, and was the first editorial writer of the area newspaper-of-record, the Hampden Freeman , best known as the Holyoke Transcript-Telegram . By 1885, Holyoke was the largest single producer of paper of any city in the United States, producing around 190 tons per day, more than double the next-largest producer, Philadelphia , producing 69 tons per day despite having

5400-555: The flume's resulting developments were Clemens Herschel 's Venturi meter in 1888, the first accurate way to measure large-scale flows, as well as the Hercules turbine by John B. McCormick in 1899, the first mixed flow turbine. Other pioneering developments included the first use of Hans Goldschmidt 's exothermic welding process in the Americas in 1904, by George E. Pellissier and the Holyoke Street Railway . In electronics,

5490-440: The following decade the two designed and developed their tenth of an acre backyard into a year-round food producing garden, with over 100 perennial plant species which sustain limited wildlife populations, and have remediated soil on the site. Their permaculture garden has been featured in The New York Times , as well as lectures at Harvard and Yale University . A detailed account of the design and management of this space and

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5580-505: The foot of these mountains due to their unique geology. A species of dinosaur, Podokesaurus holyokensis , whose fossils were first discovered across the river in South Hadley , was given its name for the area, and the city has in recent years passed measures to try to protect fossils in parks from theft or vandalism. The city of Holyoke contains 15 distinct neighborhoods. Some, like Springdale and Oakdale , were conceived by individual developers as streetcar suburbs for mill workers in

5670-535: The former Farr Alpaca Company's facilities, following a period of financial difficulties in 2017, the brewery closed temporarily, with plans in place to reopen in the future. Another notable firm, Dan's Power Plant, produces nut-based cheese substitutes known as "Fauxmaggio", as a vegan alternative, selling many of their products in upscale markets in New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. In recent years there have been successful efforts to attract high-tech jobs to Holyoke and diversify its economic base. For example,

5760-489: The four-story building at 328 Maple Street was built c. 1890. The latter was opened as the Maplewood Hotel, providing furnished and unfurnished residences to middle and upper class residents of the city. In 1924 the two buildings were joined by connections through their adjacent walls. The hotel was the brainchild of industrialist Frank Beebe, whose father had started Holyoke's Beebe and Webber textile mills. Beebe took over his father's businesses, and expanded them, increasing

5850-454: The latter half of the 19th century, and in many respects made Holyoke synonymous with its present-day handle "The Paper City". Holyoke's paper mills from this period were largely the work of the brothers, who designed mills on five continents and among the first of Kimberly-Clark and Crane Currency . In sum they would design 16 factories and mills in Holyoke and, including minor design roles, performed engineering work in some capacity on 25 of

5940-409: The now-defunct Connecticut River Railroad Station designed by eminent architect H. H. Richardson . Philadelphia rowhouses are also a common feature among residential streets in downtown area. Throughout its history Holyoke has been home to a number of architects who shaped its unique urban landscape. The most prominent included George P. B. Alderman , who designed industrial buildings as well as

6030-483: The population (40.7% Puerto Rican , 7.3% Dominican , 6.4% Venezuelan , 1.8% Mexican , 1.5% Colombian , 1.9% Cuban , 0.3% Salvadoran , 0.2% Argentine , 0.1% Honduran , 0.1% Guatemalan ). The ten largest ancestry groups in the city were Irish (13.4%), Polish (8.3%), French (7.2%), German (4.4%), Italian (3.8%), English (3.6%), French-Canadian (3.3%), American (2.8%), Scottish (1.0%), and sub-Saharan African (0.9%). Immigrants accounted for 28.8% of

6120-405: The population grew significantly during the 1980s, and from 1990 to 2016, the buying power of the Latino community at-large increased by nearly 300%. Today Latinos form the city's largest minority group, with the largest Puerto Rican population per capita of any American city outside Puerto Rico proper, at 44.7%. The entire Latino population of Holyoke, as of the 2010 census, was 19,313, or 48.4% of

6210-561: The population. The ten most common countries of origin for immigrants in the city were the Dominican Republic , Poland , Germany , China , El Salvador , the United Kingdom , Colombia , Kenya , and Mexico . There were 15,361 households in 2010, out of which 34.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.5% were headed by married couples living together, 24.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.3% were non-families. Of all households, 32.0% were made up of individuals, and 12.3% were someone living alone who

6300-439: The principles behind it can be found in the book by the two, "Paradise Lot", released in 2013 by Chelsea Green Publishing . Soon after medical marijuana was legalized in Massachusetts, Mayor Alex Morse began promoting the city as a growth and distribution center for the new industry, due to its low energy costs and proximity to several metropolitan markets. Since the legalization of recreational weed in Massachusetts in 2016,

6390-422: The racial educational attainment gap narrowed by 30%, but homeownership declined slightly, and the proportion of working poor marginally increased. Throughout its history Holyoke has undergone fluctuations in different foreign-born demographics. In the 1890 census , Holyoke had the third most foreign-born residents, per capita, of any city in the United States, with 47% of residents born in another country; this

6480-407: The state, which was initially created by the city's school board. Today the 2-year college selectively allows high school seniors to enroll in its coursework for transferable college credit, and has the highest percentage of student graduates completing associate degrees and certificate programs among the state's community colleges. With the aid of state and federal education grants the college opened

6570-445: The streams to the forest. There, they hunted beaver , caribou , moose and white-tailed deer . In December, when the snows began, the people created larger winter camps in sheltered locations, where they built or reconstructed longhouses. February and March were lean times. The tribes in southern New England and other northern latitudes had to rely on cached food. Northerners developed a practice of going hungry for several days at

6660-459: The third highest total households receiving such assistance, with the highest per capita of any of the state's 351 municipalities, representing 54% of all households. A 2020 study by the Urban Institute found Holyoke to be the least socio-economically inclusive city in New England for minorities, despite them representing the largest group demographically. The report found between 2010 and 2015

6750-798: The time West Springfield was partitioned in 1707, a number of Irish families had moved to the Parish. With the emergence of Holyoke's industrial base, a new wave of Irish Catholic immigration occurred and by 1855 a third of residents were of Irish heritage. Holyoke's Irish roots are celebrated today in its annual St. Patrick's Day Parade . In the 1850s, mill owners began to recruit French-Canadians , regarded as docile and less likely to create labor unions due to their agrarian backgrounds and anti-unionism promoted by Québecois clergy at that time. Many Québecois workers were first recruited by Nicholas Proulx (anglicized as Prew) who hailed from Saint-Ours, Quebec and arrived in Holyoke in 1856. He and his sons would import

6840-677: The time of the first European settlements in North America , Algonquian peoples resided in present-day Canada east of the Rocky Mountains , New England , New Jersey , southeastern New York , Delaware , and down the Atlantic Coast to the Upper South , and around the Great Lakes in present-day Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Michigan , Minnesota , and Wisconsin . The precise homeland of

6930-429: The town name upon Holyoke's incorporation. Though the name Hampden was considered, the area was subsequently named for earlier Springfield settler William Pynchon 's son-in-law, Elizur Holyoke , who had first explored the area in the 1650s. Following land acquisitions and development by the Hadley Falls Company, the town of Holyoke was officially incorporated on March 14, 1850. The first official town meeting took place

7020-434: The war and into the end of the 20th century, the population briefly stabilized during the first decade of the 21st century before continuing to decline during the 2010s. For the period 2013–2017, the estimated median annual income for a household in the city was $ 37,954, and the median income for a family was $ 46,940. Male full-time workers had a median income of $ 46,888 versus $ 41,406 for females. The per capita income for

7110-606: The west, Easthampton to the north, Hadley, South Hadley and Chicopee as river borders to the east, and West Springfield to the south. Holyoke is the location of East Mountain , the Mount Tom Range , and Mount Tom , at 1,202 feet (366 m) the highest traprock peak on the Metacomet Ridge , a linear mountain range that extends from Long Island Sound to the Vermont border. The most densely populated area, lying between

7200-533: The western bank of the Connecticut River and the Mount Tom Range . As of the 2020 census , the city had a population of 38,247. Located 8 miles (13 km) north of Springfield , Holyoke is part of the Springfield Metropolitan Area , one of the two distinct metropolitan areas in Massachusetts. Holyoke is among the early planned industrial cities in the United States. Built in tandem with

7290-468: The world's first commercial toll line , between the city's Hotel Jess and a location in Springfield, entered service on June 15, 1878. The city was also home to Thaddeus Cahill 's New England Electric Music Company which, on March 16, 1906, demonstrated the Telharmonium , the world's first electromechanical instrument, a predecessor of the synthesizer . Neighborhoods of Holyoke, Massachusetts Holyoke

7380-448: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51, and the average family size was 3.16. In the city, 26.4% of the population were under the age of 18, 10.2% were from 18 to 24, 25.5% were from 25 to 44, 23.8% were from 45 to 64, and 14.2% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.4 males. The city reached

7470-414: Was exceeded only by Fall River, Massachusetts and Duluth, Minnesota . Later waves of immigration led to significant growth and cultural influence of communities of Germans, Italians, Jews, Poles, and Scots into the first half of the 20th century, and Puerto Ricans, Greeks, Colombians, and Dominicans in the subsequent decades. Historically, a city of working-class immigrants, the first wave of millworkers

7560-487: Was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It continues to be used for residences. The Maplewood Hotel is located on Maple Street in downtown Holyoke, at the corner of Essex Street and overlooking Library Park. It consists of two buildings that have become conjoined by internal connections. The 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 -story brick block at 330 Maple Street was built first, between 1884 and 1889, while

7650-411: Was lost, however, to an incendiary fire that destroyed Whiting Farm's stock barn in 1919. Conventional dairy and cattle farming remained extant through most of the 20th century, with the last conventional livestock farm closing in 1982. Nevertheless smaller market agriculture operations, which began in the 20th century, endure today. Among Holyoke's most notable contemporary agricultural organizations

7740-497: Was originally a room in the old Appleton Street School, and by 1876 moved to a central room on the main floor of City Hall. It remained there until its collections had outgrown this space and a modern facility was required. Algonquian peoples Before contact with Europeans, most Algonquian settlements lived by hunting and fishing, with many of them supplementing their diet by cultivating corn , beans and squash (the " Three Sisters" ). The Ojibwe cultivated wild rice . At

7830-644: Was predominantly Irish . Irish immigrants began settling in the region before the construction of the dam and industrialization that followed, granting the area the name "Ireland" or "Ireland Parish." While colonists had claimed lands by 1655, it was only in the following decade that homesteads would appear. Traditional accounts refer to John Riley as the first permanent settler of Holyoke, but while Riley owned 28 acres along "Riley's Brook" (Tannery Brook in modern-day Ingleside ), his daughters Mary and Margaret, and their Irish Protestant husbands, Joseph Ely and William MacCranny, first resided there beginning in 1667. By

7920-529: Was said to have been Domingo Perez; a landlord who later became among the first to be appointed in city government, he was reported to have arrived in Holyoke around 1955. By 1970 the number of Puerto Rican residents numbered around 5,000; however, by that time, many faced a city economy in free fall. Holyoke's mills had closed due to the changing economic landscape of early globalization and deindustrialization ; from 1955 to 1970, one of every two industrial jobs vanished. Despite economic and social difficulties

8010-472: Was the Holyoke Machine Company which, incorporated in 1863, served large mills and factories with specialty roll parts and service; the firm manufactured a number of different products. At one time the company produced the "Holyoke Hercules" model of water turbine which served the city's industries on the canal system, and previously their shops cast bronze doors for the U.S. Capitol Building . Today

8100-488: Was thus a rare unaffected area in the Northeast blackout of 1965 , for example. In addition to developments in the paper and textile industries, a number of industrial inventions would arise out of the city in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The first and most prominent hydraulic testing lab in the United States, the Holyoke Testing Flume performed 3,176 tests to establish turbine efficiency from 1870 to 1932. Among

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